Subject. The article considers the interaction of subjects of tax relations, taxation of transactions using cryptocurrencies. Objectives. The aim is to show the features of taxation of transactions using cryptocurrencies, the importance of information in the blockchain for tax administration. Methods. The study employs general scientific methods of research. Results. The paper unveils problems of regulating cryptocurrency transactions at the legislative level, shows the specifics of taxation of organizations engaged in mining activities, defines the areas of interaction between tax authorities, banks and taxpayers, using blockchain technologies. Conclusions. The mining can be equated to entrepreneurial activity, and regulated based on the assumption of using special tax regimes.
Aleksandra N. Levitskaya, Nadezhda N. Pokrovskaia, Elena A. Rodionova
The article provides a comparative analysis of blockchain platforms for creation, storage and trusted access to personalized documents for labor market participants. A project is discussed for creating reputation tokens as a crypto-currency of public trust, or as NFT, unique non-fungible assets of brand competency certificates. The paper investigates a number of problems arising in the interaction of employers and applicants, in particular, cybersecurity and reliability of certification, security of data and information flows, reconciliation of information about real work experience and obtained qualifications with employers' requests. The problems of the younger generation in the search for work and obtaining the desired positions are noted, i.e., the lack of data on competencies acquired, portfolio, previous experience. The blockchain platforms can help with solving tasks of HR service in the search and selection of candidates. The digitalization of social and economic life in Russia, in particular, labor market, is influenced with the cultural inertia and chasm of confidence between individuals, organizations and public administrations, the advantages of the use of blockchain technologies opens up in the field of recruiting and building a career path are shown on the basis of the enhancement of the mutual trust within the networks of distributed ledgers.
Impulse Buying and Technology Impacts
Economic and Technological Developments in Russia
Innovations in Education and Learning Technologies
Nadezhda N. Pokrovskaia, Elena A. Rodionova, I.G. Fomina, Mikhail Z. Epshtein · 5 authors
Banking as a highly digitalized sector is seeking for new technologies to improve the data flow processing and communications. The issues of cyber-security and safety of transaction force institutions to lead in using the reliable digital tools. The tough competition on saturated market requires the permanent renewing of infrastructure and data flows analytics, and the re-thinking of the functional role of banking institutions in the world of fin-tech, where the transactions pass in automatic regime. The cyber-security search, the speed and quality of service, and innovative growth strategy are the essential purposes that make relevant the study of the implementation of smart contracting and blockchain platforms for the cases of service institutions. The paper presents the analysis of cases of digital tools in customer services and the study of the prospects of the smart contracting and blockchain platforms as instruments to assure the increased level of user data cyber-security.
This article examines the impact of blockchain technology in the financial sector and international trade. The aim of the article is to measure the effect of blockchain technology on international trade and financial business. The paper uses methods of analysis and synthesis of information from researched academic articles, government programs, reports, and statistical data. The averages and regression analysis (in particular, the calculation of the Pearson coefficient) are used for getting analytical results. Graphic methods are used to summarize the information and to present the understudy materials. According to the results of the study, it can be concluded that blockchain technology has great potential for the development of international trade and financial business. It is possible by improving the settlement of international trade, applying smart contracts in the formation of the transaction, improving logistics chains, and reducing the speed of information and delivery processing, increasing the economic turnover. Blockchain has a positive impact on reducing costs for merchants and the banking sector, predicted by 2030 to decrease costs by 11% using this technology. The technology will have a very significant impact on the development of intellectual property, which could be particularly activated by the possibility of reducing the impact of pirated copying. It is possible to reduce corruption and fraud by applying blockchain technology in public procurement, which currently accounts for the bulk of international trade. Blockchain technology will add $3 trillion in additional business value by 2030 and $866 bln in international trade, including financial business.
This article discusses the regulation of activities related to cryptocurrency in the field of entrepreneurial activity. Modern society is developing rapidly and recently a new entity called cryptocurrency has appeared in our world. A few years later, the first attempts were made to resolve it. However, to date, a single legislative framework for the regulation of this industry has not been developed. Along with this, there is a place to say about both positive and negative properties of cryptocurrency transactions, which, in turn, also have non-standard, and sometimes contrary to the generally accepted rules of the financial “game” manifestations.
