The development of blockchain technology encourages the use of smart contracts as digital contract instruments that are automatic and cannot be changed, especially in cross-sector commercial transactions. This study aims to analyze the legal status of blockchain-based smart contracts as well as evaluate the possibility of their integration in legally recognized commercial contract dispute resolution mechanisms. This research uses a normative legal research method with a conceptual and case legislation approach conducted through a literature study of laws and regulations, legal doctrine, as well as relevant decisions and cases. This study does not involve respondents or informants because it focuses on the analysis of legal norms and concepts. The data was analyzed qualitatively juridically through interpretation methods and legal arguments. The results of the study show that smart contracts can in principle be integrated in the settlement of commercial contract disputes as an instrument for the implementation and proof of contracts, but have not been able to fully replace the role of conventional dispute resolution mechanisms due to their limitations in handling legal interpretation, the application of the principle of good faith, and certain conditions such as non-technical defaults. This study concludes that the integration of smart contracts requires a hybrid model that combines technology-based automated execution with a law-based dispute resolution mechanism to ensure legal certainty and substantive justice in commercial contract practice.
The development of blockchain technology has given rise to smart contracts as a self-executing, decentralized, code-based contractual mechanism. Their presence poses conceptual and normative challenges in the Indonesian contract law system, particularly regarding the legal standing and construction of the parties' responsibilities amidst a normative vacuum. This study aims to analyze the legal status of smart contracts from the perspective of Indonesian civil law and to formulate a relevant legal liability model for blockchain-based transactions. The research method used is normative legal research with statutory, conceptual, and analytical approaches. Primary legal materials include the Civil Code, the Electronic Transactions and Transactions Law, and regulations related to electronic transactions, while secondary legal materials include doctrine, liability theory, and literature on blockchain. The results show that smart contracts can be qualified as agreements as long as they meet the valid requirements of an agreement as stipulated in Article 1320 of the Civil Code. However, their immutable and automated nature creates tensions with the principles of freedom of contract and good faith. The identification of legal subjects in the blockchain ecosystem includes users, developers, validators, and platforms, with liability models that can be based on fault liability or the possibility of strict liability under certain conditions. The absence of norms has the potential to give rise to disparities in interpretation and legal uncertainty, so that a normative reconstruction is needed that is adaptive to the character of decentralization to ensure legal certainty, justice, and benefits.
Fanidio Muhammad Ariq Sugiarto, Nur Chanifah, Siti Rohmah
The rapid development of blockchain technology has introduced smart contracts as automated digital agreements widely used in the Decentralized Finance (DeFi) ecosystem. These contracts operate without intermediaries and execute transactions based on algorithmic conditions, creating new legal and sharia implications. This study aims to analyze the validity of smart contracts as akad (contracts) within the framework of fiqh muamalah and to formulate regulatory needs based on maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah and positive law. This research uses normative juridical methods with statutory, conceptual, and sharia approaches by examining legal doctrines, regulations, and Islamic jurisprudence principles. The results show that smart contracts can qualify as valid akad if pillars and conditions of contract are fulfilled, including parties, consent, object, and lawful purpose, although digital consent and automated execution require interpretative expansion. From the maqāṣid perspective, smart contracts potentially support protection of wealth (ḥifẓ al-māl), transparency, and efficiency, but also pose gharar and risk if coding errors and regulatory gaps exist. Therefore, integrative regulation and sharia compliance standards are necessary to ensure legal certainty and maslahah in DeFi transactions.
