Digital certificate forgery remains a real problem in education and employment because traditional verification processes rely on centralized databases, are vulnerable to manipulation, and often take a long time. This study designs and implements a blockchain-based digital certificate verification system that models certificates as Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) using the ERC-1155 standard on the Manta Pacific Layer 2 network and incorporates a Soulbound Token (SBT) mechanism to ensure that certificates cannot be transferred. The research adopts a prototyping method through eight stages, starting from architecture design and prototype development to the integration of ERC-1155 smart contracts with IPFS and wallets, as well as testing of minting functions, QR code-based verification, and rejection of asset transfers. The results demonstrate successful on-chain certificate issuance with significantly reduced transaction costs compared to ERC-721-based certificates on Layer 1 networks reported in previous studies, while maintaining a decentralized audit trail. The SBT implementation successfully rejects every attempt to transfer certificates to other wallets, thereby preventing the sale or illicit transfer of credential ownership. These findings indicate that the combination of ERC-1155, SBT, and IPFS on a Layer 2 network has strong potential as an efficient, secure, and practically adoptable digital certificate verification model for educational institutions.
This study investigates how smart contract-driven queue management can be utilized to increase online ticket purchasing efficiency via blockchain technology. The system is designed to manage ticket purchase queues transparently and securely, using smart contracts written in the Solidity programming language and the Ionic UI framework. In addition, the system is connected with MetaMask as a transaction wallet, allowing users to purchase tickets directly and securely. Ganache serves as a testing environment for replenishing wallet balances without involving real transactions. The First In First Out (FIFO) approach is used to manage the transaction queue, with the first purchased ticket being processed first by the administrator. The administrator accepts each transaction, which is then confirmed by MetaMask. When the transaction is confirmed, the system automatically updates the ticket status. The implementation results show that this system effectively optimizes ticket transaction management transparently and securely. This work also makes a significant contribution to the application of blockchain technology for better management of online ticket purchasing systems, as well as minimizing the possibility of transaction errors and fraud.
Herman Herman, Rinday Zildjiani Salji, Herman Yuliansyah
This research studies implementation of decentralized applications (DApps) that are combined with blockchain technology and IPFS for storing patient medical data. The goal of this research is to increase the security, transparency, and access control of stored medical data to make sure only legitimate users can access the data. The proposed system uses smart contracts on the Ethereum network to handle user rights of access (doctors, patients, and admins) and ensure data integrity through the blockchain immutability feature. Patient medical records are retained in IPFS and traced using the Content Identifier (CID). Implementation outcome reveals that the system can safely process medical information, keeping patients in full control of their information, and restricting data access only to scheduled time. This system also shows the potential of blockchain and IPFS technology-based applications in achieving a more efficient health ecosystem focused on safeguarding people's data.
S. Yadav, Jyoshitha Pechetti, G Tarunya, Meena Belwal
The adoption of Electronic voting systems as alternative method suits distributed digital infrastructures since they provide promising voting solutions. The protection of data integrity alongside complete transparency of elections together with assured voter privacy and system defense represent ongoing technical obstacles. A new blockchain-powered electronic voting platform is introduced for running multiple voting levels at both general elections and state elections through four candidates per election. A distributed ledger system enables permanent vote recording while promoting tamper-evidence through auditing capabilities. The system achieves voter authentication through an encrypted HS256 password mechanism which protects users from unauthorized entry and protects password information from theft. Smart contracts process votes which then get attached to the blockchain ledger to ensure transparency and make challenges to vote results impossible. The proposed system operates with distributed architecture to eliminate network threats and develop trust between all system stakeholders. The system passes simulation results because it shows exceptional resistance against security threats while maintaining reliability and scalability for digital national elections.