The article is devoted to the analysis of the advantages and risks of using distributed ledger technology in the tasks of logistics and supply chain management. The specificity of the blockchain system makes it possible to solve a number of critical problems of sales management in an enterprise, and, apparently, in one form or another, it will be introduced into economic and business practice. The use of technology will require a number of economic, legal and technological solutions, as well as taking into account new types of risks.
Along with the socio-economic sphere, interest in Internet technologies in public-private partnerships, companies and institutions, organizations allows you to integrate blockchains into large infrastructure. This result can be achieved by giving the user access and changing internal database storage algorithms. The main feature of blockchain technology is that it is based on decentralization. In the case of using any means of protection, if it is possible to crack the database located on the server, then such a malfunction is not allowed in the blockchain. The article discusses the concepts of cryptocurrency, blockchain, and bitcoin, as well as the principles of their operation. Prospects for their development and large-scale impact on financial activities carried out via the Internet are presented. It also describes cryptocurrencies and the technologies and algorithms used in them.
Jan 1, 2020·Proceedings of the 2nd International Scientific and Practical Conference “Modern Management Trends and the Digital Economy: from Regional Development to Global Economic Growth” (MTDE 2020)
Natalya N. Kovalyova, N.A. Zhirnova, М В Филимонова
The main attention is paid to the review of prospects in the field of legal regulation of such new financial instruments as cryptocurrencies as a type of electronic money. A number of bills and laws governing the public relations in question are analyzed. The problems that the Russian legislator is required to solve in order to ensure adequate legal regulation of new public relations are highlighted. The experience of some foreign countries in the field of legal regulation of cryptocurrencies is analyzed. It is concluded that today the development of the legal regime of new financial instruments, cryptocurrencies, is an urgent need. The lack of state regulation in the Russian Federation of electronic payments made in payment systems that use cryptocurrency as a means of transactions introduces confusion into society making the use of digital financial assets in the Russian Federation doubtful, which seems like a denial of world technology. Ultimately, the development of the Russian state depends on the fastest solution to this problem.
The thesis’s objective was to describe ways on how to develop traditional factoring through private and consortium blockchains in Finnish factoring companies located in Finland. The research was carried out using a qualitative research method with an explorative outlook on the topic. The research was executed as an inductive case study. The research was constructed using a semi-structured interview method with a predetermined interview question set based on the topic’s title. Four professionals were interviewed from the finance and IT fields. Data-based content analysis and thematic design were used as the methods of data analysis. The systematic academic literature and use case review results were analyzed by using thematic design. According to the research results, consortiums and smart contracts are good solutions to develop traditional factoring. Consortiums could be executed as larger-scale solutions as large invoice financing marketplaces or as smaller-scale solutions between banks and their customers. The invoice marketplace could be executed through blockchain technology or by using more simple technologies. Smart contracts could be used to automate factoring agreements by using tokens to represent invoices’ value, but more research is needed on the contracts’ technical execution. Blockchain solutions are still partly underdeveloped and do not yet meet all the requirements of traditional factoring. Blockchain has some issues that need to be taken into consideration. Especially, security and privacy issues and capacity and block size limitations still need to be solved. It still needs to be examined whether suitable solutions for factoring companies’ needs to connect Distributed Ledger Technology systems to legacy systems to make payouts directly to customers’ bank accounts from smart contracts. Factoring companies need to examine Distributed Ledger Technology to understand its capabilities and consider the correct technology to integrate into their factoring solutions.
Reluctance to pay taxes is a natural feature of man. Given the above, it is not surprising that taxpayers are constantly looking for all possible ways to avoid taxation. The legislator, realizing the above, introduces a number of regulations aimed at counteracting dishonest actions of taxpayers. In the context of cryptocurrencies, these are in particular solutions aimed at limiting anonymity in the circulation of cryptocurrencies. The taxpayers, taking advantage of the fact that trading in cryptocurrencies is very specific, complicated and partially anonymous, try to outsmart the tax authorities and pay no taxes on income from such transactions. Also, the fact that until January 1, 2019, there was no regulation regarding the taxation of cryptocurrencies, and the introduced regulation also raises many doubts, does not encourage taxpayers to honestly settle accounts with tax authorities. Tax authorities, on the other hand, do not have the tools that would enable them to counteract taxpayers’ dishonesty effectively, what leads to the depletion of tax liabilities.
