The rapid proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) networks has significantly advanced various sectors such as smart cities, healthcare, and industrial automation, but it has also introduced substantial security challenges. Protecting data integrity, confidentiality, and availability in these networks is critical, yet traditional security measures often fall short due to the decentralized and resource-constrained nature of IoT devices. The Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol, designed to optimize energy consumption in sensor networks, lacks intrinsic security features. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a novel approach that integrates LEACH with Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT), specifically blockchain. Blockchain’s decentralized and immutable ledger can enhance data security and integrity within IoT networks. The methodology involves modifying LEACH to incorporate blockchain for secure data transmission. In the clustering phase, LEACH forms clusters and designates a cluster head (CH) for data aggregation and transmission. Each CH maintains a local blockchain to log and verify data transactions within its cluster, using a consensus mechanism to ensure data integrity. Smart contracts are implemented to automate security policies and detect anomalies, while data encryption and digital signatures provide additional security layers. Simulations using the NS-3 simulator showed promising results: energy consumption was reduced by 18% compared to traditional LEACH, latency increased by 5% due to blockchain processing overhead, throughput improved by 12%, and security metrics indicated a 25% improvement in data integrity and a 30% reduction in successful attack attempts. In conclusion, integrating the LEACH algorithm with blockchain significantly enhances the security and efficiency of IoT networks. This approach leverages the energy optimization of LEACH and the robust security framework of blockchain, offering a scalable and secure solution for diverse IoT applications. Future research will focus on optimizing blockchain operations to reduce latency further and exploring the model's applicability in various IoT scenarios.
This study explores the optimization path of the e-commerce supply chain logistics management model using blockchain technology, breaks the bottlenecks of information barriers, low operational efficiency and high costs in the traditional operation model, adopts design strategies to build a blockchain technology application architecture, integrates distributed ledger technology, smart contract functions, Internet of Things technology and decentralized identity authentication methods, and implements refined improvements in each stage of the e-commerce supply chain. Data collection is conducted on the order execution process, logistics distribution links and cost components of the three e-commerce platforms A, B and C, and an in-depth comparative analysis is conducted on the differences between the traditional model and the blockchain optimization model in terms of efficiency, economic cost and customer satisfaction. The research results show that the optimization measures using blockchain technology have significantly improved the efficiency of order processing and distribution, effectively reduced logistics cost expenditures, and significantly increased customer satisfaction levels.
R Mahaveerakannan, Balamanigandan Ramachandran, S. Saraswathi, Dinesh Goyal · 5 authors
This program integrates the use of UAVs and terrestrial nodes to develop a safe and effective communication system which can be utilized for post-disaster management. Furthermore, blockchain technology will also assist in collaboration and security. Communication systems are frequently demolished by natural disasters making it more difficult to provide aid. While UAVs and wireless mesh networks (WMNs) offer considerable support towards resolving them, the greater challenge of ensuring speedy, secure, and discreet communication among multiple organizations still exists. The proposed approach provides supporting ad hoc networks to accommodate large-scale disaster response projects under the name ROSNet. This network will have a place for blockchain technology, terrestrial nodes and UAVs. Alongside a consortium blockchain architecture, smart contracts and cryptographic techniques enable the system to be tailored toward safe collaboration between multiple jurisdictions making it possible Interchangeable communication and wireless mesh networks in control of a Robot Operating System (ROS). At the base station, user interfaces for situational awareness and node optimization are provided alongside a graphical user interface (GUI) while delegated proof-of-stake increases pragmatic Byzantine fault tolerance ratios (DPoS-PBFT) consensus protocol for scalability and network fault tolerance. The use of semi-autonomous ground nodes and UAVs helps increase the connectivity of the system and automates the response operations.
The blockchain system has emerged as one of the focal points of research in recent years, particularly in applications and services such as cryptocurrencies and smart contracts. In this context, the hash value serves as a crucial element in linking blocks within the blockchain, ensuring the integrity of block contents. Therefore, hash algorithms represent a vital security technology for ensuring the integrity and security of blockchain systems. This study primarily focuses on analyzing the security and execution efficiency of mainstream hash algorithms in the Proof of Work (PoW) calculations within blockchain systems. It proposes an evaluation factor and conducts comparative experiments to evaluate each hash algorithm. The experimental results indicate that there are no significant differences in the security aspects among SHA-2, SHA-3, and BLAKE2. However, SHA-2 and BLAKE2 demonstrate shorter computation times, indicating higher efficiency in execution.