Nurhajar Anugraha, Muhammad Riswanto, Lindawati Lindawati, Asrul Asrul
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan sistem e-voting berbasis blockchain dengan autentikasi biometrik sidik jari serta penerapan protokol zero-knowledge proofs sebagai pengamanan tambahan terhadap data pemilih dan hasil suara. Permasalahan utama yang dihadapi dalam sistem pemungutan suara elektronik konvensional adalah rendahnya kepercayaan terhadap keamanan data dan potensi manipulasi hasil. Metode penelitian yang digunakan mencakup perancangan sistem dengan arsitektur client-server, implementasi teknologi blockchain untuk pencatatan suara yang terenkripsi, serta integrasi biometrik sidik jari menggunakan BiometricPrompt API pada Android. Selain itu, sistem diverifikasi dengan kode OTP melalui email institusional sebagai bentuk validasi ganda pengguna. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa sistem dapat berjalan dengan baik dan memberikan keamanan yang tinggi karena setiap data suara tersimpan secara permanen dan tidak dapat diubah di jaringan blockchain. Autentikasi biometrik juga memastikan bahwa setiap pemilih terverifikasi secara unik sehingga tidak terjadi pemungutan suara ganda. Dengan demikian, sistem e-voting ini dinilai layak diterapkan untuk lingkungan akademik dan dapat dikembangkan lebih lanjut untuk pemilihan umum berskala lebih besar.
Jimmy Jimmy, Kenny Rimba, Vincent Vincent, Ronsen Purba · 5 authors
E-voting systems are prone to challenges such as lack of transparency, risks of data manipulation, and dependence on centralized authorities, which can undermine trust in electoral processes. This research develops a blockchain-based e-voting system on the Polygon network, leveraging smart contracts and Zero-Knowledge Succinct Non-Interactive Argument of Knowledge (ZK-SNARK) to enhance security, transparency, and voter anonymity. The study employs an application development approach, implementing a structured methodology with initialization, registration, voting, and tallying phases. Smart contracts automate voter verification, vote casting, and result tabulation, while ZK-SNARK ensures voters can cast ballots anonymously without revealing their identities. The system’s transparency and immutability are tested using PolygonScan, demonstrating effective prevention of manipulations like double voting through cryptographic credentials (nullifier, commitment, and nullifier hash) and Merkle Tree structures. Results indicate that the system provides a secure, verifiable, and decentralized framework for elections. This implementation offers a robust foundation for future e-voting systems, promoting trust and integrity in digital voting processes.
Prof. Madhavi Bhosale, Abhishek Kangude, Vedant Khandare, Sunil Kajave
Abstract In recent years, advancements in blockchain technology have paved the way for creating transparent, secure, and decentralized digital ecosystems. This paper presents a blockchain-based electronic voting (e-voting) system designed to overcome the limitations of traditional and centralized electronic voting methods. The proposed system integrates Solidity-based smart contracts, a Python middleware API using Web3.py, and a Flutter frontend to create a secure, verifiable, and user-friendly voting platform. The architecture ensures voter anonymity, immutability of votes, and real-time result verification through blockchain’s decentralized ledger. The system employs MetaMask for voter authentication, enabling a one-person-one-vote mechanism and eliminating centralized control or tampering risks. Experimental simulations using Ganache demonstrate efficient transaction processing, transparent result computation, and tamper-proof data storage. The proposed solution enhances security, transparency, and trust in digital elections and serves as a foundation for scalable, real-world implementations in organizational, academic, and governmental voting scenarios. This research contributes toward developing next-generation decentralized voting infrastructures that reinforce democratic integrity and public confidence in electoral processes. · Keywords : Blockchain Technology; E-Voting System; Smart Contracts; Decentralized Applications (DApps); Solidity; Ethereum; Python Web3.py; Flutter Frontend; MetaMask Authentication; Digital Elections; Voter Privacy; Transparency; Immutability; Secure Voting; Electronic Governance
Shwetha K R, Divya G S, Bhavan Pande, Darshan K · 6 authors
Due to the ever-increasing demand to use safe and reliable electronic votes, a blockchain-based secure voting system has been developed to enhance transparency, trustfulness, and voter recognition. This system eliminates such issues as voting fraud, impersonation, and manipulating the results by means of biometric verification and decentralized blockchain ledger. The voters are matched to a facial-recognition database containing previously registered voters before voting. It is authenticated by a K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) approach as it works well on classifying facial features and is not very laborious. After the vote is successfully authenticated, it is stored and signed on a blockchain network where it cannot be altered by another party. The features of smart contracts ensure the safety of voting, the correct counting of votes, and the awareness of each network node of what is happening. The cryptography of hashing and decentralized make certain that the votes are immutable, due to the decentralized structure of blockchain and consensus mechanisms. The face-matching module ensures that only the qualified individuals are allowed to vote. The system also supports mass elections and guarantees the ease of interaction among the voters. It was designed in such a way that it is scalable and user friendly. Trust, security, and efficiency are enhanced in the system through biometrical authentication, distributed ledger technology, encryption, and classification through machine-learning. It is highly dependable in how to conduct the current digital elections.
