The enactment of the Nigeria Tax Act (NTA) 2025 represents a significant restructuring of the nation’s fiscal framework, aimed at capturing value within the borderless digital economy. This study provides a legal analysis of the updated "Significant Economic Presence" (SEP) rule under Section 17 of the Act, which shifts the taxable nexus from traditional physical presence (Permanent Establishment) to economic participation. By expanding the SEP framework, the NTA 2025 formalises the "digital shadow" of the workforce, explicitly including remote freelancers, digital consultants, and content creators within the tax net while mandating residency-based taxation on worldwide income. Additionally, the Act classifies profits from digital asset transactions, including cryptocurrencies and non-fungible tokens (NFTs), as taxable income. The analysis also examines the institutional transition from the Federal Inland Revenue Service to the Nigeria Revenue Service (NRS), emphasising the deployment of automated technologies for real-time reporting and collection. Despite these advancements, persistent challenges remain, including infrastructure deficits, enforcement complexities in peer-to-peer transactions, and the need to align with global standards such as the OECD’s Two-Pillar Solution. Ultimately, the study concludes that although the NTA 2025 modernises the fiscal social contract, its effectiveness in optimising revenue depends on institutional capacity and clear regulatory guidance.
Cryptocurrency and blockchain technology have emerged as important innovations in the global financial system. Cryptocurrency is a digital form of money that uses cryptographic techniques to ensure secure financial transactions. Blockchain technology acts as a decentralized and transparent ledger that records all transactions in a secure manner. The rapid growth of digital payments, financial technology, and global connectivity has increased the importance of cryptocurrency and blockchain in modern finance. This research paper examines the role of cryptocurrency and blockchain in transforming financial markets, improving transparency, and reducing transaction costs. The study is based on secondary data collected from financial reports, academic journals, and international organizations. The analysis indicates that blockchain technology has the potential to revolutionize financial systems by increasing efficiency, security, and accessibility in financial transactions.
This paper provides a theoretical and methodological basis for aligning digital tax control technologies with tax policy principles in Russia and Tajikistan. This study’s value and innovation stem from tax control’s digital shift and linking tech to tax system principles. The object of the study is tax relations and tax administration practices in the digital transformation of public administration in the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tajikistan. The subject of the study is the theoretical and methodological foundations for aligning digital tax control technologies, such as big data, AI, distributed ledgers, the Industrial Internet of Things, and analytical platforms, with the fundamental principles of state tax policy. The research aims to develop the conceptual contours of the theoretical and methodological study and a mechanism for aligning digital tools and tax policy principles, as well as to identify the institutional, legal, axiological, and process conditions that determine the feasibility and limits of integrating digital control tools into the tax systems of Russia and Tajikistan. The study employed abstract and conceptual analysis, a source review and synthesis, theoretical modeling, and generic scientific methods . The author focused on analyzing and assessing digital tools’ compliance with legal, neutral, transparent, predictable, efficient, and fiscally sustainable principles. The work’s finding is a conclusion: there are methodological limitations in the digitalization of tax control. The author presented a conceptual system, highlighted research areas, and called for framework development. This study covers boosting strategic digital tax solutions, tax policies, the digital transformation of tax authorities, and digital tax control systems.
N. Priya, A. Rajaman, M.S. Ranjithkumar, R. Suganya · 5 authors
The leather export sector in India is confronted with repeated issues of providing financial transparency, traceability, and trust of the stakeholders because of a fragmented payment system and manual records. To resolve these, a blockchain-based financial transparency model is elaborated based on a distributed ledger, which operates under smart contracts, ensuring immutable records of transactions and automated verification. The model uses a secure financial exchange by using hash-based encryption and a consensusbased validation in order to synchronize export payments between decentralized nodes. The Ethereum-based Hyperledger Fabric was simulated to check the accuracy, latency, and scalability of the model. Experimental results indicate that there is a 31.7 % increase in financial traceability, 24.5 % decrease in processing delay, 18.9 % increase in cost efficiency, and 27.6 % high trust score among existing methods. The proposed framework will provide real-time, non-tampered, and verifiable financial transactions, which will provide a long-term solution to the Indian leather export industry with a pathway to transparent and responsible export management.