Komang Irvan Tri Permadi, Si Ngurah Ardhya, Ratna Artha Windari
Skripsi ini membahas mengenai analisis yuridis perlindungan hak cipta atas gambar Non Fungible Token (NFT) ditinjau dari Undang-Undang Hak Cipta. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memahami pengaturan, dan perlindungan hak cipta atas gambar yang diperuntukkan sebagai Non-Fungible Token yang berada di indonesia dengan menggunakan perbandingan negara amerika dan UniEropa. Jenis penelitian hukum normatif penelitian ini terfokus kepada doktrin ataupun peraturan perundang-undangan (law in books) dipandang dari hukum positif atau das sollen. Bahan hukum primer, sekunder, dan tersier adalah sumber bahan hukum yang akan digunakan sebagai acuan dalam merancang penelitian normatif ini. penelitian normatif terutama berkaitan dengan data sekunder, yang mencakup undang-undang, putusan pengadilan, teori hukum, konsep hukum, dan hasil penelitian ilmiah akademisi (doktrin). Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa Pengaturan Hak Cipta di Indonesia seperti Undang-Undang Nomor 28 Tahun 2014 Tentang Hak Cipta. Belum secara spesifik mengatur keberadaan hak cipta melalui NFT. Selain itu, bentuk sistem pengawasan hak cipta belum sepenuhnya adaptif terhadap teknologi baru seperti blockchain. Di Amerika Serikat, undang-undang hak cipta, terutama Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) dan Undang-Undang Hak Cipta 1976, mengatur perlindungan karya yang dicetak sebagai NFT. Uni Eropa belum memiliki UU khusus yang mengatur hak cipta NFT secara spesifik, Pengaturan Directive on Copyright In The Digital Single Market (EU 2019/790) dalam pasal 17 yang memberikan hak eksklusif kepada pemegang hak cipta atas karya digital.
The principle of freedom of contract, as regulated in Article 1338 paragraph (1) of the Indonesian Civil Code, affirms that legally formed agreements bind the parties as law. This principle grants contractual autonomy to determine the formation, parties, and content of agreements, provided they do not violate statutory law, public order, or morality. However, such freedom is limited by the principles of good faith, fairness, proportionality, and the protection of weaker parties.The development of blockchain technology has introduced smart contracts as automatically executed electronic agreements based on pre-programmed code. Legally, smart contracts may be considered valid contracts insofar as they fulfill the requirements of Article 1320 of the Indonesian Civil Code and comply with the Law on Electronic Information and Transactions. Digital consent, such as authorization through a digital wallet, constitutes a legitimate expression of agreement.Smart contracts represent a modern manifestation of freedom of contract by enabling automated performance without third-party intervention, reflecting the prior intention of the parties embedded in blockchain-based code. Their application on platforms such as Stellar Lumens (XLM) demonstrates practical implementation in cryptocurrency transactions. Nevertheless, legal challenges remain, including regulatory gaps, transaction anonymity, technological inequality, and potential imbalances in bargaining power. Therefore, adaptive legal regulation is essential to ensure legal certainty, fairness, and effective legal protection.
Mochamad Novel, Aurellia Karin Ferselli, Sania Mari Baloch, Rifdah Muflihah · 5 authors
Penelitian ini mengkaji inovasi dalam pembuatan kontrak hukum (legal drafting) yang memanfaatkan teknologi blockchain dan smart contract di Indonesia. Dengan meningkatnya kebutuhan akan transparansi, keamanan, dan efisiensi dalam proses pembuatan kontrak, teknologi blockchain menawarkan solusi desentralisasi yang dapat memastikan integritas dan keterlacakan dokumen hukum. Smart contract memperkenalkan otomasi pelaksanaan klausul kontrak secara otomatis tanpa perantara, mengurangi risiko kesalahan dan penundaan. Studi ini menelaah potensi penerapan teknologi tersebut dalam konteks regulasi dan praktik hukum di Indonesia, serta tantangan yang dihadapi dalam implementasinya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa adopsi teknologi blockchain dan smart contract dapat mempercepat proses legal drafting, meningkatkan kepercayaan antar pihak, dan menciptakan sistem kontrak yang lebih aman dan efisien. Namun, diperlukan pembaruan regulasi dan peningkatan literasi teknologi bagi para pelaku hukum untuk mengoptimalkan manfaat inovasi ini.
