E. L. Pankratov, Vladimir Grigoryev, Oleg E. Pankratov
Abstract Based on the study of existing practice and specific examples of the use of innovative blockchain technology in real estate transactions and its management, the article gives the basic concepts of this technology, analyzes foreign and domestic experience of its application, examines its sphere of use in the real estate market, substantiates main advantages and shortcomings, as well as the process of various mechanisms for financing real estate transactions. It was revealed that when using the blockchain system, all real estate transactions proceed faster, safer and cheaper. Thus, the objectives of the article include studying and summarizing the Russian and foreign practices of using blockchain technology, as well as determining the main ways and options for its further development and improvement, as a highly effective and promising financial and economic mechanism for participants in real estate transactions.
Emerging technologies are always treated with caution, and Blockchain is no exception to this rule. The AECO (Architecture, Engineering, Construction, and Operations) sector is considered conservative when it comes to technology adoption, which is often positive in an industry that deals with a vital commodity that could harm humans or result in catastrophe. However, excessive caution also stifles innovation, as shown in the industry's low R&D expenditure when compared to other industrial activities. In recent years, the AECO sector has benefited from the adoption of new information management tools and systems that allow professionals to develop, share and store construction data more effectively. These tools have successfully tackled many of the traditional interoperability issues that have affected the industry, but several challenges remain unsolved. Indeed, effective real-world communication depends, not only on the compatibility between data formats and systems, but also on issues such as privacy, transparency, and trust. Blockchain has been adopted in different activities as a tool to address these issues, but its impact in the construction industry remains scarce. This paper presents a bibliometric study for the available literature on Blockchain implementation in the AECO sector. In addition to the bibliometric review, content analysis for the literature retrieved is presented to provide a clear vision of the current directions regarding Blockchain technology adoption. The purpose of this article is to evaluate the maturity of Blockchain in Construction literature using statistics based on the available bibliometrics in addition to content analysis. The main results show that although the number of articles about the use of Blockchain in Construction has increased, no studies that present ready to use solutions were found. Instead, the covered studies discuss the technical capabilities of the technology and suggest possible fields of implementation, such as smart contracts and automated payments. Study limitations include the limited amount of literature that can be found on major indexing services, which cover a relatively short reference period.
Nowadays Smart Factory concept becomes a reality. We meet the greatest challenge of implementing autonomous manufacturing processes such as an organization of robots interaction in the framework of cyber-physical systems. This issue seems to be one of the most important, as it is considered as the basis of fully automated systems and provides mechanisms for self-organization and decentralized control. In this paper, we describe Informational Space and messages interaction models as the way for robots communication, considered under the Smart Factory environment. The main contributions of the work are the developed models and a software simulator of an adaptive production model, that responds to changing customer personalized needs. The performed case study showed that the developed software simulator, based on the presented theoretical models, can successfully imitate the autonomous production process.
В статье описаны возможные сферы применения технологий блокчейн и распределенного реестра, а также действующие проекты в международной практике и перспективы формирования нормативного поля в РФ. Способность этих технологий обрабатывать несколько цепочек транзакций одновременно позволяет концентрироваться на определенных сферах использования, снижая трансакционные издержки, связанные с поиском информации, на основе скорости и мобильности. Отмечена необходимость учитывать риски и недостатки при реализации безопасности, масштабируемости и удобства использования технологий. The article describes the possible areas of application of blockchain and distributed registry technologies, as well as existing projects in international practice and the prospects for the formation of a regulatory field in the Russian Federation. The ability of these technologies to process several transaction chains at the same time allows you to concentrate on certain areas of use, reducing the transaction costs associated with finding information based on speed and mobility. The need for taking risks and weaknesses into account when implementing the security, scalability and usability of technologies is noted.
In this article, the author considers the role of distributed registries in improving the modern payment system. The essence of the distributed ledger mechanism is analyzed. The advantages and disadvantages of using distributed registries in the development and implementation of payment systems are identified.
