This chapter explores the transformative role of fintech, blockchain, and cryptocurrency in advancing ethical finance, with a focus on Islamic financial principles. It examines how technologies like distributed ledger technology and smart contracts can enhance transparency, efficiency, and financial inclusion while adhering to sharīʿah prohibitions against ribā, gharar, and maysir. The discussion highlights key fintech applications, including crowdfunding, digital waqf, and precious metal-backed cryptocurrencies, which align with Islamic finance’s emphasis on asset-backed and risk-sharing models. Case studies from Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, Indonesia, and other Organization of Islamic Cooperation countries illustrate the growth of Islamic fintech ecosystems. The chapter also addresses regulatory challenges and the need for robust frameworks to ensure ethical compliance and systemic stability. By integrating fintech with maqāṣid al-sharīʿah (higher purposes of Islamic law), Islamic finance can promote social justice, sustainability, and equitable resource distribution, offering a viable alternative to conventional financial systems.
Monetary technology (FinTech) represents the integration of era into financial services to enhance performance, accessibility, transparency, and purchaser revel in. over the last decade, FinTech has disrupted conventional banking structures, charge mechanisms, investment control, insurance, and lending practices. innovations along with blockchain, synthetic intelligence (AI), digital payments, peer-to-peer lending, and decentralized finance (DeFi) have reshaped the monetary panorama. This paper explores the evolution of FinTech, key technological improvements, economic and regulatory implications, dangers and challenges, and destiny potentialities. The study concludes that whilst FinTech fosters financial inclusion and operational efficiency, it also introduces regulatory, cybersecurity, and systemic dangers that require coordinated global governance frameworks.
This paper examines the public perceptions of decentralized finance (DeFi) in regulatory uncertainty in Pakistan. Although the current literature mainly focuses on the technical architecture, governance, and the efficiency of DeFi, there has been little literature on how it is socially perceived in emerging economies where its legal status is not well defined. This research is based on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT), and the Institutional Trust Theory as its foundation of study, and it is a qualitative study. Data was gathered by conducting semistructured interviews with ten 10 participants from Karachi, who include students and working professionals from diverse occupational backgrounds. Thematic study shows six themes: Awareness of Decentralized Finance, regulatory uncertainty, perceived risk, financial literacy, perceived benefits, and institutional trust. The result shows that people have awareness but not deep knowledge; they also know the benefits, such as transparency and efficiency, but regulatory uncertainty shapes the perception of people. Regulatory uncertainty enhances perceived risk and ensures the presence of dependency on governmental approval as a legitimizing condition. The perceived usefulness in itself did not give confidence because of the lack of legal protection. The research provides empirical data on Pakistan and illustrates that regulatory clarity and institutional trust are the two key factors that determine social acceptance of decentralized financial innovation in emerging economies.
Decentralized Finance (DeFi) operating in Benin are essential for financing the agricultural sector and for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. This research contributes to the debate on the effectiveness of agricultural financing models proposed by DeFi in Northern Benin. Two theoretical approaches are mobilized to assess farmers’ perceptions : Triandis’ interpersonal behaviour model (1979) and the balanced incomplete block design method for analyzing farmers’ choices. A total of 585 farmers were surveyed, including 385 financing beneficiaries, using purposive sampling. Data were analyzed with R version 4.3.0 and RStudio version 2022.02.0. The results highlight a preference for individual financing models (61.26%) over group-based models (38,74%), as they better meet the immediate needs of farmers. Regarding the impact of financing models on agricultural factors of production, farmers acknowledge the positive effect of individual financing on the purchase of inputs and equipment, but criticize the inability of group financing models to stimulate overall productivity and land expansion. The overall perception of support systems implemented after financing is negative, as they remain disconnected from farmer’s real needs. It therefore appears that while financing models satisfy beneficiaries in terms of immediate operational aspects (inputs, equipment, financial needs), and they fail to address structural expectations such as productivity growth and farmland expansion
Minela Nuhić-Mešković, M. Kabir Hassan, Admir Mešković
Purpose This study aims to systematically synthesize academic literature on Islamic FinTech published prior to 2025 to identify prevailing themes, regional and methodological trends and unresolved research gaps. Design/methodology/approach A systematic literature review (SLR) was conducted following the PRISMA 2020 protocol to ensure transparency and replicability. A total of 162 peer-reviewed journal articles were identified from Scopus and Web of Science databases using defined keywords. Bibliometric mapping (via VOSviewer), qualitative coding and descriptive statistics were used to identify major themes, methodological patterns and research gaps. Findings The review reveals a rapid increase in Islamic FinTech scholarship, particularly after 2020, with Southeast Asia dominating the output. Five major thematic clusters emerge: digital transformation, technology adoption, Shariah compliance, decentralized finance and Islamic social finance. Research limitations/implications Findings point to the importance of more diversified methodologies, cross-regional studies, harmonized Shariah standards and inclusive digital financial solutions. Practical implications The findings suggest that effective adoption of FinTech can enhance cost efficiency, operational scalability and product diversification for Islamic financial institutions. Social implications Islamic FinTech can widen social inclusion, improve transparency and support social goals. To unlock that potential, the study needs shared Shariah and regulatory standards, user-centred design and pilot projects that measure outcomes. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first comprehensive SLR of Islamic FinTech integrating Scopus and Web of Science sources within the PRISMA 2020 framework, providing a consolidated foundation for future empirical, theoretical and policy research.
