Blockchain Papers

Abid Jamal, Sana Amjad, Usman Aziz, Muhammad Usman Gurmani · 6 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

Loreen Powell, Jessica Schwartz, Michalina Hendon

Technological advancements in the transportation/automotive industry are continually increasing due to competition and consumer demands. The mobile open blockchain initiative (MOBI) is one way organizations are coming together to share innovating ways to revolutionize the transportation/automotive industry. This chapter explains the events that lead to the innovation of an open consortium, MOBI, and its members and highlights some of the cutting-edge technologies and innovative methods where blockchain is being adopted by the transportation/automotive industry.

Jiawei Li

To deal with a series of settlement problems such as the insufficient security for the user’s transaction, the complex process of settlement and the difficulty in data analysis within the sharing mode of the electric vehicles’ private piles, this paper proposed a new settlement mode for the shared private piles of electric vehicles. This mode took the shared charging network of the vehicle networking and the pile networking as the background, built a decentralized energy block chain, optimized the structure of the settlement mode by using distributed ledger technology, and used the intelligent contract algorithm to improve the settlement efficiency of charging orders. At the same time, this mode considered the transaction records and subsequent data analysis in its design, and used the evidence-storage and traceability technology to facilitate the integration of charging information data and to realize the configuration optimization of charging network.

Harsha Chauhan, D.Sabarinaveen kumar, Deepali Gupta, Sheifali Gupta · 5 authors

Abstract Vehicle automation is one of the main applications of industry 4.0 especially for tourism companies who provide their vehicles to migrants for traveling purposes. It is difficult to maintain trust among the travel agency and the customers. Although there are many existing solutions in the research that addresses the trust issues, but most of the solutions are based on centralized architecture such as cloud computing where the data is prone to various security threats. Motivated by the aforementioned discussion, the authors have proposed a vehicle tracking system based on the integration of blockchain and IoT in this paper. The proposed system will increase the trust among the entities by providing them transparency in tracking details of the vehicle. As the trip details are immutable and decentralized in nature, so, blockchain is used to store the details. Also, the system will generate the trip summary that contains the route detail, the number of kilometres travelled and the total cost of the trip. Tools such as Ethereum, Remix IDE, MetaMask, and RinkeyBy have been used to measure the performance of the system.

Nidhee Kamble, Ritu Gala, Revathi Vijayaraghavan, Eshita Shukla · 5 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

Alexander Smirnov, Nikolay Teslya

No abstract is available for this record.

Mohammad Saidur Rahman, Ibrahim Khalil, Mohammed Atiquzzaman

Drones, or unmanned aerial vehicles, can be used for commercial services such as short-distance delivery. In order to ensure quality services, multiple drone-based delivery service providers can be employed in delivery service systems. In this article, we address two very important and unexplored challenges of employing drones in delivery services. First, involving multiple drones from different service providers elevates the chance of collision during flights. Second, drones may hamper the privacy of citizens by unauthorized access to private and restricted areas. In order to solve the aforementioned issues, we propose a blockchain-based policy enforcement mechanism in the drone-based delivery service systems. At first, the mechanism will set policies to establish pre-allocated flight paths for different drones at different times to avoid collisions, and ensure the privacy of citizens by restricting their access to unauthorized areas. Later, the blockchain will enforce the policies to monitor compliance of the drone flights and identify non-compliant drone services to penalize corresponding service providers. We simulate a virtual drone-based delivery system with the Ethereum blockchain platform and examine the performance and feasibility of our proposed mechanism.

Stephan Ramesohl, Julian Lauten-Weiss

For several years now, blockchains and distributed ledger technologies (DLTs) have enjoyed widespread interest in their applicability in various use cases in the energy sector and beyond. However, this rapid growth has also raised concerns about the cryptocurrency’s massive energy consumption, not yet accounting for the energy needs of other DLTs. Electronic waste has also been a recent issue with specialized computers entering the market for Bitcoin mining that have no further use after being replaced by newer models. While exact data on the environmental impact of DLT solutions is not yet available and promising technological developments might solve some of the energy-related problems, a closer look at sustainability criteria as core design principles for DLT solutions is needed. This article offers a heuristic approach that helps to evaluate DLT projects regarding their environmental externalities and assists in moving away from energy-intensive DLT design practices.

