Nithin Chandru, Niranjan Savanur, G R Asha, Matam Vijayeshjeevan
Frequent changes in property ownership can lead to complex and lengthy records, which may allow fraudulent or incomplete records to go unnoticed. The primary issues stem from incomplete and damaged records caused by different departments storing their own copies, resulting in a lack of comprehensive verification and an increased risk of document forgery. This system proposes a solution using a blockchain-based approach, which creates immutable and transparent records of land ownership by creating an entity to represent land in the blockchain network, making it difficult for unlawful users to forge or modify records. It employs cryptographic methods, consensus protocols, and hashing algorithms to preserve the integrity of the transaction chain. This system proposes an implementation model using Ethereum, and benchmarking shows that the system has a low transaction processing time, making it suitable for practical use. Additionally, the use of the Interplanetary File System (IPFS) for storing all land and user-related documents provides additional security. Cost and performance analysis are carried out based on experiments conducted, demonstrating the system's efficiency and effectiveness. This could streamline the process of land ownership transfer, promote environmental sustainability by minimizing the need for manual paperwork, and reduce the likelihood of disputes and fraud.
The proliferation of online multimedia content demands effective approaches for semantic exchange of videos and data authentication for information transfer. Video summaries offer an efficient way to enhance user experience by providing a concise, meaningful overview of video content, reducing bandwidth strain while maintaining relevance. The emergence of Web 3.0, an evolution that incorporates blockchain, edge computing, semantic communication, and artificial intelligence, has revolutionized decentralized information sharing, aiming for a user-centric, interconnected, and trustless Internet. However, current Web 3.0 approaches often underutilize cutting-edge technologies that extend beyond blockchain. This article presents a pioneering blockchain-based semantic exchange framework for video summaries within a wireless edge intelligence network, with a special focus on keyframe extraction for secure and reliable transmission. By leveraging blockchain through Non-Fungible Tokens for integrity verification, this framework ensures tamper-proof access to critical video summaries on user devices.
In a time characterized by mounting apprehensions regarding data security and confidence in digital transactions, there's a growing need for a reliable and transparent framework to oversee the origin and legitimacy of goods along the supply chain. Concerns such as counterfeiting, deceit, and operational inefficiencies are prevalent across various sectors, causing skepticism and financial setbacks. The primary issue stems from the absence of an immutable and decentralized ledger to uphold the accuracy of product data from production to distribution. Through facilitating stakeholders in monitoring product trajectories from inception to delivery, our goal is to bolster trust and alleviate fraudulent activities. In centralized systems, control and decision-making authority are vested in a singular entity or a small group of entities. This concentration of power enables streamlined direction and oversight over all activities within the system. Conversely, decentralization distributes authority across multiple entities or individuals, empowering them to make decisions autonomously within their spheres of influence. Decentralized systems often promote greater flexibility, adaptability, and resilience as decision-making is dispersed, allowing for localized responses and innovation. In today's digital age, individuals and businesses face an overwhelming deluge of textual data, spanning social media updates, customer feedback, and online commentary. Yet, deciphering this unstructured text presents a formidable hurdle, impeding the timely comprehension of public sentiment, viewpoints, and trends. Consequently, there arises a critical necessity for an effective and automated sentiment analysis solution capable of swiftly and accurately gauging sentiment within text, empowering users to glean insights into public perceptions and make well-informed decisions. Our sentiment analysis application endeavors to address this challenge by offering an automated, scalable, and precise sentiment analysis tool suited for diverse applications, encompassing marketing, customer service, brand management, and market research.
P. Chinnasamy, G. Charles Babu, Ramesh Kumar Ayyasamy, S. Amutha · 6 authors
6G mobile network technology will set new standards to meet performance goals that are too ambitious for 5G networks to satisfy. The limitations of 5G networks have been apparent with the deployment of more and more 5G networks, which certainly encourages the investigation of 6G networks as the answer for the future. This research includes fundamental privacy and security issues related to 6G technology. Keeping an eye on real-time systems requires secure wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Denial of service (DoS) attacks mark a significant security vulnerability that WSNs face, and they can compromise the system as a whole. This research proposes a novel method in blockchain 6G-based wireless network security management and optimization using a machine learning model. In this research, the deployed 6G wireless sensor network security management is carried out using a blockchain user datagram transport protocol with reinforcement projection regression. Then, the network optimization is completed using artificial democratic cuckoo glowworm remora optimization. The simulation results have been based on various network parameters regarding throughput, energy efficiency, packet delivery ratio, end-end delay, and accuracy. In order to minimise network traffic, it also offers the capacity to determine the optimal node and path selection for data transmission. The proposed technique obtained 97% throughput, 95% energy efficiency, 96% accuracy, 50% end-end delay, and 94% packet delivery ratio.