Transformasi digital di era Web3 telah mengubah paradigma kepemilikan dan distribusi karya intelektual, terutama melalui kemunculan teknologi blockchain dan Non-Fungible Token (NFT). NFT menawarkan peluang baru bagi kreator untuk memperoleh nilai ekonomi langsung dari karya digital tanpa perantara, sehingga menantang sistem distribusi konvensional. Namun, di balik potensi tersebut, terdapat berbagai persoalan mendasar terkait regulasi, literasi digital, dan ketimpangan akses teknologi yang menghambat perkembangan ekosistem ekonomi kreatif di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dinamika ekonomi politik kekayaan intelektual digital di era NFT dengan menyoroti relasi antara kekuasaan, kebijakan publik, dan struktur pasar global. Metode penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif-deskriptif melalui studi literatur sistematis terhadap publikasi akademik dan dokumen kebijakan nasional periode 2022–2025. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa absennya regulasi formal dan lemahnya sistem perlindungan kekayaan intelektual digital memperlemah posisi tawar kreator lokal di tengah dominasi platform global. Analisis ekonomi politik media menunjukkan bahwa struktur kepemilikan digital masih dikuasai oleh kekuatan pasar transnasional, sehingga menimbulkan ketimpangan distribusi nilai. Penelitian ini menegaskan pentingnya kebijakan yang integratif antara hukum kekayaan intelektual, inovasi blockchain, dan pemberdayaan kreator lokal agar transformasi ekonomi digital di Indonesia dapat berjalan inklusif, berkeadilan, dan berkelanjutan.
Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh perkembangan teknologi blockchain yang melahirkan Non-Fungible Token (NFT) sebagai bentuk baru aset digital yang memiliki nilai ekonomi dan dapat dimiliki secara eksklusif. Namun, sistem hukum perdata Indonesia belum secara eksplisit mengatur kedudukan NFT, khususnya dalam konteks hukum waris. Permasalahan penelitian ini adalah bagaimana kedudukan NFT sebagai objek warisan dalam perspektif hukum waris Indonesia serta apa saja tantangan hukum dalam proses pewarisannya. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum normatif yang dilakukan dengan menelaah bahan hukum primer, sekunder, dan tersier yang berkaitan dengan hukum perdata, hukum waris, serta regulasi mengenai aset digital. Pendekatan yang digunakan meliputi pendekatan perundang-undangan, pendekatan konseptual, dan pendekatan analitis, dengan teknik penafsiran sistematis dan teleologis untuk mengkonstruksikan kedudukan NFT dalam kerangka hukum yang berlaku. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis secara yuridis apakah NFT dapat dikualifikasikan sebagai benda dalam hukum perdata Indonesia dan apakah hak atas NFT dapat diwariskan kepada ahli waris sebagai bagian dari harta peninggalan pewaris. Penelitian ini juga bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi kendala hukum yang mungkin timbul dalam proses pewarisan aset digital tersebut. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa NFT secara yuridis dapat dikualifikasikan sebagai benda bergerak tidak berwujud karena memiliki nilai ekonomi, dapat dimiliki secara eksklusif, dan dapat dialihkan. Dengan demikian, NFT termasuk dalam harta kekayaan pewaris yang dapat diwariskan kepada ahli waris. Namun demikian, belum adanya pengaturan eksplisit mengenai mekanisme pewarisan aset digital, khususnya terkait akses terhadap kunci privat dan pembuktian kepemilikan, menimbulkan potensi ketidakpastian hukum bagi ahli waris dalam merealisasikan haknya atas NFT. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan pengembangan peraturan perundang-undangan yang mampu mengakomodasi keberadaan aset digital dalam sistem hukum waris Indonesia. Kata Kunci: Non-Fungible Token (NFT), Hukum Waris, Benda Bergerak Tidak Berwujud.