This study examines the determinants of transparency and accountability in village financial management, focusing on the roles of village facilitator competence, village government commitment, and oversight by the Village Consultative Body (BPD). Grounded in good governance and principal–agent theory, the study addresses persistent governance challenges at the village level, where substantial public funds are managed amid limited administrative capacity and uneven institutional oversight. Using a quantitative design, primary data were collected through a structured survey administered to 510 respondents from 85 villages in Donggala and Sigi Regencies, Indonesia. The data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling–Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS), enabling simultaneous testing of direct and mediating relationships among governance variables. The results show that village facilitator competence, village government commitment, and BPD oversight each have significant positive effects on financial transparency and accountability. Importantly, transparency plays a central mediating role, indicating that the effects of competence, commitment, and oversight on accountability are largely transmitted through improved information disclosure. These findings confirm that accountability in village financial management is difficult to achieve without adequate transparency mechanisms that reduce information asymmetry between village governments and the community. Theoretically, this study extends the application of good governance and principal–agent theory to the village governance context by empirically validating transparency as a key governance mechanism linking institutional factors to accountability outcomes. Practically, the findings highlight the importance of strengthening facilitator capacity, fostering integrity-driven leadership commitment, and enhancing the effectiveness of BPD supervision as integrated strategies to improve village financial governance. By providing evidence from a large-sample empirical study, this research offers insights for policymakers and practitioners seeking to promote transparent and accountable village finance management in decentralized governance systems.
Millions of women face exclusion from banking services which acts as a fundamental obstacle to their economic development because of institutional barriers. Blockchain technology represents an efficient approach to providing secure decentralized financial solutions that increase access to financial services. The analysis will explore blockchain capabilities to expand financial access for women while promoting economic opportunity as per SDG 5 (Gender Equality). Traditional banking creates barriers for women in financial services because they lack money funds and poor credit recording along with restricted bank access. This paper examines how blockchain resolves such problems by implementing decentralized finance (DeFi), smart contracts blockchain-based microfinance, and digital identity verification. Using blockchain technology leads to safe financial payments while eliminating middle agents and creating open transaction documentation which gives users better economic management abilities. The application of blockchain technologies in real-world situations generates positive effects on female entrepreneurship and the business performance of small business owners and workers within the informal economy. The widespread implementation of blockchain faces barriers because of regulatory restrictions and technological limitations together with digital skill level disparities. This research adopts strategic guidelines and policy recommendations that enhance blockchain advantages for female financial empowerment. The implementation of blockchain technology delivers financial independence worldwide market entry and sustainable economic stability to women. The achievement of SDG 5 depends on stakeholders who join forces to build financial structures that support gender equality.
This paper examines agricultural credit as a strategic instrument for agricultural development in Morocco. It argues that credit can contribute to investment, modernization, income growth, and social promotion, but only if it is embedded in a coherent economic and social policy framework. The author reviews the main obstacles that limited the effectiveness of agricultural credit, including inappropriate institutional choices, weak agrarian structures, insufficient organization, limited outreach, and intervention rules poorly adapted to small farmers. The article concludes that a more flexible, decentralized, and development-oriented credit system is necessary if rural finance is to serve the needs of traditional as well as modern agriculture.