The advent of 6G networks promises revolutionary advances in dynamism, intelligence, and decentralization. Realizing the full potential of 6G requires adaptable service level agreements (SLAs) that can optimize performance based on dynamic network conditions. In this paper, we suggested a method based on the Hyperledger Sawtooth blockchain’s smart contract with the Reptile meta-learning algorithm to solve the rigidity of static SLA and centralization problems. In order to sustain the quality of service in the radio access network and core network domain of 6G networks, this work focuses on SLA management for efficient resource allocation for the eMBB-plus slice. Our approach entails breaking down static SLAs into finer-grained components, transferring those components onto Hyperledger Sawtooth smart contracts, and using the Reptile meta-learning algorithm to forecast SLA metrics and resource requirements. A dynamic tariff model, also proposed within the smart contract, handles increased user demands. We evaluate the solution by analyzing Reptile performance, resource allocation, and SLA violations under dynamic demands. Results demonstrate the efficiency of this AI-driven, blockchain-based approach for automated, optimized 6G eMBB-plus resource management adhering to dynamic fine-grained SLAs. This work highlights the synergistic potential of AI and blockchain for trusted and intelligent 6G service delivery.
The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) faces serious data privacy issues, such as the risk of data leakage during aggregation and transmission. However, existing studies rarely consider data privacy protection from the perspective of 5G core networks (CNs). This article proposes a federation chain-based data privacy protection system for the control plane in 5G CN to facilitate secure and decentralized communications between IIoT devices and other networks components, enhancing data integrity and confidentiality. Using XPRO instrument, 5G CN signaling storm simulation test platform, Free5GC, UERANSIM simulator, and Kali platform, the system simulates and generates realistic control plane data streams in IIoTs. To prevent unauthorized data access, we design an authentication algorithm based on the Bulletproofs zero-knowledge proof technique. Additionally, we implement a data encryption and decryption algorithm based on the Paillier partially homomorphic encryption for user privacy. We design a foundation model-based anomaly flow detection and analysis module to improve the security of the system for anomalous signaling flows. The feasibility and effectiveness of the system are validated on a 5G CN simulation testing platform, and experimental results show that the proposed approach ensures robust and scalable IIoT data privacy protection.
G. Rajesh, Mercilin Raajini, S. Meyyappan, Rajapriya Raja · 6 authors
Securing the transfer of messages is a challenging task for communication between vehicles in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs). The effectiveness of vehicle-to-vehicle communication is of top priority in VANETs, where the lives and possessions of drivers are at stake. The ultimate objective of a vehicle network is to ensure fast and proper broadcasting of information concerning life-threatening incidents, such as traffic jams and accident reports. However, these messages are prone to attacks by misleading intruders attempting to modify or alter them during communication. Emergency communications are basically segregated on the basis of the message schema and safety level, primarily due to the lack of quick and reliable communication and the need to detect attacks. This paper proposes an efficient lightweight blockchain-based authentication system for the secure transfer of emergency messages in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs). The main objectives are to develop an intrusion detection system for V2V communication using machine learning techniques and to use a lightweight Rivest-Shamir-Adleman(RSA) technique with three prime integers to ensure authentication. Additionally, Ganache and Ethereum blockchain technologies are utilized to create a secure message storage and retrieval system. The proposed system demonstrates improved encryption and decryption times and enhanced attack detection accuracy.
Vehicle to vehicle (V2V) communications can facilitate traffic congestion control, reduce crashes, and enhance general safety. These goals can be reached only if vehicles communicate securely and anonymously. To this end, numerous key sharing protocols have been devised and proposed in recent years. Nevertheless, delving into the current vehicular protocols demonstrates that they have several drawbacks. First and the foremost, near all of them are improper for multi-domain internet of vehicle (IoV) environments and second, most of them failed to reach a proper tradeoff between security and effectiveness. Besides, the existing multi-domain protocols, which have been suggested for other applications, cannot still meet the desired requirements. To bridge this gap, this paper presents a resource-efficient privacy-preserving key sharing protocol for anonymous V2V communications in the IoV environments. In the proposed protocol, we utilize the blockchain and an inventive dual-signature approach. The former eases cross-domain authentication and the latter reduces the communication rounds. Security and efficiency analyses, respectively, indicate the protocol can withstand attacks and execute quite fast. Additionally, comparisons with top-related protocols show the suitable stage and precedence of the proposed multi-domain protocol.