Ganesan Subramanian, Anand Sreekantan Thampy

Ecumenical carbon dioxide (CO2) emission emanates from car, bus, taxi, and motorcycle is around 45%. Electric vehicle could be the major contributor to abbreviate the pollution level in a transportation sector. According to the Forbes report the ecumenical passenger electric vehicle demand expected to reach 15% in 2025, and 23% in 2030. This research provides a blockchain predicated solution for a pre-owned electric vehicle market that could engender a trust, transparency, immutable records, and an efficient way to track the entire life cycle of a futuristic electric vehicle supply chain. At present most of the pre-owned electric conveyance purchase transpires through the third-party accommodations, websites, and mobile applications. This does not provide the authentic information on electric conveyance history, charging capabilities of the battery, history of the charging records, and performance of the driver (wear and tear affect battery life). Our solution implemented utilizing hybrid blockchain technology. Each stakeholder assigned with the Ethereum blockchain address to track the vehicle records as a distributed ledger. This design considered electric vehicle manufacturer, charging station, battery manufacturer, road convey ascendancy as major stakeholders. Astute contract designed with solidity programming. Truffle platform used to deploy keenly intellective contract in private blockchain that ascertain the privacy of electric conveyance owners and other stakeholders. Meta mask a mobile application utilized kovan network for tracking vehicle in a public blockchain. This application tested with 0.1 Ether for each transaction. Blockchain Electric Vehicle Cloud of Things (BEVCoT) concept proposed to integrate the IoT-Blockchain application in a cloud environment.

Saurabh Jain, Neelu Jyothi Ahuja, P. Srikanth, Kishor V. Bhadane · 7 authors

Blockchain is an underlying technology for securing many real-time applications and their data. The automobile is one such sector in which auto-manufacturers are looking forward to accepting the advantages of distributed ledger technology in autonomous vehicles or systems and improving their products, customer satisfaction, and other valuable experiences. This work aims to find the significance of blockchain technology in Autonomous Vehicles, including Autonomous Electric Vehicles (AEV), Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUV), Autonomous Guided Vehicles (AGV), Autonomous Aerial Vehicles (AAeV), and Autonomous Driving. In this work, a comparative analysis of blockchain-integrated autonomous vehicle systems is explored to identify the present scenario and futuristic challenges. In addition to blockchain technology, the uses and importance of sensors, architectures and infrastructure requirements, vehicle types, driving modes, vehicles target and tracking approaches, intelligent contracts, intelligent data handling, and industry-specific use cases are also explored. This study is based on the exploration of recent technologies and practices. As autonomous vehicles are expected to be the future of intelligent transportation, this paper surveys recent advances in autonomous vehicles and systems and how blockchain can help in improving user experiences and improving industry practices. Finally, limitations of work, future research directions, and challenges associated with different autonomous vehicles and systems are presented.

Radostina Dimova

A way to enable full decentralisation in our P2P- oriented economy are ‘Smart Contracts’,a term coined by Nick Szabo.<br> These smart contracts enforce a set ofpredefined rules which are coded as logic to orchestrate agreement between different entities. .The current implementation makes the use of smart contracts deployed on the Ethereum blockchain that provides full-fledged car sharing functionalities along with various countermeasures to tackle malicious behaviour.

Halima Mhamdi, Ahmed Zouinkhi, Hédi Sakli

The rapid development of the Internet of Things (IoT) is affecting several sectors, in particular the Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network (VANET). The link between the IoT and VANET is giving rise to the Internet of Vehicles (10V). With the IoV,vehicles are able to communicate with each other and with other connected objects. To ensure the exchange of information flows between the different entities, autonomy, speed and the decentralized concept must be taken into account. Blockchain technology is a distributed register technology. It is the solution to overcome these challenges and to guarantee vehicular communication. This research work deals primarily with this new technology and its applications in IoV.We then present a multi-agent model of vehicle communication based on Blockchain technology and smart contracts.

Priyanka Priyanka, Ram Shringar Raw

Smart and connected vehicles play a vital role in today's advanced and luxurious life. Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) allows communication between these vehicles regarding safety and control messages, road situations, and surrounding environments. VANET demands security requirements like authentication, availability, confidentiality, reliability, etc. These requirements have crucial attacks associated with it which hampers a system to work. Blockchain is an immutable, distributed, decentralized, smart contract-based technology that provides an efficient solution to VANET requirements and their corresponding attacks. This paper discusses various such requirements and attacks and their possible solutions with Blockchain. Apart from that, Blockchain also acts as a prominent solution to deal with the challenges being faced by electric and autonomous vehicles to come to reality. We have reviewed, analyzed, and discussed the proficient researcher's works and their contributions in this paper to unfold new directions in the present and future research. Further, we have analyzed and discussed the insurance, and forensic management is amalgamated with Blockchain by various researchers to create an automatic assessment protocol. Future possibilities for smart and connected vehicles with Blockchain could be a major objective of this paper.