The study focusses on cryptocurrency and asset recording in finance. In this cryptocurrency, digital currency which is the optional form of payment created using encryption algorithms. Cryptocurrency uses assets, intangible assets or property. They are some methods and challenges of assets. The data collected from primary and secondary sources. Secondary sources are journal, article, research paper, websites etc. In this study primary data collected through well-structural questionnaire which is collected from students of B.com 1st Yr, 2nd Yr, 3rd Yr and B.com (Hons) 2nd Yr, 3rd Yr. Simple Random sampling method are applied to collect the data from 110 respondents. My study area is Ramanand Institute of Pharmacy and Management College, Haridwar, Uttarakhand. 5point Likert scale applied in the study to measure the cryptocurrency and asset recording level of students about bitcoin, asset and currency. The finding of the study that cryptocurrency and asset recording in finance help students is selfdependent purpose and update growth level. After collecting data, analysis with the help of statistical tools such as percentage and graphical representation. The conclusion of the comparative study consistently shows that bitcoin, asset recording, investment in finance for the future planning.
Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Cyberloafing and Workplace Behavior
Innovations and Analysis in Business and Education
Bitcoin, which was established in 2009, has turned into a worldwide cash. Bitcoin is a decentralized computerized money that isn't supported by any administration or national bank. It very well might be utilized to buy labour and products from retailers who acknowledge bitcoins. These bitcoins act as scrambled information lumps. This information is sent starting with one individual then onto the next, and the exchange is affirmed, i.e., cash is spent, requiring a lot of figuring ability to verify the singular exchanges precisely. The shared organization screens and ensures bitcoin moves between clients. It could be utilized to book inns, shop, do monetary exchanges, and even purchase computer games. The advancement of bitcoin digital money, the development of blockchain, and its utilization in certifiable substances are made sense of. This exploration paper will cover the ascent of Bitcoin in India
Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Cyberloafing and Workplace Behavior
Innovations and Analysis in Business and Education
The emergence of cryptocurrencies has introduced significant shifts in the global financial landscape, and India is no exception. This research paper examines the impact of cryptocurrency adoption on the Indian economy, focusing on three primary dimensions: economic growth, financial inclusion, and regulatory challenges. Through a comprehensive analysis of market trends, policy developments, and case studies, the paper reveals cryptocurrencies have the potential to stimulate economic growth by fostering is dual-faceted, as they also pose risks related to market volatility, financial stability, and regulatory uncertainty. The study further explores how cryptocurrencies can enhance financial inclusion by providing alternative financial services to underserved populations but also highlights the challenges in integrating these digital assets into the existing financial system. By evaluating both the opportunities and risks associated with cryptocurrency adoption, the paper offers policy recommendations aimed at harnessing the benefits while mitigating potential downsides. The findings underscore the need for a balanced approach in formulating regulations that support innovation while ensuring economic stability and investor protection. DOI - https://doi.org/10.65525/SVUP.9788199651593.2025.90-105
This study investigates the dynamic impact of Bitcoin prices and key macroeconomic variables, consumer price index (CPI), exchange rate, and crude oil prices, on industrial output in India, proxied by the index of industrial production (IIP). The Toda-Yamamoto causality analysis reveals that CPI and oil prices Granger-cause IIP, whereas Bitcoin and exchange rate do not exhibit causal influence. Utilising the auto-regressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing framework for robustness, the study captures both short- and long-run relationships. Impulse response functions (IRFs) and the error correction model (ECM) confirm these findings, showing significant responsiveness of IIP to CPI and oil shocks. Stability tests (CUSUM and CUSUMSQ) validate model reliability, while robust standard errors address heteroscedasticity concerns. Diagnostic tests indicate no autocorrelation or autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (ARCH) effects, though non-normality and mild heteroscedasticity are observed. The findings highlight that conventional macroeconomic variables continue to dominate industrial performance, with Bitcoin exerting a negligible real-sector impact.