This study aims to map the intellectual structure and research trends in MSME financing through a bibliometric analysis of scientific publications indexed in the Scopus database. Using VOSviewer as the primary analytical tool, this research examines keyword co-occurrence, overlay visualization, density mapping, co-authorship networks, institutional collaboration, and country collaboration patterns to identify dominant themes and emerging research directions. The findings indicate that MSMEs remain the central focus within the financing literature, closely associated with financial inclusion, financial literacy, digital transformation, and entrepreneurial finance. The evolution of research shows a transition from traditional microfinance and banking perspectives toward digitally enabled and innovation-driven financing ecosystems. Density analysis highlights financial inclusion as a highly concentrated research area, while themes such as decentralized finance and risk management appear as emerging opportunities for future studies. Collaboration patterns reveal strong interconnectedness among authors and institutions, with significant contributions from Asian countries, particularly India, China, and the Philippines, reflecting the importance of MSMEs in developing economies. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the development, structure, and future research agenda of MSME financing literature, offering valuable insights for scholars, policymakers, and practitioners seeking to strengthen inclusive and sustainable financial systems for MSMEs.
Sustainable finance models are most often built for contexts characterized by institutional stability, effective governance, and functioning capital markets. In fragile states, such conditions are often absent. This paper revisits sustainable finance through the case of Lebanon, where the post-2019 financial collapse rendered conventional instruments, such as ESG frameworks, green bonds, and sustainability-linked loans, difficult to implement and contextually irrelevant. Drawing on literature regarding sustainable finance, degrowth and post-growth economics, and the political economy of fragility, the paper proposes a conceptual framework for Agile Sustainable Finance: a model that explains how financial practices oriented towards sustainability can persist despite institutional collapse with agility operating as the mediating capability. The model positions agility as the central capability enabling households, firms, and communities to reorganize financial life amid institutional erosion, liquidity shortages, and involuntary degrowth. It highlights how informal credit systems, remittances, community financing, and decentralized energy solutions become essential tools for resilience and ecological sufficiency in collapsed economies. By reframing finance as a mechanism for survival, redistribution, and basic sustainability rather than growth, this conceptual study offers a theoretical model that bridges domains that rarely intersect: sustainable finance and fragile-state dynamics.
Abstract Blockchain technology has the potential to significantly advance financial inclusion, by providing decentralized financial solutions, such as Decentralized Finance (DeFi) platforms, which can ultimately be beneficial to the unbanked and underbanked populations across the globe. The decentralized nature of blockchain is a beacon of hope for bridging the financial access gap in developing and emerging economies where the traditional banking infrastructure is limited, or even non-existent. This is a conceptual paper that compiles a collection of literature around blockchain technology and financial inclusion. This paper discusses the potential to lower the barriers to financial services and transaction costs as well as increase financial literacy enabled by blockchain-based solutions (i.e. cryptocurrencies, smart contracts and digital wallets) through a systematic review of key studies, market reports and case examples identified from various regions. The state of the art paper which builds on the relevant literature on blockchain and fintech for financial inclusion. Focusing on cryptocurrencies, smart contracts, and digital wallets, this paper analyses the extent to which blockchain-based solutions may minimize financial service barriers, service transaction costs and improve financial literacy, through a review key study, market reports and case examples across different regions. It emphasizes how blockchain technology has the potential to empower these disadvantaged communities with affordable, secure, and accessible financial products. However, it does also stress the importance of guidelines to help ensure the safe and effective implementation of blockchain solutions. The objective of this paper is to offer a conceptual framework that connects the motivations for financial inclusion and the role of blockchain solutions with the ultimate objective of enabling policymakers, financial institutions, and technology developers to adopt and tailor blockchain solutions aligned to the global financial systems of developing economies. Keywords: Blockchain Technology, Financial Inclusion, Decentralized Finance, DeFi, Cryptocurrencies, Smart Contracts, Peer-to-Peer Lending, Financial Services, Emerging Markets
Old economy banking infrastructure systematically bars billions of people across the globe from fundamental financial services by way of insurmountable documentation barriers, exorbitant fee systems, and geographic reach that disproportionately affect developing economy populations. Local currency instability and hyperinflation further enhance these problems by decimating savings and buying capacity, locking communities in vicious cycles of economic instability. Blockchain and decentralized financial protocols appear as revolutionary solutions that democratize access to finance using only internet connectivity, removing intermediaries and institutional gatekeeping systems. Dollar-pegged stablecoins bring much-needed stability to volatility in currencies without sacrificing the accessibility advantages of distributed ledger infrastructure. Decentralized lending protocols produce legitimate returns by linking borrowers and lenders via algorithmic interest rate models, which are transparently operated without central decision-making power. Self-custody wallets function as complete pseudo-bank debts supplying global attain and continuous accessibility, allowing customers to keep, transmit, and hold digital property without requiring institutional approval or extensive documentation. Clever contracts execute mechanically primarily based on predetermined conditions, disposing of human intermediaries at the same time as ensuring transparency via immutable public blockchain information. Revolutionary regulatory frameworks establish sandbox environments that facilitate controlled experimentation with blockchain-based economic services, enabling innovation even as preserving customer protection requirements. Mobile-first user experience design with support for local languages answers the specific needs of developing market populations relying solely on internet access via mobile devices. Intersecting these technological advancements makes financially independent ecosystems possible for serving previously excluded communities through yield-producing instruments and barrier-free cross-border payment capabilities.