This study aims to analyze the implementation of smart contracts in digital business practices and to assess their legal certainty from a civil law perspective. This research employs a normative legal research method using statutory and conceptual approaches, focusing on the Indonesian Civil Code, the Law on Electronic Information and Transactions, and the Law on Financial Sector Development and Strengthening. The findings indicate that smart contracts can be legally recognized as valid agreements provided they fulfill the essential requirements of contract validity, namely consent, legal capacity, a specific object, and a lawful cause. However, the automated and code-based nature of smart contracts poses challenges in interpreting the parties’ intent, verifying legal capacity, and determining lawful cause. Therefore, stronger regulatory frameworks and hybrid contract models are necessary to ensure legal certainty for smart contracts in Indonesia.
Arka Atyanta, Prosawita Ririh Kusumasari, Argya Basanta
Perkembangan pesat teknologi digital telah melahirkan bentuk kekayaan baru berupa aset digital, seperti cryptocurrency dan Non-Fungible Token (NFT), yang memiliki nilai ekonomi tinggi namun tidak berwujud secara fisik. Fenomena ini menimbulkan tantangan bagi sistem hukum pidana Indonesia, khususnya dalam menerapkan Pasal 362 KUHP tentang pencurian yang menggunakan istilah "barang" sebagai unsur utama. Pasal tersebut masih dimaknai secara klasik sebagai benda berwujud, sehingga menimbulkan kekosongan hukum dalam melindungi kepemilikan aset digital. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menelaah kemungkinan perluasan makna "barang" agar dapat mencakup aset digital melalui pendekatan hukum pidana progresif, teori kepemilikan digital, dekonstruksi hukum, serta perbandingan hukum dari beberapa negara. Dengan metode yuridis normatif dan spesifikasi deskriptif-analitis, penelitian ini menemukan bahwa pendekatan legalistik konvensional sudah tidak memadai dalam menghadapi kejahatan digital. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan interpretasi ulang terhadap Pasal 362 KUHP yang mampu mengakomodasi realitas ekonomi digital, tanpa mengabaikan prinsip legalitas. Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat berkontribusi pada pengembangan hukum pidana Indonesia yang adaptif dan responsif terhadap tantangan era digital, serta memberikan perlindungan hukum yang adil dan seimbang bagi seluruh jenis kekayaan, baik fisik maupun digital.
Ossama Billy Ibrahim, Muhammad Khoirul Abror, Nur Aisyah, Putri Noer Rahmawati · 5 authors
The phenomenon of Non-Fungible Token (NFT) trading has grown rapidly and has emerged as a promising new digital economic instrument. However, this development is accompanied by an increasing prevalence of scams within the NFT ecosystem, such as rug pulls, phishing, replay attacks, and falsified copyright claims over digital works. Indonesia currently lacks a regulatory framework that specifically governs NFT transactions or provides legal protection for consumers participating in them. This study aims to classify the various forms of NFT scams based on their juridical and technological characteristics, and to assess the adequacy of existing legal instruments in Indonesia, including criminal fraud provisions, consumer protection laws, electronic transaction regulations, and intellectual property rights. The research employs normative legal methods, focusing on statutory and conceptual approaches, as well as an examination of global practices in digital asset regulation. The analysis reveals a regulatory gap, particularly concerning marketplace liability, smart contract due diligence mechanisms, and cross-jurisdictional law enforcement. Therefore, the establishment of a specific regulatory framework that is risk-based, technologically adaptive, and oriented toward digital consumer protection is necessary.