A c t u a l i t y . The role of “patient experience” in assessing quality of medical services is growing as a global trend to value-based healthcare. Currently, only 11% of the Russian population positively assess the quality of medical services. Federal law No. 256-FZ requires all public healthcare providers to conduct an independent assessment of the provision of services, but 44% of organizations do not have such assessment, that can be caused by methodological and organizational reasons. P u r p o s e o f t h e s t u d y to evaluate the prospects for digital improvement of measuring patient satisfaction using distributed ledger technology. To analyze the literature on the topic of independent assessment of the quality of services provided by medical organizations; to analyze modern approaches to assessing patient satisfaction with healthcare providers; to assess the opportunities of improving the processes and results of satisfaction assessment using distributed ledger technology. M a t e r i a l s a n d m e t h o d s . To achieve the purpose, the authors analyzed numerous relevant Russian and foreign sources of literature. Literature review was carried out across scientific libraries as eLIBRARY, PubMed by key words. The search in open sources in Google and Yandex was used. R e s u l t s . The complexity of “patient experience” measurement, biased assessment, ambiguity of the results obtained and the difficulty of correct interpretation require more transparent methods of measuring the value of healthcare. A decentralized platform based on distributed ledge technology may become one of the possible solutions to the problem of objective assessment of patients ‘ satisfaction with the quality of medical services. Such approach allows to form an objective dynamic multi-factor rating of processes and all other components of healthcare services. Conclusion. The existing mechanisms for independent assessment of the quality of medical services need to be improved. Confidence in the results of the patient satisfaction measurement is one of core requirement. To make managerial decision evidence-based, it is important to evaluate the processes and patient experience along with results of healthcare services. Distributed ledger technology implemented as a dynamic multi-factor rating platform can be a logical solution for improving the quality of services and could become a part of a comprehensive IT ecosystem based on value-based approach.
V.I. Glotov, Dmitri M. Mikhaylov, Alexey A. Yurov, Dmitri O. Uglov · 5 authors
The paper describes the classification and criteria for blockchain environment participants. The overview of the main types of blockchain participants is essential for the understanding of blockchain social and economic behaviour. It structured in the description of the several patterns which is often generated inside the Bitcoin blockchain and the list of the economic entities with the criteria of their behaviour. The paper gives the view on the different types of blockchain entities both from outside and inside the blockchain. Also, the paper lists the possible risks of criminal behaviour corresponding to every entity.
Public procurement accounts for a significant share of the country's budget. It is impossible to solve the problem of effective budget spending without establishing a rational and transparent system of public procurement. On the basis of international practice, a system of public procurement has been developed and implemented in the Russian Federation. The relevance of the study of this article is determined by the fact, that a large-scale reform of the practice of public procurement is continued in Russia due to the fact that in January 2014 entered into force a new Federal law dated on April 5, 2013 № 44-FZ “On the contract system in the procurement of goods, works, services for state and municipal needs”. The contract system plays an important system-forming role in Russian society. A free and mutually beneficial economic treaty remains one of the main institutions of the market. For this reason the order of the state and separate types of legal entities forms ecosystem, in which all Russian business develops and under which adapts. One of the fundamental principles of the state procurement policy is the principle of increasing efficiency. Currently the trend of the development of the informal relations, the insufficient level of quality meet the requirements of the society. The existing institutional model of public procurement management in Moscow does not fully ensure in practice the reproduction of the necessary economic and social effects, focusing on economic. The problems of poor quality of procurement management in Moscow require a deep study and evaluation of the necessary level of efficiency of tools to improve economic and social relations in the public sector. The purpose of this article is to develop proposals for improving the mechanism of public procurement. The authors of the article consider the possibility of using blockchain in public procurement. The use of this technology will reduce the time spent on the processing of documentation, reduce the degree of corruption in the process of public procurement, by creating reputational lists available to all participants in this process. In addition, the use of a smart contract allows to minimize the number of intermediaries in the conclusion of public contracts.