Traditional measures of per capita income, including GNI per capita, GDP per capita, and PPP-adjusted variants, fail to account for a critical dimension of economic capacity: access to financing and financial infrastructure. This paper proposes a novel framework—Credit-Augmented Per Capita Income (CAPCI)—which adjusts nominal income by a Finance Access Multiplier (FAM) derived from household debt-to-income ratios and financial inclusion metrics. Using data from the World Bank, IMF, and academic sources, we demonstrate that finance access effectively allows individuals in developed economies to "pull future earnings into the present," creating a temporal arbitrage effect that dramatically amplifies economic capacity relative to counterparts in developing regions. Our illustrative calculations suggest that the true economic disparity between developed economies (e.g., USA) and developing regions (e.g., Sub-Saharan Africa) is approximately approximately 32% greater than nominal per capita income figures suggest—rising from a 45× nominal gap to approximately 60× when finance access is properly accounted for using a credit discount coefficient. This finding has significant implications for understanding the relevance and imperative for financial inclusion and its relation to global inequality and designing development policy initiatives to incentivize growth. A Critical Distinction: Household Finance vs. Sovereign Debt. It is essential to distinguish the framework proposed here from advocacy for increased sovereign borrowing. Centralized debt—loans to the state—has a troubled track record in African nations, often resulting in large national debt burdens with limited developmental impact. Our framework is fundamentally different: we advocate for empowerment of individuals, households, and communities through access to personal and business financing infrastructure. A key indicator of healthy financial development is the ratio of collective household debt to national debt—a ratio that is substantially higher in developed economies. When households can access mortgages, business loans, entrepreneurship capital, and consumer finance, economic capacity is distributed and multiplied at the grassroots level, rather than concentrated in state apparatus. This distributed (decentralized) approach to financial empowerment represents a fundamentally different path to development than sovereign borrowing.
Pakistan's economic trajectory is defined by a structural trap: stabilization followed by consumption-led expansion that inevitably triggers a balance of payments crisis, renewed borrowing, and deepened fiscal vulnerability. This paper proposes a comprehensive 20-year transition strategy to break this cycle by replacing debt-financed consumption with an investment-led, export-oriented model grounded in the principles of riba-free finance. The framework synthesizes the disciplined interventionist state model of 1960s South Korea with the decentralized, borderless opportunities of the 21st-century digital economy through a Dual-Track Growth Engine covering both physical industrialization and virtual services expansion. The strategy further proposes a Digital Public Infrastructure architecture centered on the Raast payment system and blockchain-enabled supply chain transparency to formalize Pakistan's shadow economy, estimated at over $450 billion. On the financing side, the paper develops an equity-based paradigm for mobilizing diaspora capital through Mudarabah-based instruments, replacing domestic sovereign debt with Sukuk and Ijarah certificates, and executing structured debt-for-equity swaps with bilateral creditors including China. A phased 20-year roadmap is provided, with mathematical risk assessment through the Contingent Claims Approach, and a candid treatment of academic critiques including IMF framework conflicts and principal-agent problems in equity-based financing. The objective is economic self-sufficiency by Pakistan's centenary in 2047.