Intellectual Property has been a classic and time-tested pillar of economic growth, an innovation engine, and a generator for creativity, and technological advancement. However, the 21st century marks the dawn of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, one where the physical, digital, and biological worlds come together.This technological revolution, fuelled by breakthroughs in AI, blockchain, and decentralized economies, has spawned revolutionary shifts in the production, monetization, and taxation of intellectual property.In 2025 and beyond, traditional IPR thinking will be disrupted by the advent of a new generation of intangible assets in the form of inventions created by AI and holographic trademarks, virtual property, and non-fungible tokens. Not only do they disrupt the ownership legal regimes, but also exert pressure on the old tax systems built during the industrial age. While these intangible assets become the centre of the global economy, the existing tax systems lack the capability to manage the complexities of the digital era.We examine in this paper the challenges posed in the taxing intellectual property regime in India and the possible solutions. As the internet and metaverse grow, there is an urgent need to reexamine Indian taxation laws in taxing intangibleproperty like taxation in IPR.
This Article examines how platforms such as OnlyFans have transformed pornographic content creation and complicated the legal landscape for online sex workers. The COVID-19 pandemic, remote work, unemployment, celebrity influence, and shifting cultural attitudes toward sex work contributed to a dramatic increase in the use of subscription-based adult content platforms. At the same time, emerging technologies, including cryptocurrency, Web3, NFTs, blockchain, and artificial intelligence, have reshaped how pornographic content is created, monetized, distributed, and exploited. This Article argues that the growth of online sex work raises urgent intellectual property, privacy, and safety concerns that should not be dismissed because of the stigma surrounding sex work. Content creators face copyright infringement, unauthorized distribution, fake profiles, deepfakes, harassment, cyberstalking, privacy breaches, and exploitation, while existing platform protections and legal remedies remain incomplete. The Article further considers how AI and blockchain-based technologies may both empower creators and create new vulnerabilities. This Article calls for a more serious legal response to online sex work, one that recognizes pornographic content as protectable creative labor. Ensuring safe online sex work requires culturally competent legal representation, stronger education about intellectual property rights, thoughtful information policy for AI, and legal reforms that protect creators without undermining free expression or the safety of trafficking victims.
. This study aims to explore the transformation of human resource management in the Web3 era through a bibliometric analysis of global research trends. The research investigates how decentralized technologies, such as blockchain, smart contracts, tokenization, and Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAO) reshape human resource management practices toward transparency, autonomy, and efficiency. Using a descriptive qualitative approach combined with bibliometric analysis, data were collected from the Scopus database (2020–2025) and analyzed using VOSviewer to map keyword networks, identify clusters, and determine research evolution. The findings reveal four major research clusters focusing on blockchain applications, human resource analytics, organizational transformation, and smart contract implementation. Results indicate a paradigm shift in human resource management from administrative functions to strategic, technology-driven roles emphasizing digital competence and data transparency. Moreover, the study highlights challenges in privacy, data regulation, and digital literacy as critical barriers to Web3 adoption in human resource systems. The research provides conceptual insights and a framework for understanding human resource management digital evolution, offering implications for policymakers and organizations to design adaptive, decentralized, and human-centered human resource management strategies.
A digital or virtual currency that is virtually impossible to counterfeit or double-spend is called cryptocurrency. It is protected by cryptography. The majority of cryptocurrencies are maintained on decentralized networks through the use of blockchain technology, which is a distributed ledger maintained by various computer networks. This study aims to determine the degree of investor awareness of cryptocurrencies, as well as the preferences of investors across age and income brackets. Additionally, it will examine investor behaviour about crypto currencies and the awareness of various cryptocurrencies.
Abstract : The purpose of this paper is to examine the issues regarding accounting for cryptocurrency. An in-depth study of accounting standards is performed to scrutinise their appropriateness for the accounting of cryptocurrency. This research paper focuses on significant accounting aspects which are relevant for crypto accounting. The title of this paper is pointing toward the issues related to accounting for cryptocurrency which requires clarification. This paper will help in understanding the characteristics of cryptocurrency having relevance to business for accounting for them correctly as cryptocurrency has characteristics of currency as well as assets and can act as inventory for some businesses. This paper will analyse the accounting standards and accounting of cryptocurrencies in the financial statement of a company. This paper will also examine the requirement of making amendments to existing accounting standards or having a new accounting standard for the financial reporting of cryptocurrency. The qualitative approach is used in this research. Secondary data is used for this study as previous literature regarding the topic is used for collecting the data through published resources including journals and books. This study finds that cryptocurrency cannot be considered as a currency because of some of its characteristics but can be considered as inventory or intangible assets on the basis of the business model as it has a quasi-currency and quasi-asset nature. The accounting for cryptocurrency needs stand-alone standards to simplify its reporting in the books of accounts to compare financial statements and to maintain consistency in the financial reporting of cryptocurrency. This research area has a lot of potential regarding clarification and guidance of experts for avoiding future issues regarding the accounting of cryptocurrency.