The development of digital technology has enabled the emergence of Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) as digitally authenticated assets recorded on blockchain networks, including their use in representing ownership of digital land within metaverse ecosystems. However, Indonesia has not yet formulated explicit regulatory provisions governing the legal classification of NFTs, the scope of supervisory authority, or the standards for consumer protection. This regulatory absence results in legal ambiguity regarding the placement of NFTs within the framework of Financial Sector Technology Innovation (ITSK) under Law No. 4 of 2023, and simultaneously presents risks to consumers, including fraud, data misuse, loss of access to digital assets, and a lack of clear accountability mechanisms on NFT platforms. This research examines the legal status of NFTs in relation to ITSK and analyzes the adequacy of current consumer protection measures in NFT-based digital land transactions. Through a normative juridical method, the study finds that NFTs have not been formally classified within ITSK, nor assigned to a definitive supervisory authority, whether OJK or Bappebti. As such, consumer protection remains reliant on general norms under Law No. 8 of 1999, which are insufficient to address the specific risks inherent in NFT transactions. This research recommends the issuance of derivative regulations by OJK and/or Bappebti to clarify NFT classification, establish platform obligations, and strengthen consumer protection.
Materi Crypto Assets dalam Decentralized Finance (DeFi) ini disampaikan dalam Rapat Pleno Majelis Tarjih dan Tajdid Pimpinan Pusat Muhammadiyah yang diselenggarakan di Yogyakarta pada 14 Desember 2025. Paparan ini bertujuan memberikan landasan konseptual dan analitis yang jernih mengenai aset kripto dalam perspektif teknologi, ekonomi, dan hukum, sebagai bahan pertimbangan ilmiah dalam proses tarjih dan ijtihad institusional. Pembahasan difokuskan pada klarifikasi kedudukan aset kripto sebagai aset digital, bukan sebagai alat pembayaran yang diterbitkan negara, serta penjelasan mengenai mekanisme kerja blockchain dan smart contract sebagai fondasi utama ekosistem DeFi. Materi ini menyoroti bagaimana aset kripto memperoleh nilai dari fungsi, manfaat, kelangkaan, dan kepercayaan pengguna, sekaligus membedakannya dari praktik spekulatif murni yang tidak memiliki underlying value. Selain itu, disampaikan pula pemetaan jenis-jenis aset kripto—termasuk cryptocurrency, stablecoin, utility token, security token, governance token, NFT, dan Real World Asset (RWA) token—beserta contoh penerapan nyatanya dalam sektor keuangan, industri kreatif, dan layanan publik. Paparan ini juga mengkaji risiko inheren aset kripto, seperti volatilitas, risiko teknologi, dan potensi penyalahgunaan, sehingga menegaskan pentingnya prinsip kehati-hatian, literasi, dan tata kelola. Materi ini mengaitkan perkembangan aset kripto dengan kerangka regulasi nasional, khususnya Peraturan Otoritas Jasa Keuangan Nomor 27 Tahun 2024, untuk menunjukkan bahwa aset kripto telah berada dalam rezim pengaturan resmi. Dengan demikian, materi ini diharapkan menjadi rujukan objektif dan proporsional bagi Majelis Tarjih dan Tajdid dalam merumuskan sikap, pandangan keagamaan, dan rekomendasi kebijakan yang berbasis ilmu pengetahuan serta kemaslahatan umat.
This study examines the legal validity of contracts generated by AI-based smart contract generators from the perspective of Indonesian civil law, in comparison with French law. The background lies in the development of Society 5.0, the use of blockchain and AI in contract drafting, and the absence of specific regulations on smart contracts and generators in Indonesia. This research analyses contracts produced by smart contract generators, the legal framework governing the use of smart contract generators in contract formation in Indonesia and France, and the implications of this comparative analysis for strengthening legal certainty regarding smart contract generators in Indonesia. The study is a normative juridical research using statutory and comparative approaches, relying on primary legal materials, namely the Indonesian Civil Code, the Electronic Information and Transactions Act, the French Civil Code and AI regulations, as well as secondary materials on smart contracts, blockchain, and AI. The results show that contracts generated by such tools have the characteristics of automation, immutability, transparency, security, and decentralisation, but from a legal standpoint must still satisfy the general requirements for a valid agreement. In Indonesia, smart contracts can in principle be classified as electronic contracts insofar as they comply with Article 1320 of the French Civil Code, while the generator is viewed merely as a tool owned by the parties, with legal responsibility placed on users and a remaining regulatory gap on technical aspects. In France, smart contracts generated by AI are assessed under the general rules of contract law but are reinforced by the explicit recognition of DLT in financial law and a more developed AI supervision framework. Based on these findings, the study concludes that Indonesia needs to strengthen its national framework through explicit recognition of the contractual function of smart contracts, the adoption of technical standards and liability rules for generator providers, and the development of judicial and sectoral guidelines to ensure legal certainty and protect weaker parties.