In the future of healthcare, Blockchain (BC) technology holds immense potential for improving the security and privacy of data. By allowing the secure and immutable storage of medical files and healthcare-related transactions, BC ensured that sensitive medical data remains tamper-proof and open only to authorized parties. Patients have greater control over their data's development, revoking or granting access as required, but healthcare workers can streamline data sharing and ensure the integrity of important data. The decentralized nature of BC networks decreases the risk of centralized data breaches, eventually fostering trust and transparency in the healthcare ecosystems. Conversely, deep learning (DL) has great to revolutionize healthcare diagnostics in the future, offering quick and extremely accurate estimates of medical conditions. This technology has greatly enhanced patient solutions, decreased medical expenses, and improved the burden on medical staff by providing appreciated insights into an extensive range of conditions, from cancer to neurological disorders. With this stimulus, this study presents a novel BC with optimal DL-based secure data sharing and classification (BCODL-SDSC) technique in the future healthcare system. The goal of the BCODL-SDSC technique is to secure and thoroughly examine healthcare data using BC and DL techniques. Primarily, the BCODL-SDSC technique enables BC technology to store and maintain the patient’s data from the procedure of several transactions and enable access control to the various stakeholders. For the security of the medical images, the BCODL-SDSC technique applies the Fractional Order Lorenz system (FOLS) based encryption technique with tuna swarm optimization (TSO) algorithm based optimal key generation process. Finally, a multi-stage process performs the classification of the medical images: MobileNetv1 feature extractor, artificial rabbit’s optimization (ARO) based hyperparameter tuning, and stacked recurrent neural network (SRNN) based classification. The experimental outcome of the BCODL-SDSC technique was examined on a benchmark medical image database. An extensive comparative study reported that the BCODL-SDSC technique reaches an effective performance with other models with a maximum accuracy of 99.11%.
Abstract As an important cornerstone of future digital civilization, smart contracts are being increasingly used in blockchain finance in innovative practice, and whether smart contracts have legal effect has become a question that academia must answer. This paper discusses the legal impact and application of smart contracts under the contract layer in the blockchain architecture, with a vision of an administrative legal system. Based on the operation principle of smart contracts, a method for detecting smart contract vulnerabilities that combines Glove word embedding and the Shapelet-Transform algorithm is proposed to improve data security during the fulfillment process. Finally, the smart contract model constructed in this paper is applied to the supply chain of agricultural products, and the legal effects of the smart contract are analyzed using practical examples. The transaction volume of unqualified agricultural products decreased from 19.4545 to 13.4655, which is lower than the production volume. The credit index of the smart contract model has increased, resulting in a shortened node performance time from 0.25s to 0.2s.
The rapid development of innovative Internet technology, represented by blockchain technology, has made de-intermediation finance feasible, significantly improved the availability of financing for the integration of small and medium-sized industries and universities, and reduced the financing cost of the integration of small and medium-sized industries and universities, so as to promote industrial transformation and upgrading through financial innovation. However, the development of talent training in supply chain finance in China is facing development bottlenecks such as information asymmetry, difficulty in verifying trade authenticity, and data security issues. With the rise of blockchain technology, people find that it has the characteristics of traceability, non-tampering, decentralization and so on, which can well solve the problems that hinder the training and development of supply chain financial talents. The financial platform built by using blockchain technology can optimize the convenience, timeliness and accuracy of the process in the transaction, reduce the possibility of dishonest behavior in the transaction, improve the convenience of trade financing, and establish a more high-quality and information-symmetric transaction mode for the society. Starting from the constraints of traditional supply chain finance talent training, this paper analyzes and summarizes the main development models of supply chain finance talent training at present, points out the core problems, and then studies the feasibility, value and significance of the application of blockchain technology in supply chain finance talent training from a theoretical perspective.
With the expansion of scale, the Internet of Things (IoT) suffers more and more security threats, and vulnerability and sensitivity to attacks are also increasing. As a distributed and secure network architecture, Blockchain is suitable for protecting the security and privacy of the IoT. In this article, we propose a secure smart blockchain IoT architecture based on Graph Neural Networks (GNN) named GTxChain, using a distributed intelligent prophecy machine to obtain off-chain data and construct the transaction data structure of the blockchain through the blockchain-directed acyclic graph (DAG). In the off-chain transaction and off-chain storage part, we use the lightning network, improved IPFS and GNN to obtain transaction information and continuously update the blockchain network and blockchain for transaction verification and other operations. GTxChain employs an IPFS storage architecture to enhance user privacy and reduce data processing time. Compared to other blockchain architectures, it improves by 10.51% and has better efficiency and stability in terms of Merkle-proof time overhead. Experimental results show that the GTxChain architecture can effectively ensure the IoT’s trustworthiness, security, and privacy (TSP).