Open access
3 source records
Innovations and Analysis in Business and Education
Purpose – The purpose of this research is to explore the opportunities and barriers related to the use of cryptocurrencies in tourism from the local community’s perspective. Cryptocurrencies are increasingly accepted worldwide, yet their use in tourism consumption remains limited. Evaluating the attitudes and readiness of residents in urban areas, particularly in Zagreb, is essential for assessing the sustainability of digital payment technologies in tourism. Methodology – The research was conducted in Zagreb and its surroundings, with a sample of 484 respondents. A structured questionnaire was used to assess knowledge, perceived security, intention to use, and perceived barriers and incentives regarding cryptocurrency usage in tourism. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics and Pearson’s Chi-square test to examine relationships between key variables and sociodemographic factors. Findings – The results indicate limited awareness about cryptocurrencies, with more than 75% of respondents being completely unfamiliar or only superficially familiar with the topic. A small percentage currently uses cryptocurrencies, but there is substantial conditional willingness for future usage, particularly if regulatory, educational, and security issues are addressed. Statistically significant gender differences were observed in perceived awareness and trust in Bitcoin systems, with men exhibiting higher levels of awareness and trust compared to women. Contribution – This study provides valuable insights into local community readiness for cryptocurrency usage in tourism, highlighting the significance of education, trust, and regulatory frameworks. The findings can serve as a foundation for policymakers, tourism stakeholders, and digital innovators to develop strategies for the effective integration of cryptocurrencies into tourism economies.
The Nepali government has declared all cryptocurrency-related activities illegal due to its exclusive currency issuance authority and stringent foreign exchange regulations. This prohibition is based on robust anti-money laundering laws and the potential applicability of evolving digital legislation. The article also assesses the costs and risks associated with illicit cryptocurrency activities and encompassing severe legal consequences, financial exposure, and cyber security threats. Finally, it explores the paradox of Nepal Rastra Bank's exploration into a Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC), suggesting a recognition of digital currency's future while prioritizing national control and stability. The study concludes by emphasizing the imperative for public adherence to existing prohibitions while acknowledging the long-term trajectory towards digital financial innovation.
The emergence of cryptocurrency has radically threatened traditional fiscal institutions, presenting Indian policymakers with an unrivaled challenge in tax administration and revenue generation. This review takes into account the multifaceted complexities of taxation of cryptocurrency in India, addressing regulatory uncertainties, enforcement issues, and the relevance for tax revenue composition. Drawing on policy trends and scholarly literature at the moment, the present paper investigates India's evolving stance on digital assets—from absolute skepticism to cautious engagement—and how this reflects deeper anxieties around innovation and control. The argument draws on strategic management, technology disruption within financial markets, and organizational change management to situate India's policy measures in context. Even as the 2022 budget introduced specific tax provisions for virtual digital assets, significant concerns continue to exist about mechanisms for compliance, global coordination, and long-term viability of prevailing strategies. India's cryptocurrency taxation regime is discovered to be in the early stages, with adaptive strategies required to reconcile revenue and technological innovation.