P Arockia Mary, Saranya R, Dharanitha S, Dhanya S · 6 authors
In the contemporary democratic scenario, the secure, transparent, and trustworthy nature of digital elections is of ultimate importance. This objective is achieved via the innovative approach of Hybrid Proof-of-Stake (PoS) and Zero-Knowledge Proof (ZKP) based E-Voting System, which enhances integrity and overcomes challenges faced by the existing models. In contrast to the classical Proof-of-Authority (PoA) model, in which validators are pre-approved, the Hybrid PoS within this system decentralizes the selection of validators by the participation of all network members. It mitigates the risks of centralization and ensures fairness. The voting begins with Voter Registration, wherein Decentralized Identity (DID) establishes that the voter is eligible without revealing any relevant identity information. Through ZKP, voters authenticate their eligibility to vote and, further, acquire a voting token through a smart contract, granting them possible access to the election. Validators are selected dynamically on the basis of stake contributions in that PoS mode to ensure periodic rotation among validators to avoid collusion. In the Vote Casting Phase, ZKP encryption ensures the secrecy of the vote while allowing for its independent verification. Votes are stored immutably on the blockchain, transaction hashes being made available for the independent verification of individual votes. The Vote Validation Phase ensures that PoS-selected validators authenticate the votes and prevent double voting while enforcing the election rules to minimize manipulation risk. Finally, during the Vote Tallying & Result Declaration Phase, the smart contract tallies results and records the information permanently on a blockchain for the purposes of both transparency and protection. This system integrates Hybrid PoS for secure selection of validators and ZKP for privacy-protecting authentication, forming a scalable, fraud-resistant and verifiable e-voting framework.
The conventional voting systems are flawed in terms of integrity and security since they lack the challenge of public transparency and trust. The potential of blockchain technology lies in the ability of the technology to guarantee data integrity, decentralize the procedures via diverse networks, and certify sophisticated security services. The paper delves into the application of blockchain in election processes through the analysis of the performance of blockchain to provide secure, tamper-free and transparent voting systems. The introductory section gives some background of the voting process which requires a firmer mechanism and anti-fraud evidence in the same. Part two of this work describes what the literature on the topic of research has to say about voting solutions that are based on blockchain technology. The paper describes the Proof of Work (PoW) protocol, Proof of Stake (PoS) and Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) protocols. It examines encrypted data techniques in Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs) and cryptography AES and RSA. The paper also expounds the compatibility of smart contracts with automated voter verification systems and dealing with ballot collection and release of results. This paper will explain blockchain electorate architecture and its key challenges to implementation which include scalability problem, rules and access. The article mentions future of blockchain application in elections to show how blockchain technology application may make the election process more open and create a more trustful voter base. With this review, it is possible to understand how blockchain can be used to make elections more transparent and make citizens trust the democratic process.