The informal economy of Sub-Saharan Africa accounts for roughly 85% of total employment in Kenya, Uganda, and Ghana, and most of the people working in it cannot get formal credit. This review is bounded to those three markets; Nigeria, the region's largest credit market, is excluded and identified below as the most consequential gap in market coverage. The decade of mobile-based digital lending that followed the launch of M-Shwari in 2012 was a partial correction. It widened access, but it also produced mass blacklisting, over-indebtedness, and outcomes that landed hardest on women and other underserved borrowers. It ran, moreover, on data-extraction practices (contact-list harvesting, device fingerprinting, behavioural telemetry) that are now prohibited across all three target markets. This review sets out the technical and theoretical groundwork for a successor architecture: a privacy-preserving, edge-native credit system built on consented data. The organising claim is that credit exclusion in low-information markets is, at bottom, an information asymmetry problem, and that the structure of peer transaction networks is a form of quantifiable social collateral that can partially close the gap without the extractive practices regulators have moved to stop. Against that frame, we work through four literatures: the empirical record of alternative credit scoring and its failure modes; the regulatory shift that has made extractive architectures legally untenable; the privacy-preserving machine learning stack (federated learning with differential privacy, fully homomorphic encryption, and zero-knowledge proofs) and the real cost each guarantee carries; and graph neural network architectures for financial risk, including their vulnerability to adversarial manipulation. We also ask whether sub-2B-parameter models, quantized to INT4, can run on the low-end Android hardware that target borrowers actually own. Two further problems sit underneath these four and are treated as first-order rather than incidental. The first is that consent in a relational setting is not the same object as consent in an individual one: scoring a borrower from the structure of their transaction graph implicates the counterparties in that graph, and the literature on consent has barely begun to model this. The second is that an architecture built to expand across domains, from finance into agriculture and eventually health, expands its governance surface at the same rate, and the contextual-integrity principle that justifies the credit model also constrains where that data may travel. The most consequential research frontier is not inside any one of these areas. It is at their meeting point: private training of graph-structured models is unsolved, benchmark results have never been tested against African mobile money networks, and the compounding accuracy costs of privacy, quantization, and fairness have not been characterised jointly. We identify the gaps S Labs Finance AI will address, while refusing throughout the comfortable assumption that a privacy-preserving credit model is automatically a welfare-improving one. This revision adds a consolidated execution-risk register and a prioritised contribution roadmap (Sections 5 and 6) synthesised from an internal review of the Phase 1 draft. Coverage is primarily peer-reviewed work from 2019 to 2025, with grey literature (regulatory instruments, industry benchmarks, arXiv pre-prints) included where peer-reviewed equivalents do not yet exist. Jurisdictional coverage is similarly bounded: this review treats Kenya, Uganda, and Ghana as the target markets and does not examine Nigeria's regulatory regime (CBN consumer-protection guidelines, the NDPA) or its competitive landscape (FairMoney, Carbon, Renmoney, Branch Nigeria, Kuda). Given Nigeria's scale, this is flagged as a priority extension rather than a settled exclusion
In this article, we compare financial knowledge levels and identify the determinants of financial attitudes among 16-20-year-old students in Italy and the Autonomous Community of Galicia (Spain). We combine cross-country comparative evidence with data-driven variable selection based on machine learning techniques and theory-driven modelling of financial attitudes. Our study offers an original contribution to the literature on youth financial literacy and behaviour in emerging digital financial domains, namely instalment-based credit solutions and cryptocurrency investments. Our findings reveal that Galician students display higher average financial knowledge than Italian ones and have a higher propensity to use instalment payments and to invest in cryptocurrencies. Financial knowledge plays a central role in shaping both credit and investment attitudes, alongside experience, income, and behavioural traits, with significant cross-country differences. More specific knowledge in each domain is associated with more cautious attitudes, suggesting that deeper understanding relates with more prudent behaviour. Among Italian educational pathways, technical institutes appear to be the only track able to substantially reduce the literacy gap. These insights highlight the need for a reform of financial education pathways, with greater emphasis on experiential learning and student-involving teaching strategies.