Open access
Digitalization and Economic Development in Agriculture
Nurkhodzha Akbulaev, Ilkin Mammadov, Mehbube Hemdullayeva
This article deals with the theory and practical analysis of the relationship between bitcoin and ethereum cryptocurrencies. The existing developments on this issue are investigated by generalizing the literature on the basic characteristics and relationship of bitcoin and ethereum prices. Based on the problems and existing research on the topic, the analysis of the relationship between ethereum and bitcoin prices is defined as the goal of the article. A mathematical model of the cryptocurrency relationship analysis is presented, which helps to establish that the relationship is quite close. The main result is the conclusion that a connection exists between the prices of bitcoin and ethereum, and this connection can be used for diversification and risk insurance when trading on the cryptocurrency exchange. The purpose of this article is to identify a tool that can describe the relationship between the price of ethereum and both its volume and the price of bitcoin and can predict their changes over time. This article analyzes the price of ethereum as dependent on the price of bitcoin. <b>TOPICS:</b>Currency, performance-measurement, portfolio construction, statistical methods <b>Key Findings</b> • The relationship between the price of ethereum and its volume and the price of bitcoin, as well as the ability to predict their change over time is analyzed. • The revealed multiple regression equation can be used to create operational analytical programs capable of real-time forecasting the price movement of ethereum.
Purpose . This paper aims to design the contract and present the profit distribution mechanism for CL platform, so as to realize the intelligent and automatic operation of the artificial intelligent- (AI-) based CL platform. Design/Methodology . A smart contract based on BT is designed for the AI-based CL platform. Profit distribution mechanism based on the Nash bargaining model for the CL platform is also put forward to coordinate different participators’ benefit relationship in CL. Findings . The AI-based CL platform and the proposed smart contract based on BT map the scenario which may be influenced by human factors and involve trust issues onto execution of codes. Practical Implications . The study will help CL practitioners in establishing effective profit mechanism and designing contracts on the platform, thus facilitating its sustainable operation. Originality/Value . The AI-based CL platform with BT smart contract can be totally free of human intervention, and hence, the problems of trust during CL platform’s operation are solved.
Maria Gorbunova, Aleksandr Ometov, Mikhail Komarov, Sergey Bezzateev
Introduction: Distributed ledger technology (DLT) is one of the most significant fields covering various aspects of modern ICT systems. Centralized systems of today can no longer guarantee the required level of availability and reliability, while broadly available distributed ones are still in the infancy. Purpose: Analysis of the applicability of DLT to various industries such as economics, energy, finance, logistics, and the Internet of Things. Results: The article outlines the main challenges of the DLT technology integration, such as the lack of a unified system for data storage, the need to ensure an appropriate level of data confidentiality, integration into the existing competency systems, the issues of а distributed system interaction with resource-constrained IoT devices, the lack of proper management tools for distributed systems, and network scalability. The main contribution of this paper is a systematic overview of the integration challenges followed by potential solutions and future perspectives.
Vasiliy Elagin, Anastasia Spirkina, Andrei Levakov, I. A. Belozertsev
The present article describes the behavioral model of blockchain services; their reliability is confirmed on the basis of experimental data. The authors identify the main technical characteristics and features associated with data transmission through the network. The authors determine the network scheme, working with blockchain transactions and the dependence of network characteristics on application parameters. They analyze the application of this model for the detection of the blockchain service and the possibility of the existing security mechanisms of this technology being evaded. Furthermore, the article offers recommendations for hiding the blockchain traffic profile to significantly complicate its identification in the data network.
Crypto currency, bitcoins and virtual currencies are topics the scientific community has been discussing for years. The Bank of the Russia has repeatedly warned about high risks of investments in crypto currencies and risks in its turnover. Populations of many countries continue to lose their investments in virtual currencies, which are positioned by their developers as tamper-proof. However, there is still a vacuum in the legal regulation of crypto currencies and the legitimacy of their use as legal payment. The article presents the author’s view on a number of issues arisen in the process of crypto currency, bitcoin, digital and virtual currency use and presents ways to solve them in the context of Russian and world experience.
