Carpooling offers an effective solution to mitigate pollutant emissions and alleviate traffic congestion. This paper presents a novel system designed to address the shortcomings of centralized ride-sharing services by leveraging smart contracts. By ensuring data security, confidentiality, and privacy, the proposed system initiates the decentralization process for carpooling systems. Users can assume the role of either a driver or a passenger, enabling them to publish rides or search for and book desired rides. Smart contracts facilitate seamless execution of user requests, triggered by events such as ride creation or booking. The fare calculation is based on the passenger's route distance, current fuel price, and the driver's car mileage, resulting in significantly reduced costs. Upon booking a ride, the fare amount is debited from the passenger and credited to the driver only upon the passenger reaching their destination. The system's overarching objective is to simplify people's lives by minimizing travel expenses and traffic congestion, all while upholding user security.
Most of today's rental transportation options depend upon centralized control, which ends up making the system vulnerable to flaws at certain points and raises concerns about the disclosure of sensitive information by internal and external attackers. These transportation systems are also susceptible to outside threats and frauds, and the present ride-sharing service provider's commission is quite high leaving the driver underpaid. The idea behind ride sharing is to allow people travelling the same route to share their vehicles giving rides at a reduced cost with less congestion on roads while preventing environment through reduced toxic gases due to reduced fuel consumption. The proposed system enables frequent travelers to share their vehicles with other registered passengers or borrow rides from owners of other vehicles commuting the same route in an autonomous, self-sustained, flexible and secure ecosystem. Ethereum blockchain technology is used to provide secure system without centralized control, giving additional security and revenues/savings to drivers/riders. The trip information, including seat availability, booking confirmation, the pick-up and the drop-off locations, the arrival and the departure times, are secured with blockchain mining. The payments are secured with Ethereum based smart contracts to handle booking, cancellation, and transfer of ride fares without any conflicts. The proposed system is capable to reduce congestion by decreasing the number of vehicles on road due to effective vehicle utilization by sharing. The overall impact on natural resources and environment makes this system a promising ecosystem for future transportation systems.
Liam Scholte, Rui Wang, Kwok K. Chung, Michał Aibin
Condominiums and similar properties use a stratum to manage daily operations, and owners fund it through strata fees. While existing strata fee management systems may be able to handle such funds, such systems could be more inherently transparent. It is possible to leverage the digital ledger from blockchain networks and smart contracts to build a fully transparent strata fee management system. This paper proposes designing a strata fee management system based on a smart contract in the Ethereum network. Both strata corporations and homeowners can interact with the smart contract to execute common procedures such as paying strata fees and handling expenses. Using smart contracts for strata fee management, it is believed that the chance of fraud by strata corporations is lowered compared to other systems.
Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Many existing anonymous parking payment schemes lack high efficiency and flexibility. For instance, the calculation and communication costs involved in payment may linearly increase with the payment amount. In this paper, we propose an anonymous payment system (dubbed AnoPay) for vehicle parking, which leverages updatable attribute-based anonymous credentials and efficient zero-knowledge proof (ZKP) to achieve user anonymity and constant overhead for parking fee payment. To further improve the efficiency, we design a secure parking fee aggregation protocol based on linear homomorphic encryption to aggregate parking transactions, where the amount of each parking transaction is hidden and the privacy of the parking lot in terms of its revenue is guaranteed. AnoPay achieves both unlinkability and accountability, malicious payments can be efficiently traced when it is necessary. We provide a security model and rigorous proof for each security property of AnoPay. Extensive experiments and comparisons demonstrate the efficiency and practicality of the system.
Nowadays with the rising number of personal vehicles, finding a parking space has become an issue for many residents.Advancements in technologies like Internet of Things (IoT) have helped to maximize the productivity and reliability of urban infrastructure.In this paper, we propose an online parking rent system to reserve a parking space for the residents and other users, via a blockchain on the Ethereum platform which uses a non-fungible token as currency and a barcode for ease of use.A barcode will be provided while reserving the parking space, and is used when unlocking the bollards.This will help residents to save time by knowing their parking spot.