Traditional measures of per capita income, including GDP per capita and PPP-adjusted variants, fail to account for a critical dimension of economic capacity: access to financing and financial infrastructure. This paper proposes a novel framework-Credit-Augmented Per Capita Income (CAPCI)-which adjusts nominal income by a Finance Access Multiplier (FAM) derived from household debt-to-income ratios and financial inclusion metrics. Using data from the World Bank, IMF, and academic sources, we demonstrate that finance access effectively allows individuals in developed economies to "pull future earnings into the present," creating a temporal arbitrage effect that dramatically amplifies economic capacity relative to counterparts in developing regions. Our illustrative calculations suggest that the true economic disparity between developed economies (e.g., USA) and developing regions (e.g., Sub-Saharan Africa) is approximately 74% greater than nominal per capita income figures suggest—rising from a 53× nominal gap to approximately 92× when finance access is properly factored in with a credit discount coefficient. This finding has significant implications for understanding the relevance and imperative for financial inclusion and its relation to global inequality and designing development policy initiatives to incentivize growth. A Critical Distinction: Household Finance vs. Sovereign Debt. It is essential to distinguish the framework proposed here from advocacy for increased sovereign borrowing. Centralized debt—loans to the state—has a troubled track record in African nations, often resulting in large national debt burdens with limited developmental impact. Our framework is fundamentally different: we advocate for empowerment of individuals, households, and communities through access to personal and business financing infrastructure. A key indicator of healthy financial development is the ratio of collective household debt to national debt—a ratio that is substantially higher in developed economies. When households can access mortgages, business loans, entrepreneurship capital, and consumer finance, economic capacity is distributed and multiplied at the grassroots level, rather than concentrated in state apparatus. This distributed (decentralized) approach to financial empowerment represents a fundamentally different path to development than sovereign borrowing.
Anthony Chidi Nzomiwu, Francisca Uzooyibo Okoye, Benedict Iyke Okoronkwo
Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) face a persistent financing gap globally, estimated at significant portions of GDP in emerging markets like Nigeria, while facing different structural barriers in developed economies like Poland. Decentralized Finance (DeFi) offers theoretical solutions through peer-to-peer lending and tokenized assets, yet pure DeFi adoption remains low among SMEs due to regulatory uncertainty, technical complexity, and volatility. This paper employs Institutional Theory (North, 1990) and Ozili's (2023) tripartite framework of regulation, infrastructure, and capacity to compare the Nigerian and Polish contexts. Drawing on a synthesis of recent literature (2018-2026), the study argues that "pure" DeFi is ill-suited for immediate SME adoption in either context. Instead, a "Hybrid Finance" model where regulated fintech intermediaries bridge traditional banking and blockchain protocols offers the most viable pathway. The analysis highlights Nigeria's reactive regulatory stance (e.g., the 2021 ban and subsequent lifting) versus Poland's adaptive integration within the EU's Markets in Crypto-Assets (MiCA) framework. The paper concludes that institutional embedding, rather than technological disruption alone, is critical for closing the SME financing gap.
Lending in decentralized finance (DeFi) relies on collateral and efficient liquidations to manage credit risk. The permissionless and pseudonymous nature of public blockchains precludes reputation-based lending in DeFi and renders liabilities effectively non-recourse. Frictions in collateral liquidations increase the risk of bad debt and may ultimately lead to protocol defaults and losses for liquidity providers. This paper studies liquidation dynamics in the Aave V2 Main Market on Ethereum using block-level data covering 46 months and more than 54 000 borrower positions. While most undercollateralized debt is liquidated almost instantaneously, a non-trivial share of positions remains open for extended periods. Using a state model to distinguish healthy, viable for liquidation, and stale borrower positions, this paper quantifies transition probabilities and identifies factors associated with liquidation success. Logistic regression results show that liquidation size, lower network transaction fees, and relative profitability are associated with the probability of liquidation success in the subsequent block. At the same time, oracle price distortions and asset price volatility are associated with lower liquidation likelihood, consistent with heightened execution risk. The findings provide new high-frequency evidence on liquidation frictions in a large and mature DeFi lending market. The results contribute to the understanding of the microstructure of DeFi liquidations and credit risk in decentralized lending protocols.
Disasters and pandemics have adverse effects on both lives and economies, requiring timely and adequate funding for relief efforts. However, traditional donation systems often face challenges such as funding delays and public distrust. This paper proposed Funding Blocks (FunB)s, a decentralized donation software built on the Tezos blockchain (TzBlockchain). It ensures transparency, accountability, and security in a trustless environment. Smart contracts powered by the Tezos network’s proof-of-stake consensus algorithm facilitate automatic tamper-proof execution of donation transactions. This helps in eliminating intermediaries and reducing administrative costs. The platform’s decentralized nature enhances scalability and resilience, enabling swift response to global calamities. It offers a user-friendly interface for direct contributions, incorporating mechanisms to verify and validate charitable organizations. It also provides real-time tracking of funds, ensuring transparent visibility to donors. By leveraging blockchain technology, FunBs addresses funding challenges, accelerates response times, and enhances the efficiency of disaster relief efforts. This model contributes to creating a sustainable and resilient funding ecosystem that empowers individuals and organizations to make secure and transparent contributions during crises