The article covers the possibilities of comprehensive use of identification technologies and Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) for increasing the efficiency of electronic services provided through multi-purpose student cards. The main advantages and disadvantages of the existing intellectual document emission systems in the Belarusian education system are assessed, including: centralized (the “Student Card” project) and decentralized (the electronic student card) ones. The proposal to use the DLT-model for issuing multi-purpose electronic student cards combined with bank payment cards has been grounded. Such model makes it possible to implement new functional capabilities when providing electronic services and has a number of advantages over the existing systems of electronic student documents issuance. The article describes how Public Blockchain and Private Blockchain can be used to issue and control intellectual documents, to accelerate the development of the electronic services provided through Smart Contract, and how the Smart Contract technology can be used to promote fair competition among electronic services providers. The methodology of evaluating the electronic services provider rating basing on the weighting factor of “usefulness” or “being in demand” is proposed. The article provides information on the expected effects of the proposed DLT-model implementation, obtained through the comprehensive use of identification technologies and distributed ledger technology.
Open access
Economic and Technological Systems Analysis
Digital Transformation in Law
Digitalization and Economic Development in Agriculture
Blockchain technology has become a paradigm shift to digital transactions. It has brought massive potentials in many fields, such as financial services, energy, healthcare and Internet of Things. As often occurs with innovative technologies, it has suffered from several critical Cybersecurity threats and vulnerabilities.
Along with the socio-economic sphere, interest in Internet technologies in public-private partnerships, companies and institutions, organizations allows you to integrate blockchains into large infrastructure. This result can be achieved by giving the user access and changing internal database storage algorithms. The main feature of blockchain technology is that it is based on decentralization. In the case of using any means of protection, if it is possible to crack the database located on the server, then such a malfunction is not allowed in the blockchain. The article discusses the concepts of cryptocurrency, blockchain, and bitcoin, as well as the principles of their operation. Prospects for their development and large-scale impact on financial activities carried out via the Internet are presented. It also describes cryptocurrencies and the technologies and algorithms used in them.
A. A. Baev, V. S. Levina, Adriana Reut, Александр Александрович Свидлер · 6 authors
Over the past few years the popularity of blockchain technology has grown significantly. It is able to make change as the economic environment, as also identifying new approaches to business management. The paper is devoted to innovative aspects that appear and have a tendency to develop in the field of accounting and audit due to the blockchain technologies development. This technology can affect entire industries, and especially the financial sector. The decision to use blockchain in combination with appropriate data analytics can help in accounting processes, as well as in conducting daily transactions involved in the audit. The transition to a financial system with a significant element of the blockchain opens up many opportunities for the profession of an accountant and the skills of the auditor will be focused more on concerning issues of a higher level. The methodological base of the study includes the theory of accounting and auditing, as well as the principles of operation of blockchain technologies in the aspect of their application in finance. The study overviews the main trends in the development of blockchain technology in accounting and auditing based on foreign scientific studies, as well as reviews of blockchain practices in articles by various scientists. The result of this research is an analysis of blockchain technologies in the finance field. The study depicts conclusions about the degree of applicability of this technology in the Russian Federation, reflects the main problems, risks and benefits from the introduction of this technology. This paper may promote an interest to the current professionals in the accounting and auditing field, as well as to professionals working in the range of building data exchange systems between employees involved in working with finances.
Improving the quality of software that implements distributed ledger systems based on blockchain technology is an urgent task for the transport industry. In this article, we will look at tools to improve quality such as testing, validation, and validation. The paper lists a number of existing tools for testing and verifying blockchain systems and smart contracts, and also identifies the problem of the lack of an appropriate normative base and standards in this area.