Dini Rohmayani, Ilham Alfath, Castaka Agus Sugianto
Abstrak - Implementasi Non-Fungible Token (NFT) sering menghadapi masalah permanensi data karena ketergantungan pada penyimpanan terpusat yang rentan terhadap penghapusan dan perubahan. Penelitian ini mengembangkan aplikasi web berbasis Decentralized Application (DApp) untuk pembuatan Non-Fungible Token (NFT) yang mengintegrasikan InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) dengan Smart Contract ERC-721 pada blockchain Ethereum. Metode pengembangan menggunakan pendekatan waterfall dengan implementasi React.js dan Next.js untuk frontend serta Solidity untuk smart contract. Sistem dirancang dengan arsitektur three-tier yang memfasilitasi pembuatan koleksi Non-Fungible Token (NFT) melalui kontrak Factory dan pengelolaan token melalui NFTCollection, dengan metadata dan aset digital disimpan menggunakan Content Identifier (CID) pada InterPlanetary File System (IPFS). Pengujian blackbox menunjukkan seluruh fungsi sistem berjalan sesuai spesifikasi, sementara User Acceptance Testing (UAT) dengan 24 responden menghasilkan tingkat penerimaan 90%. Hasil penelitian membuktikan bahwa integrasi InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) dengan smart contract ERC-721 dapat mengatasi permasalahan permanensi metadata dan aset digital, sekaligus menyederhanakan proses minting Non-Fungible Token (NFT) bagi pengguna non-teknis melalui antarmuka yang intuitif.Kata kunci: Non-Fungible Token (NFT); ERC-721; IPFS; Kontrak Pintar; Blockchain; Abstract - Podo Practical implementations of Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) often face data permanence issues due to reliance on centralized storage systems vulnerable to deletion and modification. This research develops a web-based Decentralized Application (DApp) for NFT creation that integrates the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) with ERC-721 Smart Contracts on the Ethereum blockchain. The development methodology employs a waterfall approach with React.js and Next.js for frontend implementation and Solidity for smart contracts. The system is designed with a three-tier architecture facilitating NFT collection creation through the NFTFactory contract and token management through NFTCollection, with metadata and digital assets stored using Content Identifiers (CID) on IPFS. Black box testing demonstrates that all system functions operate according to specifications, while User Acceptance Testing (UAT) with 24 respondents yields an acceptance rate of 90%. The research findings prove that integrating IPFS with ERC-721 smart contracts addresses metadata and digital asset permanence issues while simplifying the NFT minting process for non-technical users through an intuitive interface.Keywords: Non-Fungible Token (NFT); ERC-721; IPFS; Smart Contract; Blockchain;
P Kalaiarasi, C. Vignesh, Gajarla Harshitha, K. Abhiram · 5 authors
Secure, transparent, and tamper-proof voting systems are essential to maintain democratic values and public confidence. Conventional paper ballot and electronic voting systems are prone to problems like fraud, manipulation, double voting, and transparency issues. This study envisions a blockchain-based voting system based on the Ethereum platform and smart contracts to guarantee decentralization, immutability, and verifiability. The system implements multi-layered authentication using email-based OTP verification, cryptographic hashing of the vote, blockchain-like ledger entries, and a distinct voting receipt token to preserve privacy and accountability. Real-time visualization of results using Chart.js and an interactive front-end with Tailwind CSS improves usability. In contrast to existing literature, our system incorporates secure receipt verification and live dashboards, decreasing dependency on intermediaries while guaranteeing trust. Experimental testing reveals that the system enhances election security through blocking double votes, facilitating real-time auditing, and providing tamper-proof evidence. Its future extensions involve biometric verification, mobile and remote voting, and integration into national ID systems for large-scale adoption. This paper illustrates the potential of blockchain in transforming electoral procedures and overcoming transparency, accessibility, and auditability issues.