Dhaou Said

Connected electric vehicles (CEVs) can help cities to reduce road congestion and increase road safety. With the technical improvement made to the battery system in terms of capacity and flexibility, CEVs, as mobile power plants can be an important actor for the electricity markets. Especially, they can trade electricity between each other when supply stations are full or temporarily not available. In this article, we propose an advanced decentralized electricity trading framework between CEVs in parking lots based on consortium blockchain, machine learning, and Game theoretic model. We design a distributed smart contract solution based on a stochastic bidding process, which helps CEVs to sell and buy electricity with their maximum profitability. Finally, numerical simulations with MATLAB and Solidity are conducted to prove the effectiveness of our proposed solution. Also, a comparison with another method in terms of CEVs' profitability improvement and energy trading management is provided.

Kwan James Ding, Mandeep, Jit Singh, Mohammad Tariqul Islam

Prosiding Penyelidikan Prasiswazah, Issue No. 1, 2020, pp. 139-152

Dinh Dung Nguyen, József Rohács, Dániel Rohács, Anita Boros

Smart mobility and transportation, in general, are significant elements of smart cities, which account for more than 25% of the total energy consumption related to smart cities. Smart transportation has seven essential sections: leisure, private, public, business, freight, product distribution, and special transport. From the management point of view, transportation can be classified as passive or non-cooperating, semi-active or simple cooperating, active or cooperating, contract-based, and priority transportation. This approach can be applied to public transport and even to passengers of public transport. The transportation system can be widely observed, analyzed, and managed using an extensive distribution network of sensors and actuators integrated into an Internet of Things (IoT) system. The paper briefly discusses the benefits that the IoT can offer for smart city transportation management. It deals with the use of a hierarchical approach to total transportation management, namely, defines the concept, methodology, and required sub-model developments, which describes the total system optimization problems; gives the possible system and methodology of the total transportation management; and demonstrates the required sub-model developments by examples of car-following models, formation motion, obstacle avoidances, and the total management system implementation. It also introduces a preliminary evaluation of the proposed concept relative to the existing systems.

Yong Zhang, Yong Xiao, Yuna Jiang, Xiaohu Ge

Blockchain has been recently extended into Internet-of-Things (IoT) networks to further improve security and reliability of data communication. Modern IoT networks need to support a wide range of services with various requirements in terms of data delivering security, reliability, and timeliness. In this paper, a fog computing-supported hierarchical blockchain network framework is proposed. In the first layer, the Inter-Planetary File System is used to store the message uploaded by IoT devices. In the second layer, a set of subchains that are referred as channels are designed. Fog nodes subscribed to the same channel maintain the corresponding distributed ledger, and each channel support a specific IoT service. The security, latency, and communication cost of the proposed framework are derived. Besides, tradeoffs among the above three performance metrics are analyzed. Finally, a real deployment scenario based on the actual base station locations in Dublin is considered to evaluate the proposed framework. Numerical results show that it is impossible to optimize all the performance metrics at the same time. By carefully selecting the parameters of different “channels”, the proposed framework can support highly diversified services without sacrificing security.

Rui Xing, Zhou Su, Qichao Xu, Abderrahim Benslimane

The publish/subscribe system over the autonomous vehicular networks (AVNs) enables the content providers to obtain more profits from a flexible notification system. However, few of current works focus on flexible brokers suitable for AVNs. In this paper, we propose a truck platoon aided secure publish/subscribe system based on smart contract in AVNs. Firstly, the truck platoons are utilized to be the brokers of the publish/subscribe system to realize a more efficient and secure publish/subscribe system. Secondly, a vehicular blockchain is established for the publish/subscribe system to record the transactions between brokers and publishers/subscribers to guarantee the complete and safe implementation of the smart contracts. Next, a contract based on the principal-agent problem is designed between the publisher and broker to maximize their utilities and stimulate the broker to be more active in the contents subscribing service. Furthermore, a smart contract is also designed between the subscriber and broker by the cloud server to achieve higher utilities and match an appropriate broker for the subscriber by considering its type. Finally, we carry out extensive numerical results to evaluate the performances of the proposed contracts, while the results also demonstrate that the proposal outperforms the conventional schemes.

Tomasz Górski, Jakub Bednarski

The Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) is a peer-to-peer model of sharing data among collaborating parties in a decentralized manner. An example of DLT is a blockchain where data form blocks in an append-only chain. Software architecture description usually comprises multiple views. The paper concentrates on the Deployment view of the DLT solution within the 1+5 architectural views model. The authors have proposed Unified Modeling Language (UML) extensibility mechanisms to describe the needed additional semantic notation to model deployment details. The paper covers both the network and node levels. The proposed stereotypes and tagged values have enriched UML Deployment diagram. We have gathered those modeling elements in dedicated UML Profile for Distributed Ledger Deployment. We have applied the profile to model Deployment view of a renewable energy management system that uses R3 Corda framework. The system records information about inbound and outbound energy to/from renewable energy grid.