As technology continues to evolve, our society is becoming enriched with more intelligent devices that help us perform our daily activities more efficiently and effectively. One of the most significant technological advancements of our time is the Internet of Things (IoT), which interconnects various smart devices (such as smart mobiles, intelligent refrigerators, smartwatches, smart fire alarms, smart door locks, and many more) allowing them to communicate with each other and exchange data seamlessly. We now use IoT technology to carry out our daily activities, for example, transportation. In particular, the field of smart transportation has intrigued researchers due to its potential to revolutionize the way we move people and goods. IoT provides drivers in a smart city with many benefits, including traffic management, improved logistics, efficient parking systems, and enhanced safety measures. Smart transportation is the integration of all these benefits into applications for transportation systems. However, as a way of further improving the benefits provided by smart transportation, other technologies have been explored, such as machine learning, big data, and distributed ledgers. Some examples of their application are the optimization of routes, parking, street lighting, accident prevention, detection of abnormal traffic conditions, and maintenance of roads. In this paper, we aim to provide a detailed understanding of the developments in the applications mentioned earlier and examine current researches that base their applications on these sectors. We aim to conduct a self-contained review of the different technologies used in smart transportation today and their respective challenges. Our methodology encompassed identifying and screening articles on smart transportation technologies and its applications. To identify articles addressing our topic of review, we searched for articles in the four significant databases: IEEE Xplore, ACM Digital Library, Science Direct, and Springer. Consequently, we examined the communication mechanisms, architectures, and frameworks that enable these smart transportation applications and systems. We also explored the communication protocols enabling smart transportation, including Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and cellular networks, and how they contribute to seamless data exchange. We delved into the different architectures and frameworks used in smart transportation, including cloud computing, edge computing, and fog computing. Lastly, we outlined current challenges in the smart transportation field and suggested potential future research directions. We will examine data privacy and security issues, network scalability, and interoperability between different IoT devices.
This project proposes a blockchain-based framework from the existing centralized framework for a ride- sharing service and implements the same as a decentralized application based on smart contracts on Polygon Blockchain. A ridesharing system helps riders to reach a particular destination driven by the owner of the ride. Most services available in the market are centralized and hosted by a third party which gives them the authority to monitor features like fare calculation, user data, etc. Privacy and trust are major concerns in such a system. The purpose of our project is to make a decentralized application for ride sharing where all transactions, fare calculation, matching and information is stored on a Distributed Ledger. The ledger will be accessible to all the peers in the network. This will match users with rides in a decentralized way without relying on third parties of any centralized network which makes the system transparent and reliable. The data on blockchain is immutable. Hence, this technology is used to store rides and user information to maintain security and ensure user privacy. Finally, this project provides guidance for future research with the promising and important directions in blockchain-based ride-sharing services. Key Words: Blockchain; Peer to peer network; Security; Transactions; Ridesharing; Smart Contract; Polygon.
The present toll collection system has a number of problems, including varying toll rates on different roadways, heavy traffic, etc. Long wait times, theft from toll plazas, and other issues are problems that the toll collection system, particularly in India, encounters. Only 300 automobiles may be serviced by these systems each hour, and if more cars arrive at that area than that, severe traffic Jams could happen. For toll collection, the present toll methods, including Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), still require a lot of time. To address the above mentioned issues, this study discusses a GPS-based toll collection system. Every time a vehicle switches from a highway to a service road, this system would track the coordinates of the moving object. As a result, the user can pay the toll without being pulled over anywhere along the freeway. This system will leverage blockchain technology to construct a decentralized and intelligent mechanism for toll collection and tracking records because it has recently become one of the most well-liked technologies and has the potential to change the field of intelligent transportation systems. The technology uses blockchain smart contracts for the maintenance of security and integrity of records. Thus, presenting a strategy for putting into place a seamless toll collection system with the most transparency possible.
Vehicle based logistics are hinged on their ability to timely deliver goods, services, and people. The classical expression of “time is money” comes alive in the logistics industry yielding potentially huge financial and health consequences in case of missing deadlines. This is especially the case for time sensitive pharmaceuticals, delivery of perishable goods, delivery of people travelling, delivery of services in fault fixing/recovery sector. All these use cases motivate the need for an immutable, secure, and immortalized process of tracking time. To solve this challenge, this paper presents prototype-based research that integrates the 4th industrial revolution technologies of vision Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based Optical Character Recognition (OCR) and blockchain. The developed prototype features a Raspberry-PI board embedding a camera, an Artificial Intelligence (AI) model to recognize plate letters from the image and a crypto wallet to sign the logging of plate number and time events on the NEAR blockchain, an emerging sharded, proof-of-stake, layer-one blockchain that is simple to use, secure and scalable. The effective operation of the developed prototype has been validated inside a campus parking and shows an accuracy of 80%. The benefits of transparency, security, and immutability of the blockchain combined with the intelligence, data capture, and processing of IoT will enable to develop accountability solutions trusted by all different logistic stakeholders.
Given the current situation, A great number of reports about forged titles to real estate, fake land registries, undue transferring of delayed ownership, and government officials' involvement in deceptive practices are regularly being reported. On the other hand, this suggests that the current system for registering land deeds is inefficient and cannot reliably guarantee the safety of transactions between buyers and sellers or ensure that they are settled in a timely manner. To find a solution to this issue. In this paper, we suggested utilizing blockchain technology to create a land register system. The uniqueness and appeal of blockchain technology are its transparency and security. Persistence, immutability, and decentralization are qualities that blockchain is inculcating. its ascension to new opportunities for efficiency and cost savings. A decentralized application was suggested in this article. We used the Ethereum network specifically to build and deploy the smart contract. Through frontend web pages, interactions with the deployed contracts are possible. When creating websites, React is employed. Next.js is utilized for the server and routing. The analysis and findings demonstrate the viability and effectiveness of the suggested methodology.