Permasalahan manipulasi data dalam sistem presensi konvensional, seperti presensi fiktif dan pengubahan waktu kehadiran, masih sering terjadi di berbagai organisasi, termasuk Asosiasi Planters Muda Indonesia (APMI). Sistem manual tidak dapat menjamin keakuratan maupun keamanan data. Oleh karena itu, dibutuhkan pendekatan baru yang lebih andal dalam autentikasi dan pencatatan kehadiran. Autentikasi biometrik berbasis face recognition menjadi alternatif menjanjikan karena mampu mengenali identitas secara otomatis. Namun, untuk menjaga integritas data, diperlukan teknologi blockchain guna mencatat informasi secara aman dan tidak dapat dimodifikasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengembangkan sistem presensi berbasis face recognition yang terintegrasi dengan blockchain guna menghadirkan solusi yang praktis serta meningkatkan keamanan dan privasi data presensi. Sistem dibangun menggunakan Python dengan library utama face_recognition dan OpenCV untuk deteksi wajah, serta Flask sebagai backend web. Data presensi disimpan pada database lokal (XAMPP) dan dicatat dalam bentuk hash ke blockchain lokal (Ganache) berbasis Ethereum melalui smart contract dan Web3. Pengujian dilakukan terhadap aspek fungsionalitas, akurasi pengenalan wajah pada berbagai kondisi, serta validasi hash untuk mendeteksi manipulasi data. Hasil menunjukkan sistem mampu mengenali wajah secara akurat, mencatat hash secara permanen di blockchain, dan mendeteksi perubahan data di database lokal. Penelitian ini membuktikan bahwa integrasi face recognition dan blockchain memberikan solusi presensi yang praktis serta meningkatkan keamanan dan privasi data.
Ovaj rad predstavlja razvoj prototipa decentralizirane društvene mreže temeljene na tehnologijama Web3. S obzirom na sve veće nepovjerenje korisnika prema tradicionalnim, centraliziranim društvenim mrežama, cilj je izraditi rješenje koje korisnicima omogućuje privatnost, sigurnost i vlasništvo nad vlastitim podacima. Aplikacija koristi blockchain Ethereum za upravljanje identitetom i interakcijama korisnika i Metamask za autentikaciju. Sadržaj se pohranjuje distribuirano putem sustava IPFS i mreže istorazinskih dionika Gun. Implementirane su funkcionalnosti poput objavljivanja sadržaja, spremanje objava, označavanje objava sa "sviđa mi se", komentiranja, slanja zahtjeva za prijateljstvo i drugih interakcija. Uz sve navedeno, aplikacija uključuje izravni (peer-to-peer) chat, te sustav za nagrađivanje korisnika putem ERC-20 tokena za aktivnosti, interakciju i kvalitetan sadržaj. Sustav je implementiran lokalno pomoću IPFS i GUN čvorova na dva uređaja. Postavljen je temelj za daljnju optimizaciju i širenje funkcionalnosti, kako bi se ostvarila stvarna, sigurna i decentralizirana mreža.
The combination of voting bond financing transparency issues and misappropriation issues along with insufficient financial responsibility oversight has exposed the requirement for advanced transparent funding solutions. ElectraChain offers blockchain technology that develops a new political funding structure which maintains donation safety alongside full transparency and donor identity protection. ElectraChain uses Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) in order to establish a tamper-proof decentralized system for transaction recording which surpasses corrupted conventional systems that allow selective disclosure. This paper explains the fundamental framework alongside technological infrastructure that ElectraChain adopts along with its consequences on policy making through an analysis of its election bond monitoring capacity. This study aims to create progress in electoral financing accountability by uniting privacy protection with transparency oversight in order to enhance democratic institution integrity.
Blockchain is a decentralized framework that distributes and secures data across a network, eliminating the need for centralized control. Its potential has been especially noted in the field of digital voting, where traditional methods often struggle with issues like tampering, limited transparency, and lack of trust. This research sets up a private Ethereum environment using Geth, configured with a Proof of Authority (PoA) consensus mechanism, to deploy a custom voting smart contract. Developed in Solidity and implemented via the Remix IDE, the contract is designed to enforce secure and efficient voting. The performance of the private PoA network was then compared with the Ethereum Sepolia public test network and private blockchain network Kurtosis using Proof of Stake (PoS). Experimental results show that Geth PoA successfully executed all smart contract functions with significantly lower gas costs and faster block times compared to Sepolia and Kurtosis. These findings demonstrate that Geth PoA offers a lightweight, efficient, and reliable platform for running smart contracts in controlled environments such as institutions or organizations. Based on these results, we can conclude that Geth PoA is a solid option for running smart contracts.