Ahmed Afif Monrat, Olov Schelén, Karl Andersson

Many countries in Europe are adopting a deregulated system where prosumers can subscribe with any energy supplier in an open market, independently of location. However, the mobility aspect of transactions in the existing system is not satisfactorily covered. For instance, if a person receives the service of charging an EV from a prosumer's local outlet, he cannot pay to the prosumer directly without the presence of an intermediary system. This has led to a situation where the EV owners need to have a large number of subscriptions for EV charging providers and visitors cannot pay for the electricity used there. This study evaluates this mobility gap and proposes a solution for charging transactions using blockchain technology. Furthermore, we implement a proof of concept using the Hyperledger consortium platform for the technical feasibility of the proposed approach and evaluate the performance metrics such as transaction latency and throughput.

Elnaz Irannezhad

This paper presents the value proposition of blockchain for Port Community Systems (PCS) by dissecting the business processes in port logistics and unfolding functionalities of blockchain in lowering the transaction cost. This paper contributes to the research by a detailed technical assessment of the plethora of currently available blockchain platforms and consensus mechanisms, against the identified requirements in this specific use case. The results of this technical assessment highlight the central value proposition of blockchain for landlord ports, which is independency from a central authority as the controlling agent. Bridging between two research domains of Information Technology and Logistics, this paper proposes the preferred architectural design requirements of a blockchain-based PCS, including provisioning private sidechains, modular design with inter-chain interoperability, and encrypted off-chain data storage. Availability—the readiness for correct service, and reliability—the continuity of correct service, are heavily reliant on the right choice being made for blockchain design for such a complex use case. A preliminary comparative analysis among different decentralisation levels in this paper suggests that a permissioned public blockchain offers the best trade-off in performance measures for this use case. This technical review identifies six research agenda from a design perspective.

Raziq Yaqub, Sadiq Ahmad, Hassan Ali, Azzam ul Asar

Due to the proliferation of extended travel range electric vehicles (EVs), these will travel through different networks that might be served by different utility companies. Therefore, we propose an architecture capable of offering a charging service to roaming vehicles. Furthermore, although the energy internet supports both the flow of energy and information, it does not support seamless EV roaming service, because it is based on a centralized architecture. The blockchain technology that is based on a decentralized system has the potential to support a secure billing platform for charging the EVs roaming through different electrical jurisdictions. Furthermore, the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) ensures that the participating players get a fair portion of the revenue. Thus, the objective of this paper is to develop an AI and blockchain integrated billing architecture that would offer a charging service to the “roaming” EVs and present a fair and unified billing solution.

Jérôme Verny, Ouail Oulmakki, Xavier Cabo, Damien Roussel

La blockchain est une technologie « peer-to-peer » qui enregistre de manière sécurisée et immuable les transactions entre les parties dans des blocs. La blockchain est supposée fournir un environnement fiable et transparent où les intermédiaires qui étaient historiquement nécessaires pour valider et enregistrer les transactions ne sont plus nécessaires dans un monde de plus digitalisé. La blockchain a divers domaines d’application en supply chain. Récemment, de nombreux projets de blockchain ont vu le jour dans le monde notamment en Europe et en Amérique du Nord. Dans cet article, nous présentons l’état de l’art sur potentiel de la blockchain à disrupter les modèles logistiques actuels. Nous illustrons son application actuelle dans le secteur de l’industrie et le commerce de détail. Nous proposons une approche originale basée sur un modèle de jeu en ligne en cours de développement et proposant un scénario de simulation pour tester et apprendre comment la technologie blockchain peut affecter l’efficacité de la supply chain.

Dou Hu, Haibo Zhou, Ting Ma, Kai Yu · 5 authors

With the significant advance of Internet of Vehicles (IoV), a massive number of vehicular users will connect with the Internet via 5G and the beyond 5G (B5G) networks, which will further worse the spectrum scarcity problem in 5G/B5G networks. Therefore, how to enable dynamical and efficient spectrum resource sharing for IoV users is imperative. To this end, we investigate an evolutionary game enabled spectrum sharing blockchain framework for IoV. Specifically, We use alliance nodes and blockchain framework to assist in the completion of multi-WSP spectrum resource allocation, sharing, and the allocation results storage. We first propose an evolutionary game scheme to allocate the spectrum resource among different WSPs. To reflect the vehicle users' communication demand more appropriately, the vehicle mobility is taken into consideration when defining the payoff of the vehicle users. After completing the spectrum allocation, we illustrate the process of allocation results recording and block generation in our established blockchain verification system, where the transactions ledger of spectrum allocation will be stored in each alliance node in a distributed way. Numerical results exhibit the fast convergence speed of the spectrum allocation approach. Moreover, simulations results from our established hyperledger platform validate the effectiveness and implementability of the investigated spectrum sharing blockchain framework.