This paper presents an extensive assessment of employing blockchain technology in a land registry system, emphasizing its role in ensuring secure and transparent property transactions. The research explores the integration of blockchain to enhance the efficiency, security, and reliability of land registration processes. Various aspects, such as data integrity, transparency, and immutability, are considered in the context of utilizing blockchain for land registry purposes. The application of blockchain technology in the land registry system aims to address inherent challenges related to traditional property registration, including issues of fraud, lack of transparency, and complex verification processes. By leveraging blockchain's distributed ledger technology, a decentralized and tamper-resistant platform is created to record land ownership, transfers, and transactions securely and transparently. Through the implementation of smart contracts and cryptographic principles, the proposed blockchain-based land registry system ensures the authenticity of property records, facilitates automated execution of agreements, and eliminates intermediaries, thereby reducing transactional costs and enhancing trust among stakeholders. This study highlights the potential benefits of utilizing blockchain in land registry systems, emphasizing its ability to streamline property transactions, prevent fraud, and establish an immutable record of ownership. The application of blockchain technology in land registry systems represents a significant step toward creating more efficient, transparent, and trustworthy property management frameworks. Future research endeavors could explore the scalability, interoperability, and regulatory considerations associated with implementing blockchain in land registry systems. These investigations aim to further refine and optimize blockchain-based solutions tailored to the specific needs of land administration, fostering greater efficiency and reliability in property transactions and management.
Blockchain has attracted widespread attention due to its unique features such as decentralization, traceability, and tamper resistance. With the rapid development of blockchain technology, an increasing number of industries are gradually applying blockchain technology to various fields such as the Internet of Things, healthcare, finance, agriculture, and government affairs. However, there are certain differences in the underlying architecture, data structures, consensus algorithms, and other aspects of blockchain technology across different sectors, which restrict transactions to occur within a single blockchain. Achieving interoperability between different blockchains is challenging, hindering data exchange and collaborative business to some extent, inevitably leading to the problem of "data silo". Against this backdrop, this study aims to explore a cross-chain solution based on relay technology to address the current challenges of interoperability between blockchain systems. By employing relay-based cross-chain technology, a blockchain cross-chain collaboration platform is established to simulate the construction of a real cross-chain network. By deploying business contracts, data and resources between heterogeneous blockchains can seamlessly communicate, resolving the challenge of cross-chain interoperability. The research findings demonstrate that the blockchain cross-chain solution based on relay technology can effectively enhance interoperability between different blockchain systems, enabling cross-chain asset circulation and information transmission, highlighting the practical applicability and scalability of this study.
Anichur Rahman, Md. Saikat Islam Khan, Antonio Montieri, Md. Jahidul Islam · 9 authors
Abstract The fifth generation (5G) of mobile communications is the most exciting emerging technology for researchers and scientists to get the full benefit of a network system. However, 5G networks confront massive threats and vulnerabilities including protection, privacy, and secrecy. To face these challenges in the increasingly interconnected Internet of Things (IoT) scenario, we aim to leverage state‐of‐the‐art technologies as software defined networking (SDN) in conjunction with network function virtualization (NFV), blockchain, and machine learning (ML). Indeed, these technologies convey a robust and secure setting in the networking platform enabling to manage several criticalities related to security, privacy, flexibility, and performance. In light of these considerations, in this article, we propose the “BlockSD‐5GNet” architecture to efficiently improve the security of a 5G network and to exploit the combined advantages of Blockchain, SDN, NFV, and ML. In the proposed architecture, the SDN helps to manage the network by dividing it into data plane and control plane, while the Blockchain guarantees improved security and confidentiality. Therefore, the “BlockSD‐5GNet” architecture can both secure sensitive data and attain reliable data transfer within and between the 5G network‐infrastructure planes. Additionally, an ML module is integrated into the SDN controller to estimate network bandwidth and assist the administrator in taking effective decisions and satisfying high‐bandwidth demand. We assess the performance of the “BlockSD‐5GNet” architecture via an experimental evaluation performed in a simulation environment, and show the effectiveness of the proposed solution in comparison with baseline schemes. Finally, we also demonstrate the capability of different ML models in bandwidth prediction.