The advancement of digital technology has transformed access to information and creativity, enabling widespread distribution of digital works. However, this ease of access has led to significant challenges in enforcing Intellectual Property Rights (IPR), particularly in Indonesia, where legal frameworks like Law Number 28 of 2014 on Copyright and Law Number 1 of 2024 concerning the Second Amendment to Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions are tested by rampant digital infringements. This study examines the adequacy of existing Indonesian legal frameworks in protecting IPR in the digital era, focusing on gaps in enforcement and regulatory adaptation to emerging technologies such as streaming platforms and Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs). Using a normative juridical method, this research analyzes relevant statutes, case law, and legal doctrines to assess their effectiveness in addressing digital IPR violations. The findings reveal that while Indonesia has a robust legal foundation, enforcement remains weak due to limited public awareness and inadequate mechanisms for addressing digital-specific infringements. This study emphasizes the need for regulatory reform, enhanced enforcement mechanisms, and targeted education to strengthen IPR protection, fostering innovation and economic competitiveness in Indonesia’s digital landscape.
The development of blockchain technology has given rise to new innovations in the form of smart contracts, which are widely used in digital asset transactions, including Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs). One case that highlights this phenomenon is Ghozali Everyday, where smart contracts play a crucial role in regulating the buying and selling of NFTs. However, the implementation of smart contracts in Indonesia faces legal challenges, particularly regarding the use of cryptocurrency as a payment instrument, which is still prohibited by Bank Indonesia regulations, even though electronic contracts are recognized as valid by the ITE Law. This study uses a normative juridical method with a legislative and conceptual approach. The analysis is conducted using Hans Kelsen's Hierarchy of Norms theory and Gustav Radbruch's Legal Validity theory to assess legal certainty, fairness, and utility in regulating smart contracts and cryptocurrencies in Indonesia. The results show a conflict of norms that creates legal uncertainty and limited legal protection for digital asset transaction actors. Therefore, regulatory updates are needed that are adaptive, consistent with the hierarchy of laws and regulations, and provide more comprehensive protection for consumers and businesses.
This research aims to analyze the readiness of Indonesia’s legal framework to accommodate Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) as fiduciary collateral objects and to identify the potential obstacles in their execution process. NFTs are digital assets based on blockchain technology that possess unique characteristics and economic value, theoretically fulfilling the criteria of intangible objects under Law Number 42 of 1999 concerning Fiduciary Collateral. However, the current legal instruments in Indonesia have not yet explicitly recognized NFTs as eligible fiduciary objects. This study employs a normative juridical method with both statutory and case approaches, supported by secondary data derived from an interview with the Direktorat Jenderal Administrasi Hukum Umum (Ditjen AHU) to enrich the legal analysis. The findings indicate that Indonesia’s regulatory readiness regarding NFTs as fiduciary collateral remains conceptual rather than operational. The absence of a registration mechanism and valuation system for digital assets creates significant legal uncertainty for both creditors and debtors. Furthermore, the execution of NFTs presents additional challenges, including the dependence on private keys, the incompatibility of automatic smart contract transfers with the due process of law principle, and the speculative volatility of NFT market values. Therefore, the study suggests the need for new legal norms and an authorized digital asset valuation institution to ensure that NFTs can be effectively and lawfully integrated into Indonesia’s fiduciary security system. Non-Fungible Token, Fiduciary Collateral, Collateral Execution, Intangible Assets
Muhammad Ilman Abidin, Ahmad M. Ramli, Laina Rafianti, Gautam Kumar Jha
Investment in Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) is rapidly emerging in Indonesia, presenting both opportunities and challenges for the digital creative industry. As unique crypto assets, NFTs enable new ways to own and trade digital and physical goods, but current regulations, including the Commodity Futures Trading Law and Bappebti guidelines, do not fully address these transactions, creating legal gaps and increasing risks of fraud, money laundering, and market manipulation. Despite this, NFT communities like the Superlative Secret Society in Bali, supported by the Ministry of Creative Economy, have fostered creativity and economic activity. This study employs a normative juridical and comparative law approach to explore legal theories suitable for protecting NFT investments, finding that frameworks based on Ahmad M. Ramli’s transformative law and Mochtar Kusumaatmadja’s developmental law can ensure legal certainty, security, and fairness. The study concludes that comprehensive legal reforms are essential to safeguard investors and sustain the growth and international competitiveness of Indonesia’s digital creative industry.