In crowded cities, searching for the availability of parking lots is a herculean task as it results in the wastage of drivers’ time, increases air pollution, and traffic congestion. Smart parking systems facilitate the drivers to determine the information about the parking lot in real time and book them depending on the requirement. But the existing smart parking systems necessitate the drivers to reveal their sensitive information that includes their mobile number, personal identity, and desired destination. This disclosure of sensitive information makes the existing centralized smart parking systems more vulnerable to service providers’ security breaches, single points of failure, and bottlenecks. In this paper, an Improved Asymmetric Consortium Blockchain and Homomorphically Computing Univariate Polynomial-based private information retrieval (IACB-HCUPPIR) scheme is proposed to ensure parking lots’ availability with transparency security in a privacy-preserving smart parking system. In specific, an improved Asymmetric Consortium Blockchain is used for achieving secure transactions between different parties interacting in the smart parking environment. It further adopted the method of Homomorphically Computing Univariate Polynomial-based private information retrieval (HCUPPIR) scheme for preserving the location privacy of drivers. The results of IACB-HCUPPIR confirmed better results in terms of minimized computation and communication overload with throughput, latency, and response time with maximized drivers’ privacy preservation. Moreover, the proposed fully homomorphic algorithm (FHE) was compared against partial-homomorphic encryption (PHE) and technique without encryption and found that the proposed model has quick communication in allocating the parking slots starting with 24.3 s, whereas PHE starts allocating from 24.7 s and the technique without encryption starts at 27.4 s. Thus, we ensure the proposed model performs well in allocating parking slots with less time and high security with privacy preservation.
Jonathan Kvist Brittain, Wei-Yang Chiu, Weizhi Meng
The importance of efficient and accessible parking systems has been growing over the past decades. Steady growth in urban population and car ownership has increased problems with traffic congestion and air pollution caused by inadequate parking systems. Blockchain-based parking systems have been proposed to increase system availability and resilience and improve trust among participants. However, these systems are not transferable to the parking systems of European cities such as Copenhagen, as they are based on assumptions about the parking infrastructure, which do not hold, and are inherently incompatible with regional privacy protection regulations such as the GDPR. Furthermore, many blockchain solutions suffer from scalability issues, severely limiting their efficiency. In this work, we develop a blockchainbased parking system in Denmark, aiming to make up the gap in the existing research by directly considering GDPR compliance. Our work focuses on the municipal parking system for on-street parking in Copenhagen (Denmark), where Hyperledger Fabric is used to maintain a trusted distributed ledger for parking data shared by the network. Personal data is protected through offchain storage while maintaining on-chain verifiability. The proposed system is implemented as a proof-of-concept application, which can deliver sufficient throughput to support the needs of municipal parking.
Parin Somani, Sunil Kumar Vohra, S. Chowdhury, Shashi Kant Gupta
On holidays and weekends, retail malls in metro areas have heavy foot traffic. Billing in the conventional manner, which entails employees standing in a line and scanning each customer’s purchase with a barcode scanner, is time-consuming. When there is a mistake in barcode scanners, the cashier may have to manually input the barcode number. As a consequence of this technique, clients are inconvenienced by lengthy lines at the billing counters. To overcome this issue, this chapter implemented a blockchain based smart shopping system. Here, smart carts are employed which performs the automated bill generation using the information from the Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) reader. The data from the smart carts are validated using the smart contracts and stored in the blockchain network for efficient bill generation. To avoid the data from being tampered, we have proposed Synchronous Discrete Twofish Encryption Algorithm (SDTEA), optimized using Genetically Modified Firefly Optimization Algorithm (GM-FOA). The bill is generated using the encrypted data and payment can be done after decryption of data. The simulation findings reveal that, by using this approach, a lot of time and man power can be saved. The proposed system is compared with conventional systems to prove its efficiency.
The parking lot is one of the important components of the intelligent transportation system (ITS). The current parking lots mainly use instant parking, which has low parking efficiency, during peak hours, which leads to traffic congestion. To guarantee the stable operation of parking lots, we propose a blockchain-enabled parking reservation framework, called BPR. Traditional parking reservation systems may exist the condition of malicious reservations, and resulting in wasted parking spaces. Therefore, we design a reputation mechanism to manage the parking reservation behavior of vehicles and reduce the number of malicious nodes. In addition, to balance the performance of the blockchain at different times (especially during peak hours), we use deep learning (DL) to dynamically adjust the block size to make the blockchain run more efficiently and stably. We deploy the system in Hyperledger Fabric and conduct effectiveness experiments. The comprehensive evaluation results and analysis show that the proposed reputation mechanism can effectively curb malicious nodes from reserving parking spaces and reduce the waste of parking resources. And the block size will be dynamically adjusted to balance the performance of the blockchain at different periods, this method is also applicable to other blockchain performance-sensitive scenes. Finally, this paper is compared with related work to demonstrate the innovation and feasibility of this work from various aspects.