Md Ariful Islam Mozumder, Tagne Poupi Theodore A., Rashadul Islam Sumon, Shah Muhammad Imtiyaj Uddin · 6 authors
The metaverse combines the real world and the virtual world, allowing people to interact with their avatars in a setting supported by cutting-edge technologies like 5G or 6G internet, virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), mixed reality (MR), extended reality, blockchain, digital twins, internet of things, and artificial intelligence (AI), all of which are enhanced by practically limitless data. The metaverse, a term coined to describe the virtual world instead of physical worlds, has the potential to revolutionize general healthcare. The Metaverse already provides opportunities for remote patient care, medical education, surgeries training, anti-aging healthcare, and medical research opportunities with implementation. According to the studies, the metaverse in medical domain revenue is expected to reach $640B by 2027. Different fields such as the financial industry, manufacturing industry, media, entertainment, etc. are taking advantage of healthcare tools to bring state-of-the-art technology into their domain. In this study, we are going to discuss the current state of metaverse technology in digital healthcare and its uses in the metaverse. We will also discuss the challenges that the metaverse presents for the healthcare industry. Also, we will conclude with a discussion of the future of metaverse in healthcare and the potential impact it could have on the delivery of healthcare services. Finally, this paper aims to provide an XAI, BC, and Immersive technology-based framework for metaverse healthcare and its potential to improve patient outcomes and transform the healthcare industry.
Mounir El Khatib, Haitham M. Alzoubi, Samer Hamidi, Muhammad Turki Alshurideh · 6 authors
Background: This paper explores the use of blockchain technology and smart contracts in the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT). It aims to identify the challenges and benefits of implementing smart contracts based on blockchain technology in the IoMT. It provides solutions and evaluates the IoMT uses in e-healthcare performance. Methods: A quantitative approach used an online survey from public and private hospital administrative departments in Dubai, United Arab Emirates (UAE). ANOVA, t -test, correlation, and regression analysis were performed to assess the e-healthcare performance with and without IoMT (smart contract based on blockchain). Patients and Methods: A mixed method was used in this research, a quantitative approach for data analysis utilizing online surveys from public and private hospitals’ administrative departments in Dubai, UAE. A correlation, regression through ANOVA, and independent two-sample t -test were performed to assess the e-healthcare performance with and without IoMT (smart contract based on blockchain). Results: Blockchain application in smart contracts has proven to be significant in the healthcare sector. Results highlight the importance of integrating smart contracts and blockchain technology in the IoMT infrastructure to improve efficiency, transparency, and security. The study provides empirical evidence to support the implementation of smart contracts in the e-healthcare sector and suggests improved e-healthcare performance through this transition. Conclusion: The emergence of e-healthcare systems with upgraded smart contracts and blockchain technology brings continuous health monitoring, time-effective operations, and cost-effectiveness to the healthcare sector. Keywords: internet of medical things, IoMT, e-healthcare, smart contracts, blockchain
The medical technology is being evolved for enhancing the healthcare information related to medication, diseases, medical images etc., by using Electronic Healthcare Recording (EHR). The details such as gender, age, and weight of patients are sensitive, and require protection against unauthorized access. Therefore, providing a robust security for medical data is indeed a challenge. The present research work proposed a Fully Decentralized Block chain (FDBC) model with the Proxy Re-Encryption Algorithm (PReA) with an Ethereum smart contract. The proposed FDBC-PReA allows the data to be visible only for the owner and the smart contract as the model is implemented in an Ethereum based test bed. Each time when the data is transformed, the data loss is obtained for the incorrect data which is taken care by the decentralized BC. The fully decentralized BC stores and checks whether each of the entity shares or accesses the real time data. The proposed FDBC-PReA Ethereum smart contracts, and proxy re-encryption algorithms are executed with a faster rate that consumed average block time of 5.48s, which is lesser when compared to average block times of Smart-Contract Ethereum Distributed Ledger-14s, Searchable
To discuss the control of financial risks (FRs) under blockchain (BC) and improve network information security (NIS) and data security, edge computing (EC) combined with BC is proposed to control the risks of the big data (BD) financial system. Firstly, the BC-based financial system is introduced, and the characteristics of BC such as decentralization, tamper-resistant, and smart contract are analyzed. Secondly, the development status of NIS and the characteristics of marginal computing are explained, and the control model of NIS is established. Then, EC is used to encrypt the identity authentication system to ensure data security, and the BC-based FR evaluation model is established. Finally, a questionnaire is designed regarding the NIS model, and the results are analyzed. A simulation experiment is conducted regarding the index evaluation of the BC-based FR evaluation model. The experimental results indicate that network personnel control, environment, and technology have positive effects on NIS, and the impact factors are 0.26, 0.24, and 0.33, respectively.