This study aims to: (1) examine the legal aspects of smart contracts in the Indonesian legal system and propose adaptations to existing laws and regulations to suit the characteristics of smart contract technology; (2) identify normative and implementative challenges in the legal adaptation process, such as normative gaps and the lack of a standard framework; and (3) formulate the direction of legal reform needed to form responsive and contextual smart contract regulations. Unlike previous studies which are generally descriptive and technological in nature, this study provides a legal contribution by mapping gaps in national contract law and presenting a comparative analysis as a basis for formulating a smart contract regulation model in Indonesia. This research uses a juridical-normative and empirical-qualitative approach, with a doctrinal legal analysis of the legislation, legal literature study, and in-depth interviews with legal practitioners and technology actors. The main findings of this research indicate that there is no legal framework that explicitly regulates the validity and execution of smart contracts, which creates legal uncertainty. Therefore, it is recommended that the principle of freedom of contract in the Civil Code be expanded to include digital contracts that are executed automatically. In addition, special regulations are needed in the form of derivative regulations or technical guidelines that bridge blockchain technology with national civil law principles. The practical contribution of this research is to provide a starting point for policymakers and academics in designing smart contract regulations in Indonesia that are comprehensive and responsive to technological developments, so that they can provide legal certainty while supporting digital innovation.
The development of digital technology has driven the transformation of the global economy, including in Indonesia, through the commercialization of digital assets such as creative works, Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs), and e-commerce platforms. However, the national legal system is still unable to accommodate these dynamics comprehensively. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of legal protection of CopyrightCopyright as a digital asset in technology-based transactions, using normative legal methods and legislative, conceptual, and comparative legal approaches. The results of the study show that Law Number 28 of 2014 concerning Copyright and related regulations still has a gap in norms in dealing with new forms of digital intellectual property, weak law enforcement, and limited technical understanding by law enforcement officers. In addition, the less-than-optimal regulation in the financial, taxation, and personal data protection sectors increases the legal risks for digital economy actors, especially MSMEs and content creators. Therefore, responsive legal reforms are needed to strengthen the digital justice system, integrate technologies such as blockchain and AI, and increase legal literacy and coordination between institutions. This reform is important to create a fair, safe, and sustainable digital ecosystem that supports the growth of the national creative economy.