In the article the components of technological basis of information and communication systems and the basic processes of its improvement are proposed and researched in general terms. The interaction between the user and Web service is monitored (information services, which are provided to users through Web technologies). Today, the evolution of the creation and formation of a multidimensional information communication environment is a determining factor for the innovative development and efficient functioning of all structures and social systems of the information society. Precisely by the communication sphere, that is transformed in the context of global information opportunities, the free access to knowledge, connections between people and communities, the accumulation, dissemination and enrichment of social experience are ensured. Today there is an active formation of a single global world economic, legal, information space to ensure the free and efficient business activity of all entities in the Internet. The world information space includes a system of services (services), the most important of which are: 1) Computing Services (Data / Computation Services) – means of placing data and their transportation between applications, access to computing and network resources; 2) Information Services – means of submission, processing, storage and access to information; 3) Knowledge Services – means of accumulation, submission, restoration, publication, search and processing of knowledge. Various institutional structures on the Internet create their own information models through the Website, creating certain information and economic spaces by means of intellectualized software (multiagent systems or software agents as agents of economic activity) in the global electronic environment or object-oriented software (site, portal, e-mail box, etc.). It is the Web server, a kind of business card of an enterprise that represents a set of interconnected Web pages, presents the company and its services. The homepage of the company website tells you about the history of the company, its profile, projects, products / services, business partnerships, etc., namely, general information about what the organization provides and what offers. This page often has links to portals (multifunctional sites) of e-markets or e-shops, which are the entry points to the global network of all participants of the business process, as well as a place for placing electronic catalogs of goods, services, transaction management, logistics processes, payments etc. Today, Web2 and Web3 technologies are replacing Web technologies. They are based on social networks, a collaborative effort to develop information resources. Corporate blogs, Wiki encyclopedias and others are based on these new technologies.
Savva Shanaev, Arina Shuraeva, Mikhail Vasenin, Maksim Kuznetsov
Practical Applications Summary In Cryptocurrency Value and 51% Attacks: Evidence from Event Studies, from the Winter 2020 issue of The Journal of Alternative Investments, authors Savva Shanaev, Arina Shuraeva, Mikhail Vasenin, and Maksim Kuznetsov analyze cryptocurrency altcoins. Their findings suggest that altcoins with certain characteristics tend to be vulnerable to 51% attacks that result in a significant drop in their value on the day of the attack. The characteristic vulnerable altcoin has a low market capitalization and resides on a proof-of-work blockchain with a low hash rate. Furthermore, when the prices of these coins suddenly increase without a clear explanation, it can signal an impending attack. It is notable that the percentage drop in value due to a 51% attack is much larger than the decrease in stock prices that typically occurs when companies experience a data breach or other cybersecurity attack. TOPICS:Currency, risk management, financial crises and financial market history
The aim of the article is to study the theoretical and applied bases of using blockchain technology in the national accounting system. The article proves that digitalization, as one of the main trends in the development of the national economy, causes a change in business models, approaches to organizing, carrying out and managing a business and also modifies the communication channels between enterprises and partners, regulators and consumers. These changes lead to the need for modernization of accounting as a system for collecting, processing and storing information on enterprises' activities. The author identifies blockchain technology as a prospect instrument for the modernization of an accounting system; blockchain technology is defined as a distributed database of all transactions carried out by enterprises. The article outlines the priority areas of using this technology in accounting (international settlements; accounting of the asset flow within an enterprise; real-time transaction accounting, etc.). The advantages of using blockchain technology in accounting are transparency, security, reliability, speed, saving time and resources, decentralization, increased trust between system participants, improved workflow, advanced training of accountants and auditors. The author concludes that, despite the high requirements for technical support and modernization of enterprises in the context of the digitalization of the national economy, blockchain technology should become one of the priority areas for the development of the accounting system.
The paper presents the results of comparative studies of the transport management application blockchain technology. The accuracy of the use Quick Road System (QRS) in intelligent transport systems (ITS) may be the service of getting free passage is shown. This service is aimed at creation of decentralized network of road lane sharing in real time. Based on model studies it was found that, depending If a driver is in a hurry or wants to get priority in using the speed lane, then, having established a special status, he shares his place in the lane with other vehicles moving along the same route by exchanging incentives through the blockchain with other private car owners. The paper estimates the probability of with the development of Internet of Things (IoT) technology, the number of connected devices in ITS is growing extremely fast. Therefore, the optimal use of large arrays of collected data is the main focus of research and the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is one of the most targeted branches of integration of the existing IoT technologies with the growing transport needs in order to solve the problem of intellectual traffic.
The principle of functioning of smart contracts based on blockchain technologies for financing the implementation of systems for managing the technical condition of machines and equipment of industrial enterprises is considered.