With the rapid development of agriculture, modern agriculture has achieved remarkable results. Agriculture is the foundation of China's national economy, and the Party Central Committee has always insisted on solving the "three rural issues" as the top priority of the work of the whole party. However, China's agricultural foundation is weak, and the problem of unbalanced supply and demand structure of agricultural products still exists in agricultural development. With the development of blockchain, the application basis in the agricultural value chain has been established. At present, the research on the application of agricultural value chain financing is still in progress, but it is still in the initial stage. The integration of agricultural finance blockchain is low, and there are a series of problems. Extending blockchain technology to the financial area of agricultural value chains can help overcome the information barriers to traditional agricultural value chain financing and improve access to information resources for traditional agricultural value chains. The high cost of these value chains and inadequate financial management mechanisms remove bottlenecks in financing agricultural development. In this paper, we study the operation model and revenue distribution model of agricultural value chains using blockchain, analyze examples, and finally identify the basic elements of agricultural value chain financing based on sectoral chain technology. It provides theoretical support for the financing decision and production decision of each member of the agricultural supply chain, and it is hoped that the content and conclusions of the study can provide methodological reference and theoretical guidance for agricultural supply chain enterprises.
With the rapid development of communication technology and automation technology, sensors are becoming more and more intelligent. This study proposes an environmental accounting system model based on artificial intelligence blockchain and embedded sensors. A high-precision sensor system based on embedded technology is first built, which not only avoids the shortcomings of analog data transmission, but also has high performance and price advantages. At the same time, it can be easily combined into a simple sensor network, and array measurement can be realized through the development of blockchain technology. However, the current blockchain system has the disadvantage of storage limitation. The problem is particularly serious when a large amount of data needs to be stored in the blockchain, especially when the blockchain is combined with big data. As a comprehensive field of accounting, ecology, and environmental science, environmental accounting has made great contributions to sustainable development in the field of accounting. The theoretical research in the field of environmental accounting in China started late, and a unified environmental accounting system has not actually been established. Under the conditions of immature theoretical and policy basis, companies have almost no actual surveys on environmental accounting. The characteristics of blockchain technology, such as decentralization, transparency, and changes in information unavailability, can fully solve the problem that the current accounting information system cannot consolidate transaction information and the accounting process. The reliability assurance mechanism of the accounting information system based on blockchain technology can greatly ensure the reliability of the accounting information system, effectively suppress accounting fraud, and improve the transparency of information.
As one of the three basic elements of language, vocabulary is particularly important when learning English. Nowadays, many students are faced with problems such as boring vocabulary teaching, forgetting quickly after reciting, inefficient vocabulary learning, and lack of initiative. Therefore, it is imperative to seek a scientific and effective teaching mode to improve students’ vocabulary achievement. It builds an adaptive learning model of English vocabulary based on blockchain and deep learning, and tests the model. According to the experimental data, 46.8% of the learners will often read English newspapers or magazines to expand their English vocabulary. 50.4% of the students classified and memorized English vocabulary according to different categories. 59% of students often use context to memorize English vocabulary. The results show that before using the English vocabulary adaptive learning model based on blockchain and moderate learning, the average score of students’ methods and strategies is in the middle and lower levels. After using the adaptive learning model, some students have been able to use some learning strategies, and a small number of students have expanded their vocabulary through extracurricular reading.
In order to solve the problem of adding artificial intelligence and blockchain technology to education, the purpose of meeting the needs of combining artificial intelligence and blockchain technology with modern education is to make up for the lack of artificial intelligence in modern education, improve students’ interest in learning, and cultivate high-quality students. Through practice and analysis in a chemistry class in an experimental school, samples were taken from 821 students in the third grade parallel class, and 39 teachers taught students in accordance with their aptitude; finally, from the average score statistics of the first and second inspections, it can be seen that the intelligent classroom teaching of chemistry has a certain effect on improving the average score of students in parallel classes in grade three.
Blockchain (BC) maintains a continuously growing database in a "decentralized" way, and its impact on the financial auditing industry is becoming increasingly significant. This paper aims to study the research on financial automation auditing methods supported by blockchain technology and proposes the related concepts of blockchain technology, hash function, financial auditing analysis, and the impact of BP Neural Network (BPNN) and its algorithms on financial automation auditing methods. Simultaneously, this paper likewise disperses the poll overview to definite individuals, for example, endeavor, monetary work force, focus and ranking directors, university researchers, and specialists, who have pragmatic support in the execution and use of monetary review. The experimental results of this paper show that speculation based on the interconnected environment is the most basic natural factor for understanding this idea, and its score is also the largest at 4.36 points.