Tujuan penulisan artikel ini untuk menyajikan analisis terhadap penerapan blockchain dalam pengembangan smart contract di Indonesia. Penulisan artikel ini didasarkan pada metode penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan yuridis normatif (konsep dan perundang-undangan) dan yuridis kontekstual. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa Validitas penerapan teknologi enkripsi (encrypted technology) antara lain blockchain dalam penggunaan smart contract di Indonesia Telah berkembang tidak lagi terbatas pada transaksi jual beli saja tidak serta-merta menghilangkan peran notaris Validitas smart contract berdasarkan peraturan perundangan yang mengatur tentang kontrak serta keterkaitannya dengan eksistensi notaris di Indonesia bahwa smart contract memiliki validitas hukum di Indonesia selama memenuhi unsur sahnya perjanjian sebagaimana diatur dalam Pasal 1320 KUH Perdata, oleh karena itu, dalam praktik hukum di Indonesia, penggunaan smart contract sebaiknya dikombinasikan dengan akta notaris, terutama untuk transaksi bernilai tinggi atau yang melibatkan kepemilikan dan hak atas benda
This study aims to examine the legal gaps and regulatory challenges in enforcing criminal liability against perpetrators of crimes within Indonesia’s crypto ecosystem, particularly in the context of Decentralized Finance (DeFi), smart contracts, and decentralized digital asset trading platforms. The research employs a normative juridical approach using statutory and conceptual methods. The findings indicate that current criminal law instruments, such as Article 378 of the Criminal Code, Article 28 paragraph (1) of the Electronic Information and Transactions (ITE) Law, Law No. 8 of 2010 on the Prevention and Eradication of Money Laundering (TPPU), and Law No. 10 of 1998 on Banking, are inadequate to address the unique and complex characteristics of crypto-related crimes. These crimes are anonymous, cross-jurisdictional, and difficult to trace due to the absence of centralized authority. As a result, the existing legal framework fails to provide sufficient victim protection and leads to weak law enforcement effectiveness. This legal vacuum also hampers the state's ability to respond to the growing digital threats and creates legal uncertainty in the expanding crypto space. Therefore, this study recommends the formulation of specific criminal regulations that comprehensively define digital assets, legal subjects within decentralized systems, and new criminal offenses relevant to crypto-related conduct. It also calls for the establishment of specialized institutions dedicated to investigating and prosecuting such crimes. These proposed regulations are expected to strengthen the national criminal justice system, making it more adaptive, fair, and effective in addressing the challenges posed by digital transformation.
Perusahaan-perusahaan terinspirasi untuk berinovasi dengan munculnya teknologi digital. Salah satu cara mereka melakukannya adalah dengan menggunakan blockchain dalam platform kontrak pintar. Berasal dari mata uang kripto, teknologi ini memungkinkan eksekusi transaksi secara otomatis menggunakan kode yang diubah menjadi bahasa hukum. Untuk lebih memahami penggunaan teknologi blockchain dalam perjanjian komersial Indonesia, penelitian ini akan melihat kontrak pintar sebagai instrumen hukum digital dan validitas teknologi blockchain dalam mendukungnya. Untuk menganalisis ketentuan hukum yang relevan, penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis normatif. Temuan-temuan ini menunjukkan masa depan teknologi yang menjanjikan dalam merampingkan dan mempermurah proses transaksi. Agar dapat berfungsi sebagaimana mestinya dan memberikan perlindungan hukum yang memadai, implementasinya memerlukan perubahan hukum dan penerimaan masyarakat.
The advancement of digital technology has led to the emergence of virtual currencies, notably cryptocurrency, which are increasingly used as a means of payment in electronic commerce (e-commerce) transactions. Although gaining popularity among businesses and the public, the use of cryptocurrency as a payment method is not yet legally recognized in Indonesia. Law Number 7 of 2011 on Currency stipulates that the Rupiah is the only legal tender within the territory of the Republic of Indonesia. This study aims to examine the legality of cryptocurrency in e-commerce transactions and the legal protection available for businesses that use it. The research employs a normative juridical method with statutory and conceptual approaches. The findings indicate that although cryptocurrency has been acknowledged as a tradable commodity on futures exchanges through Bappebti regulations, it is not recognized as an official payment instrument. This creates legal uncertainty and potential legal risks for business actors. Therefore, more specific and integrated regulation is urgently needed to legally govern the use of cryptocurrency in Indonesia, in order to ensure legal certainty, consumer protection, and prevent misuse in digital economic activities.