Maxim Eugenyevich Demenkov, Ekaterina A. Demenkova, Svetlana Andreevna Shishmanova
The article highlights the approach to processing landed property data based on Blockchain technology and Ethereum platform, which allows the transparent, decentralized and highly reliable system for network users with restricted access to personal data. A review of the platforms for creating decentralized online services has been performed; their advantages and disadvantages considered. The inventory of the fields required for work with the landed property. There have been selected tools for working with Ethereum platform: browser Mist and the high-level language Solidity. To facilitate working with the inventory there were created a site with a map based on SharePoint platform and integrated using API Yandex.map. Peculiarity of the system under consideration is the need for trust between the participants who add data to the inventory. It has been proposed to use either a system based on a credible exchange of certificates, as they provide the high level of personal data security and have a service life, i.e. they are active only for one session, or a system of criteria for calculating the combined trust and assigning it to another person. Emphasis is made on the need to take into account the context of collaboration and shared services in trust management. The use of Blockchain technology for solving a practical task, namely, processing and storing spatial data on landed property, is an efficient way to store data, which will ensure the data relevance and reliability, as well as reduce their loss
In general, the construction industry has been pretty resistant to change. While most industries have gained in productivity over the years through implementation of new technologies and other factors, construction industry productivity has been on a steady decline since the 1960s. Even though there are a multitude of reasons for this, including more complex building types and a decline in the workforce, the major problem holding construction back are project management issues and alienation of project stakeholders in the construction process. Some improvements have been made to help with collaboration between parties, like BIM (building information modeling) and project management software like Procore and Plangrid, but there isn’t one application that pools information to share data between parties. This is where blockchain can make a difference and help solve the collaboration problem. Blockchain is a peer-to-peer, controlled, distributed transactional database used to record and store lists of transactions (called blocks) that are verified through cryptography. This paper explores the emergence of blockchain, highlights the progressive companies implementing this technology in construction, and analyzes the best practices and applications needed for blockchain to succeed in the construction industry.
Blockchain technology is inherent in the importance of accounting property - information in the database is reliable, truthful, regardless of the confidence of the counterparty. Transaction occurs only if it has been approved by all participants. With the help of network accounting can be translated into a secure, transparent for all parties and easy to use format. The introduction of technology in accounting has the following advantages: online transactions are high-speed and user-friendly; accounts can be updated using smartphone apps; optical data recognition systems allow you to automate the entire process, starting with the introduction of primary documents.
Nadezhda N. Pokrovskaia, Vladimir A. Spivak, S. O. Snisarenko
The optimizing and increasing the efficiency of human resource management in a knowledge-based economy becomes the central issue for research in the field of training and professional integration of high-qualified specialists. The description of competencies and skills required by companies as well as the personal features of candidates, their motivations and interests presented through human resources portfolio and cv need high level of security requirements and agile decentralized methods of governance. Blockchain technologies are able to allow the necessary level of data security and to minimize costs, for this purpose blockchain platform is seen in this paper as a pertinent basis to build a global register of qualification certificates and competency assessment. Developing such a ledger requires coordinating assessments of competencies and qualifications at the global level of business processes, which can be carried out by regulators, for example, government institutions, and on the basis of decentralizing corporate and individual requests, goals and self-actualization motives, which seems more appropriate to the actual practice of creating infrastructure.