M Dhinesh, A. Karthik, Abdur Rahim M, S. AARYA · 6 authors
The rapid expansion of India's e-commerce ecosystem has led to a corresponding rise in consumer grievances, data privacy violations, and non-compliance with statutory norms. Although the Consumer Protection Act, 2019 and the Consumer Protection (E-Commerce) Rules, 2020 mandate transparent disclosures, grievance redressal mechanisms, and seller accountability, enforcement remains inconsistent due to the centralized nature of compliance systems. This paper outlines a proposal of a Blockchain-Driven Compliance Model (BDCM) based on permissioned blockchain infrastructure, smart contracts, and zero-knowledge proofs to guarantee automated, auditable, and enforceable legal compliance. The architecture has the main legal points in smart contracts, including Rule$4(4)$on product disclosure, Rule 5(3) on record retention, and Rule 6(3) on seller liability, and a compliance scoring/alerts system to dynamically monitor the trust is provided. The outputs of simulations on Hyperledger Fabric show that the compliance will be substantially enforced. Most legal clauses had a success rate of$\geqslant 97.5$and grievance redressal time was also lowered by 75 and consumer satisfaction increased to 94.7. The over-95% privacy index trust index guaranteed privacy of the model through the use of the zero-knowledge consent verification algorithm to guarantee privacy of the model among the users who had tested the model. Moreover, the compliance scores successfully ranked sellers according to their legal conduct allowing a proactive suspension and warning of the potential high risk entities. To sum up, the BDCM framework provides a legal-tech interface between legal requirements and technical implementation, which can be transparent, auditable, and trusted.
Blockchain technology has emerged as a transformative force in the digital asset ecosystem, providing unmatched transparency, security, and efficiency. In India the rapid growth of the digital economy has fueled the widespread adoption of digital assets, with blockchain playing a crucial role in this transformation. The digital asset market in India has seen remarkable growth, generated significant revenue and spurring financial innovation. As of 2024, the average revenue per user (ARPU) in the sector is estimated at USD 2.09, reflecting its expanding adoption across a diverse user base. This paper explores the diverse applications of blockchain in India’s digital asset ecosystem, including cryptocurrencies, tokenized assets, decentralized finance (DeFi), and smart contract platforms. Blockchain addresses key challenges in traditional financial systems, such as fraud, inefficiency, and lack of transparency, by enabling secure and efficient asset management. The study also analyzes revenue trends and the economic impact of blockchain-driven digital assets, highlighting their contribution to the Indian economy. Additionally, the paper investigates India’s evolving regulatory landscape, examining policy developments and their impact on the adoption of blockchain and digital assets. The findings provides valuable insights for policymakers, businesses, and investors looking to harness blockchain for economic growth and financial inclusion.
Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Cyberloafing and Workplace Behavior
Innovations and Analysis in Business and Education
Tržište kriptovaluta jedno je od najmlađih financijskih tržišta, koje se razvija usporedno s napretkom digitalnih tehnologija. Osnovna obilježja ovoga tržišta proizlaze iz njegove nereguliranosti i izražene volatilnosti cijena, pri čemu se posebno ističe značaj malih investitora i pojedinaca kao aktivnih sudionika. Cilj ovoga rada jest istražiti utjecaj različitih bihevioralnih faktora na investicijske odluke i namjere ulaganja u kriptovalute. U teorijskom dijelu prikazana su temeljna obilježja kriptovaluta i financijskih tržišta, kao i ključni koncepti bihevioralne ekonomije. Poseban naglasak stavljen je na kognitivne pristranosti poput pretjeranog samopouzdanja, efekta FOMO, averzije prema gubitku i žaljenju, utjecaja influencera, gamifikacije te zablude kockara. Empirijski dio rada temelji se na anketnom istraživanju u kojem je sudjelovalo 208 ispitanika, a prikupljeni podaci analizirani su pomoću metoda deskriptivne statistike i višestruke regresije. Rezultati pokazuju da su pojedini bihevioralni faktori, prije svega FOMO, gamifikacija i kockarska zabluda, statistički značajni u objašnjavanju investicijske namjere. Takvi nalazi potvrđuju teorijske pretpostavke bihevioralnih financija te pokazuju da emocionalni i kognitivni obrasci značajno oblikuju odluke investitora na tržištu kriptovaluta. Zaključno, istraživanje doprinosi boljem razumijevanju ponašanja ulagača u kontekstu kriptovaluta i ističe potrebu za daljnjim proučavanjem utjecaja psiholoških čimbenika na financijsko odlučivanje. Dobiveni rezultati ujedno pokazuju kako tradicionalna financijska teorija, koja pretpostavlja racionalnost investitora, nije dostatna za objašnjenje investicijskog ponašanja na suvremenim tržištima.