The popularity of vehicles brings parking issues, especially in the downtown area. To tackle these issues, the concept of smart parking is presented, which utilizes industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) devices and vehicular sensor networks (VSNs) to monitor the available parking spaces and nearby traffic conditions. Unfortunately, the centralized architecture of existing solutions cannot guarantee data reliability. Besides, some privacy issues still violate the VSN participants' sensitive information. We propose a novelBlockchain-based smart parking scheme in digital-twin empowered VSNs with privacy protection, named BSDP. In BSDP, the digital twin network is introduced to monitor and predict traffic conditions nearby a parking lot. The blockchain and smart contract are utilized to achieve reliable data storage and correct parking response, respectively. Besides, the privacy of both driver and VSN participants can be protected. Experimental result shows that the proposed BSDP scheme achieves acceptable efficiency in resource-constrained vehicular networks.
The lack of centralized management causes problems in the system of distributed parking spaces, such as unsecured revenues, poor service quality and malicious valuation. Therefore, this paper proposes a parking sharing scheme based on non-fungible tokens. Firstly, we propose the calculation method of parking space renter reputation value, parking space provider reputation value and the reputation incentive algorithm of parking space sharing, which can ensure the service quality of distributed parking space share and prevent malicious evaluation and implement bidirectional constraints on parking space provider and renter. Secondly, we propose a parking space sharing model with non-fungible tokens as sharing credentials to map parking space assets to on-chain assets via non-fungible tokens and introduce timers based on hash time locks. We propose an intelligent parking rental contract based on improved hash lock to guarantee the revenue of parking space providers in a distributed environment. Finally, experiments based on Ethereum show that the scheme can realize shared parking space at a lower cost; the proposed incentive algorithm can effectively prevent parking space providers and renters from misbehaving.
T. Manikandan, Shajahan Basheer, Shitharth Selvarajan, Sara A. Althubiti · 7 authors
There can be many inherent issues in the process of managing cloud infrastructure and the platform of the cloud. The platform of the cloud manages cloud software and legality issues in making contracts. The platform also handles the process of managing cloud software services and legal contract-based segmentation. In this paper, we tackle these issues directly with some feasible solutions. For these constraints, the Averaged One-Dependence Estimators (AODE) classifier and the SELECT Applicable Only to Parallel Server (SELECT-APSL ASA) method are proposed to separate the data related to the place. ASA is made up of the AODE and SELECT Applicable Only to Parallel Server. The AODE classifier is used to separate the data from smart city data based on the hybrid data obfuscation technique. The data from the hybrid data obfuscation technique manages 50% of the raw data, and 50% of hospital data is masked using the proposed transmission. The analysis of energy consumption before the cryptosystem shows the total packet delivered by about 71.66% compared with existing algorithms. The analysis of energy consumption after cryptosystem assumption shows 47.34% consumption, compared to existing state-of-the-art algorithms. The average energy consumption before data obfuscation decreased by 2.47%, and the average energy consumption after data obfuscation was reduced by 9.90%. The analysis of the makespan time before data obfuscation decreased by 33.71%. Compared to existing state-of-the-art algorithms, the study of makespan time after data obfuscation decreased by 1.3%. These impressive results show the strength of our methodology.
Riya Kakkar, Rajesh Gupta, Mohammad Dahman Alshehri, Sudeep Tanwar · 6 authors
This article proposes a blockchain and non-cooperative game theoretic-based secure and optimized data pricing scheme, i.e.,Block-CPS. It aims to secure the data transactions between vehicle owners and customers for rides. It uses the fifth-generation (5G) communication network that offers ultrareliable low-latency communications between vehicle owners and customers. The Interplanetary file system (IPFS) storage protocol used in the proposal reduces the blockchain data storage cost. We then formulated a non-cooperative game-theoretic approach to maximize the profits for vehicle owners and customers. Formulated non-cooperative game is integrated with blockchain to provide security to the Block-CPS. The vulnerability of the developed smart contract is verified and validated using tools like smartcheck and verisol. The performance of Block-CPS is evaluated by comparing it with the traditional approaches using blockchain with 4G and LTE-A networks. The performance evaluation parameters used are system scalability, network latency, data storage cost and its computation, network throughput, profit, communication reliability, and convergence for the optimal payoff between vehicle owners and customers. The performance results shows the Block-CPS outperforms the traditional blockchain-based systems.