Alexander Ivanov, Yevhenii Babichenko, Hlib Kanunnikov, Paul Karpus · 8 authors
Blockchain as a technology is rapidly developing, finding more and more new entry points into everyday life. This is one of the elements of the technical Revolution 4.0, and it is used in the field of supply, maintenance of various types of registers, access to software products, combating DDOS attacks, distributed storage, fundraising for projects, IoT, etc.Nowadays, there are many blockchainplatforms in the world. They have one technological root but different applications. There are many prerequisites to the fact that in the future the number of new decentralized applications will increase. Therefore, it is important to develop a methodology for determining the optimal blockchainbased platform to solve a specific problem. As an example, consider the worldfamous platforms Ethereum, Nem, and Stellar. Each of them allows to develop decentralized applications, issue tokens, and execute transactions. At the same time, the key features of these blockchainbased platforms are not similar to one another. These very features will be considered in the article.Purpose. Identify the key parameters that characterize the blockchainbased platforms. This will provide an opportunity to present a complex blockchain technology in the form of a simple and understandable architecture. Based on these parameters and using the expertise of the article’s authors, we will be able to develop a methodology to be used to solve the problems of choosing the optimal blockchainbased platform for solving the problem of developing smart contracts and issuing tokens.Methods. Analysis of the complexity of using blockchainbased platforms. Implementation of token issuance, use of test and public networks, execution of transactions, analysis of the development team and the community, analysis of the user interface and the developer interface.Discussion. By developing a platform comparison methodology to determine optimal characteristics, we can take the development process to a new level. This will allow to quickly and effectively solve the tasks.Results. Creation of a methodology for comparison blockchainbased platforms.
R. A. Andreev, P A Andreeva, Л Н Кротов, Elena Krotova
В современном IT-пространстве блокчейн находится в числе наиболее быстро развивающихся технологий. В первую очередь это связано с ростом рынка криптовалют, которые созданы на базе технологии блокчейн. Но это не единственное возможное применение данной технологии. Блокчейн является многопользовательской надежной книгой учета транзакций, которую каждый может проверить, но ни один отдельный пользователь не может контролировать. Цель работы - анализ различных типов блокчейн технологии по различным параметрам (скорость работы, безопасность, условия доступа и другие). В данной статье представлен обзор различных типов блокчейна и возможные варианты применения этой технологии. Подробно рассмотрены различные виды данной технологии: публичные, федеративные, частные и гибридные блокчейны. Частные блокчейны имеют важное значение для решения проблем, связанных с эффективностью, безопасностью и мошенничеством в рамках традиционных финансовых учреждений. В то же время публичные блокчейны обладают потенциалом для замены большинства функций традиционных финансовых учреждений программным обеспечением, главным образом переопределяя способ работы финансовой системы. Федеративные блокчейны являются более быстрыми и обеспечивают большую конфиденциальность транзакций. Гибридный блокчейн объединяет возможности масштабируемости распределенной базы данных с неизменяемыми элементами блокчейна. Раскрыты условия и правила работы с тем или иным типом блокчейна. Приведены примеры использования блокчейн-технологии для работы с криптовалютами. Представлены результаты сравнения публичных и частных блокчейнов по доступу, скорости, безопасности и идентификации. Результаты обзора показали, что технология блокчейн все еще находится на ранних стадиях развития и имеет ряд проблем, требующих решения.
Article Measurement index of fiscal decentralization and the revaluation of the economic growth effect was published on December 1, 2015 in the journal China Finance and Economic Review (volume 4, issue 4).
The need for finance makes absolutely necessary activities to management and, accordingly, the financial activities of the state is its activity on the formation, distribution and use of centralized and decentralized monetary funds in order to exercise the functions of the state, the socioeconomic, management, defense, activities of state bodies. Contents of financial activity is a manifestation of all functions of the state, since the implementation of any public function requires appropriate funding. Depending on the content and nature of state functions such activities are carried out: 1) implementation of the government; 2) executive and executive activity – implementation of public administration. Financial activities, as required of the system of social management, provides guidance in appropriate financial resources economics, management, social services, and therefore it is characterized by certain features:1) as opposed to homogeneous areas of government activity, it is interdisciplinary, generic, since the provision of financial resources aimed at all sectors of the public administration sector control; 2) implement it as public authorities and local governments (in some cases it would implement together); 3) it combines both direct control using imperative techniques (on public enterprises, etc.) and indirect recommendation control (nonmonetary resources on businesses and individuals);4) carry out its activities through a representative and executive bodies. At the same time, financial and legal science still no unanimous approach to identify subjects such activity. Therefore, the author analyzes the different approaches to the definition of the subjects of financial activity, determines the range of subjects. Focuses on the special powers of the legislative and executive power in the sphere of financial activity of the state.