V. Balaji, S. Ambika, S Varshadevi, R. Thalapathi Rajasekaran · 5 authors
Keeping data safe and sound in cloud systems is important. So, new ways need to be found so private information can't get changed or seen without permission by wrong people. This research gives a new blockchain method to make data reliability better in cloud systems. We show how our suggested method is better and more useful than others in keeping data safe. We do this by doing a deep study and comparing with other ways that are currently used. When we look at how many transactions a system can handle, the time it takes for things to happen and its ability to grow bigger without problems, our suggested method does better than other solutions in Comparing Performance. It handles 1000 transactions each second, with a time delay of only 10 milliseconds. It can work well for up to one hundred nodes on the network while still showing it's efficient and able to keep growing bigger over time. The Data Comparison shows that our suggested way is very good at finding out false information, and it can find 98% of this. Besides, it quickly recovers data with a downtime of only 2 hours. This makes it different from old ways by making sure data can't be changed and there are strong checks on who did what. Security Check shows our new plan works well. It stops people spending money twice, stands up against cheating tactics and keeps a strong Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT) at 99.9%. The Proof of Stake agreement is both easy on energy and safe. Security of smart contracts is also talked about, to make them safer.
The conventional real estate registry system exhibits numerous shortcomings, being both costly and time-consuming. Vulnerabilities to fraud, particularly through impersonation of false property ownership, further undermine its effectiveness. This paper proposes a methodology for accurately identifying the legitimate property owner and ensuring secure ownership transfers. Leveraging the immutable characteristics of Blockchain and Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs), this approach addresses the deficiencies of traditional property transfer systems. The automation of processes through smart contracts, powered by the Ethereum Blockchain, streamlines the transfer of property ownership. NFTs, uniquely tied to individuals and resistant to replication, eradicate fraud and eliminate challenges associated with verifying the identity of the authentic property owner. Possession of the NFT signifies true property ownership. The integration of NFTs and blockchain not only enhances transparency and security but also accelerates and fortifies the reliability of the traditional real estate transfer process.
The convergence of blockchain, Metaverse, and non-fungible tokens (NFTs) brings transformative digital opportunities alongside challenges like privacy and resource management. Addressing these, we focus on optimizing user connectivity and resource allocation in an NFT-centric and blockchain-enabled Metaverse in this paper. Through user work-offloading, we optimize data tasks, user connection parameters, and server computing frequency division. In the resource allocation phase, we optimize communication-computation resource distributions, including bandwidth, transmit power, and computing frequency. We introduce the trust-cost ratio (TCR), a pivotal measure combining trust scores from users’ resources and server history with delay and energy costs. This balance ensures sustained user engagement and trust. The DASHF algorithm, central to our approach, encapsulates the Dinkelbach algorithm, alternating optimization, semidefinite relaxation (SDR), the Hungarian method, and a novel fractional programming technique from a recent IEEE JSAC paper [2]. The most challenging part of DASHF is to rewrite an optimization problem as Quadratically Constrained Quadratic Programming (QCQP) via carefully designed transformations, in order to be solved by SDR and the Hungarian algorithm. Extensive simulations validate the DASHF algorithm’s efficacy, revealing critical insights for enhancing blockchain-Metaverse applications, especially with NFTs.
Lawrence Nforh CheSuh, Ramón Ángel Fernández Díaz, Jose Manuel Alija-Perez, Carmen Benavides · 5 authors
The quality of service (QoS) parameters in IoT applications plays a prominent role in determining the performance of an application. Considering the significance and popularity of IoT systems, it can be predicted that the number of users and IoT devices are going to increase exponentially shortly. Therefore, it is extremely important to improve the QoS provided by IoT applications to increase their adaptability. Majority of the IoT systems are characterized by their heterogeneous and diverse nature. It is challenging for these systems to provide high-quality access to all the connecting devices with uninterrupted connectivity. Considering their heterogeneity, it is equally difficult to achieve better QoS parameters. Artificial intelligence-based machine learning (ML) tools are considered a potential tool for improving the QoS parameters in IoT applications. This research proposes a novel approach for enhancing QoS parameters in IoT using ML and Blockchain techniques. The IoT network with Blockchain technology is simulated using an NS2 simulator. Different QoS parameters such as delay, throughput, packet delivery ratio, and packet drop are analyzed. The obtained QoS values are classified using different ML models such as Naive Bayes (NB), Decision Tree (DT), and Ensemble, learning techniques. Results show that the Ensemble classifier achieves the highest classification accuracy of 83.74% compared to NB and DT classifiers.