Due to digitalization and AI technology, whole world is moving towards the modernization of all digital applications. As there is a growing demand for conducting elections online to increase voting percentage and reduction in human resource need and time. Till date, India had not conducted any elections online, but there is big necessity to do this digitally as AI World is beginning now. We developed online voting system by adding Rivest Shamir Adleman-Key Encapsulation Mechanism (RSAKEM), Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) with Blockchain technology. The framework used to design a safe, attack proof and translucent methodology which will store user votes in more prominent secured way. Ethereum block chain with Ganache is used for local development to achieve immutability and transparency. Voting process is initialized by written smart contracts based on solidity. Solidity is used for registration of voters and counting of votes. A two factor authentication (2FA) and email verification through one time password (OTP) is used to guarantee the voter identification. Interplanetary file systems (IPFS) are used to store list of voters and votes casted by voters. The registration of voters, choices of ballots and authentication is made so simple. Java spring boot is used to develop backend which was used by Web3j. This backend was used to offer block chain interactions, authentication, and encryption. The framework will be useful for governmental organizations, multinational corporations, Educational institutions and commercial associations for conducting their elections smoothly. These new framework with respect of higher throughput achieved major outcomes with respect to security principles as confidentiality is preserved, integrity is achieved through Metamask and availability is maintained.
Sri Santhoshi Devi Arigela, M. Prasad, Persis Voola, Chirag Arunbhai Jani · 6 authors
The TrCert – a transfer certificate generation application that is used to generate, share, and store the transfer certificate based on blockchain technology is designed and developed. It is useful to provide extra layer of verification and authenticity to the certificates. It also offers efficiency and security. It is implemented by adding smart contracts of Ethereum with peer-to-peer content delivery network IPFS. In the current paper, we are adding a Quick Response (QR) code to the TrCert application. The QR code is added to the generated transfer certificate to provide better accessibility. This paper gives a brief discussion of the TrCert application and a rigorous overview of QR code concepts like types of QR codes, advantages of adding them to the academic certificate, and challenges of QR code.
Sistem pemilihan konvensional masih menghadapi berbagai tantangan, seperti kurangnya transparansi, lambatnya proses penghitungan suara, dan birokrasi yang kompleks. Untuk menjawab permasalahan tersebut, penelitian ini mengembangkan sistem e-voting berbasis Blockchain dengan memanfaatkan platform ZenChain Testnet. Pemilihan ZenChain didasarkan pada kemampuannya menyediakan lingkungan uji coba yang ringan, mendukung smart contract, dan kompatibel dengan arsitektur DAO (Decentralized Autonomous Organizations). Metode yang digunakan adalah metode Prototype, yang diterapkan melalui tahapan desain awal sistem, implementasi fungsional, pengujian antarmuka, serta evaluasi berulang berdasarkan umpan balik. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menciptakan sistem e-voting yang aman, efisien, dan transparan melalui pemanfaatan smart contract untuk mengotomatisasi proses validasi pemilih, pemungutan suara, dan perhitungan hasil. Hasil implementasi menunjukkan bahwa seluruh transaksi berhasil dicatat secara permanen di dalam Blockchain, sehingga mencegah potensi manipulasi data. Pengujian dilakukan menggunakan metode black box dengan 4 skenario uji fitur utama, seperti validasi pemilih, input suara, dan kalkulasi hasil. Semua skenario berhasil dijalankan tanpa error, dengan response time rata-rata di bawah 9 detik. Kesimpulannya, sistem e-voting berbasis Blockchain pada ZenChain Testnet terbukti mampu meningkatkan integritas dan efisiensi pemilu secara teknis. Namun, untuk implementasi skala besar, diperlukan strategi peningkatan infrastruktur, pengujian skalabilitas lebih lanjut, serta program literasi digital bagi masyarakat guna memastikan adopsi yang menyeluruh.
In today's world, e-government services are critical for assisting citizens with their daily activities such as visa applications, tax submission, emergency security assistance, and electronic tendering. By combining blockchain and IoT technologies, e-government services can be made far more secure and efficient. Existing e-government applications suffered from a number of limitations, including a lack of privacy and security, increased job processing time, a lack of coordination among various parties, and a lack of services. More specifically, they did not conduct simultaneous investigations into citizen service, employee service, and business service while comparing performance. To conquer these issues, this article proposes a decentralized blockchain-based secure and privacy-preserving smart e-government system that considers the interactions between informers, government, smart contracts, MetaMask-based public and private wallets, Ethereum, and the Interplanetary File System. We investigated the time and cost delays associated with employee, business, and citizen services in the proposed blockchain-based e-government system. This paper provides appropriate security measures for mitigating malware attacks, DDoS attacks, and Sybil attacks. Our simulation results show that the proposed blockchain-based e-government system can reduce the completion time of existing works by at least 33%. Received: 2 November 2024 | Revised: 6 February 2025 | Accepted: 23 May 2025 Conflicts of Interest The author declares that they have no conflicts of interest to this work. Data Availability Statement The data that support this work are available upon reasonable request to the corresponding author. Author Contribution Statement Nahid Imtiaz: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Data curation, Visualization. Mahfuzulhoq Chowdhury: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Resources, Data curation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, Visualization, Supervision, Project administration.
Abstract: This e-commerce platform is specifically designed for agriculture-based trade, leveraging advanced blockchain technology and decentralized file storage to create a transparent, secure, and efficient marketplace for farmers, buyers, and suppliers. The platform utilizes Ganache, a simulation of Ethereum transactions, to ensure that all transactions are secure, immutable, and verifiable on the blockchain. The decentralized architecture is further enhanced with IPFS (Interplanetary File System), enabling farmers to securely store their product information, including images and descriptions, in a way that prevents alteration or loss. This ensures that the product listings are transparent and tamper-proof. The platform also incorporates cryptocurrency payments, enabling fast, secure, and borderless transactions between buyers and sellers. Utilizing smart contracts, the system automates payment flows based on predefined conditions, reducing the reliance on intermediaries and minimizing fraud risks. This fosters a trusted environment for agricultural trade, where both buyers and sellers can engage in transparent, efficient, and secure transactions. In addition to these core features, the platform includes a staking mechanism, allowing users to lock tokens to gain transaction privileges, influence governance decisions, and access premium features. This incentivizes long-term commitment and creates a sense of ownership within the platform. Active participants, such as those verifying transactions or maintaining data integrity, are rewarded with tokens, further promoting continuous engagement. The system also supports multilingual user interfaces, making it accessible to a global audience, and includes real-time updates for seamless interaction. Through transparent governance, decentralized voting, and economic incentives, the platform ensures a resilient and future-ready ecosystem for agro-commerce, empowering stakeholders to participate in decision-making and market dynamics, while addressing the challenges faced by farmers in accessing reliable markets and efficient payment systems.
The agricultural sector faces challenges in managing dynamic data during transactions, particularly price quotations between farmers and buyers. Traditional smart contract systems often lack the flexibility to handle real-time data changes. This research proposes a customized logging system that integrates smart contracts with the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) within a web application. By storing data references (hashes) on the blockchain and actual logs on IPFS, the system ensures reliable data recording, flexibility in updating transaction logs, and improved storage efficiency. This integration enhances the system's ability to manage fluctuating agricultural transactions. The proposed method aims to create a robust framework for managing price quotations, which can be extended to other industries with similar requirements.
Vaishnav Pradeep Menon, Aluru Sai Tharshith, Priyanshu Aryan, Kirti S. Pande · 5 authors
The solution offered by Blockchain technology fixes electronic voting problems by tackling the vulnerabilities of Votes, eliminating transparency problems, and improving EVM machine scalability issues. This study creates a dual voting system that unites Ethereum smart contracts for both protected candidate enrollment and voting confirmation along with authentication functions and election results counting. This framework incorporates an oversight feature for election officials who can monitor votes live so they can verify operations while improving both security and transparency. The Ganache implementation of the prototype required $\mathbf{3 8 7, 9 5 7}$ gas units for each vote to maintain decentralization as well as optimize resource usage. This frame- work links blockchain innovation to offline voting procedures to create an operable solution that substitutes standard voting technologies. Future developments will include work on both scalability improvements and user accessibility enhancements together with the integration of zero-knowledge-proof technology to guarantee voter privacy at the operational level of this framework.