Paul Michael Custodio, Made Adi Paramartha Putra, Jae‐Min Lee, Dong‐Seong Kim
Transmission lines experience the most faults out of all elements in the smart grid. Identifying the type of fault and where it occurs allow for faster response time and higher reliability for the overall system, however smart grids also experience cyber-physical attacks on data security. This study develops TLFed, a federated learning-based fault location and classification algorithm, utilizing 1-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D-CNN) and long-short term memory (LSTM) for the local client system architecture. With the use of TLFed, the system data are decentralized increasing security. The performance of TLFed is evaluated on accuracy, precision, recall, f1-score, and time-cost and is compared to a centralized set-up. The results of the evaluation show that TLFed's fault location and detection inference have relatively high performance with relatively cheap time-cost. Future works of this research aims for blockchain integration and smart contract deployment.
Amir Meydani, Hossein Shahinzadeh, Ali Ramezani, Majid Moazzami · 6 authors
In recent times, there has been a growing fascination in the blockchain technology (BC), leading to the development of many applications leveraging its attributes such as decentralization, transparency, fault tolerance, and robust security. In the domain of smart grids (SGs), numerous suggestions have arisen regarding the incorporation of BC to enhance various aspects such as intelligent energy management, energy trading, security and privacy preservation, microgrid (MG) administration, and eletric vehicles (EVs). This article conducts a comprehensive analysis of more than seventy scholarly works, projects, and testbeds to investigate seven key fields in the electrical industry where BC could potentially yield substantial benefits. Finally, an analysis of the technical obstacles associated with this technology will be conducted, followed by an exploration of the potential areas for future research.
Fahad F. Alruwaili, Manal Abdullah Alohali, Nouf Aljaffan, Asma A. Alhashmi · 6 authors
The fast development of smart home devices and the Internet of Things (IoTs) presents unprecedented accessibility into our day-to-day lives; however, it has also increased major problems regarding security and privacy. A smart home network is a vital element of modern home automation systems, enabling the interconnectivity and control of different smart devices. These networks allow homeowners to remotely control lighting, security, temperature, and entertainment systems via voice commands or smartphones. These offer energy efficiency, convenience, and improved security by permitting residents to monitor and modify their living surroundings. Safeguarding the flexibility of smart home networks against cyberattacks and unauthorized access is important to comprehending the maximum ability of smart living while retaining data integrity and privacy of connected devices. This research develops the Blockchain with Red-Tailed Hawk Algorithm-Enabled Deep Learning (BC-RTHADL) model, aimed to strengthen the safety of smart home systems. BC-RTHADL integrates the safety features of blockchain with a strong malicious action recognition procedure. The blockchain module certifies immutability, transparency, and decentralization, donating to a safe smart home atmosphere. The malicious action detection influences the Red-Tailed Hawk Algorithm for feature selection and an ensemble of Extreme Learning Machine (ELM), Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU), and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) techniques for precise recognition. The Equilibrium Optimizer algorithm enhances parameters for improved effectiveness. Complete tests show the greater performance of BC-RTHADL across numerous metrics, reaffirming its promising potential in safeguarding smart home networks.
With the development of blockchain technology and the economy, the demand for data interaction and application collaboration between blockchains is increasing. Due to the differences in the data structure, interface protocols, consensus mechanisms, and even business models, new "chain silos" have been formed among blockchain applications, which limit the interoperability of asset exchange and business collaboration among blockchains. Based on the full analysis of blockchain technology characteristics and blockchain Internet development needs, this paper designs a blockchain cross-chain system based on the unified NFT identity identification technology, address tracking technology, and seamless interconnection of mobile security cross-chain technology, based on the "NFT + Cross-chain bridge". Based on the service mode, verification mode, and security of Bridges, six model timeliness, smart contract robustness, and convergence radius were selected from 44 cross-chain Bridges for experimental verification. Finally, it is concluded that the overall performance of the blockchain cross-chain system based on "NFT + Cross-chain bridge" is far more universal and better security than the performance of ordinary Bridges.
In the field of vehicular communication, the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) serves as a new era that guarantees increased connectivity, efficiency, and safety. The modern area and new technology have their challenges and constraints, though. This paper thoroughly examines these constraints significantly; we show how blockchain technology is being used to overcome them. This paper primarily explores the complexities of Blockchain-enabled Internet of Vehicles (BIoV) architectures, the applications they serve, and the robust security features they provide through a systematic literature review (SLR). In addition, we look at the several ways that blockchain and IoV might be integrated and investigate the subtle factors that should be considered when choosing consensus algorithms to maximize performance on different blockchains. This paper also addresses the methods and tools used to identify and avoid fraudulent activities in BIoV networks at a maximum level of security. It also reveals the wide range of BIoV applications and analyzes the different security levels they provide. In closing, we give an idea of the possibilities that will continue to develop the blockchain and IoV environment, reducing the roadblocks and advancing this combination toward a more secure, effective, and connected future for vehicle communication systems.