Hengjie Song, Yangkai Wang, Han Yu, Le Ma · 5 authors
Smart contracts are crucial for managing sensitive financial transactions. However, these contracts are inherently vulnerable which can cause significant security risks. Traditional methods for detecting smart contract vulnerabilities depend on expert-defined rules, which are often complicated and limited by human experts' individual experience. In contrast, deep learning-based approaches automatically extract intricate feature representations, greatly improving detection efficiency and accuracy. Nevertheless, these approaches rely on access to large amounts of high-quality labeled data. They are less effective when facing new types of vulnerabilities where labeled data are scarce. To this end, we propose the Semi-supervised Tuning (SST) approach for smart contract vulnerability detection. It first leverages a source model trained on labeled source data to extract features for new vulnerabilities. Subsequently, it performs semi-supervised learning to explore the feature structure of unlabeled data. In particular, SST groups contract code features and constructs a shared feature queue containing labeled and unlabeled contracts to explore the complete feature structure and guide model training. Extensive experimental evaluations based on two real-world datasets containing eleven smart contract vulnerabilities demonstrate that SST is significantly more advantageous compared to eight state-of-the-art baseline methods, outperforming them by 24.12% in terms of F1 scores.
This paper presents the completed Y.I.N. Mazari Architecture in its final 20-layer form, addressing two compounding failures in AI governance: the verification paradox where organizations cannot prove compliance without trusting their own infrastructure, and the platform determinism gap where AI inference produces different results across hardware architectures. The architecture integrates five physics foundation layers establishing energy-anchored provenance through Landauer limit accounting, domain routing, measurement precision, blockchain anchoring, and deterministic parity verification using Residue Number System arithmetic. Core governance layers enforce constitutional constraints through cryptographic authorization, differential privacy, and multi-party verification. Advanced layers provide zero-knowledge proofs, immutable audit trails, automated regulatory reporting, quantum resistance, and meta-governance oversight. Layer 0E, the Deterministic Parity Engine introduced in this final architecture, achieves bit-exact cross-platform computational reproducibility, enabling independent verification of AI operations by any party on any hardware. Combined with Layer 14, SENTINEL independent verification, the architecture produces governance evidence that no party can forge, no party can suppress, and any party can reproduce independently on arbitrary hardware. The complete 20-layer stack addresses GDPR Article 5, DORA Article 28, EU AI Act Article 50, HIPAA Security Rule, and provides 30-year quantum-resistant durability through NIST FIPS 203 post-quantum cryptography. Patent portfolio: 27 USPTO applications covering the architecture, priority November 23, 2025. The name Y.I.N. honors Yanis, Ilyan, and Neylia Mazari, representing the principle: Your Information Never leaves your control.
The next-generation e-health systems, which include electronic health records (EHRs), telemedicine platforms, and Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) environments, need a strong access control system that protects sensitive medical data while maintaining user privacy. The conventional access control systems face security risks because of credential theft, spoofing attacks, and their reliance on centralized trust, and their inability to scale. Blockchain-enabled multimodal biometric authentication provides a secure and decentralized solution for access control in e-health systems, according to current technological advancements. This paper provides an extensive assessment of blockchain-based multimodal biometric authentication systems, which deliver privacy-protecting access control solutions for future e-health systems. The review further examines central techniques for protecting biometric templates, zero-knowledge proofs, homomorphic encryption, and secure off-chain storage systems. The research assessed existing methods by comparing efficiency for access control, ability to protect user data, capacity to handle growing user needs, ability to work with other systems, and compliance with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) regulations. The research identifies open challenges that need resolution, which include biometric data revocability, latency constraints, cross-platform interoperability, and limited real-world deployments. The study presents upcoming research paths that will investigate lightweight blockchain systems, post-quantum cryptography, cross-chain medical identity management, and adaptive access control systems in extensive e-health environments. The review demonstrates that blockchain-based multimodal biometric authentication serves as a suitable foundation that enables secure access control through decentralized systems that protect user privacy in upcoming e-health technologies.
This research is motivated by the rapid development of blockchain technology and the increasing use of smart contracts in modern business transactions in Indonesia, while the national legal framework does not yet provide regulations that comprehensively regulate the validity, automatic execution mechanism, and legal accountability of smart contracts. The absence of clear technical rules raises various problems, especially related to the suitability of smart contracts with the legal terms of the agreement in the Civil Code, ranging from the aspects of the agreement, the competence of the parties, certain objects, and halal causa. To answer these questions. This study uses a normative juridical method with legislative and conceptual approaches. Various regulations, including the Civil Code, ITE Law, PP 71/2019, and POJK 77/2016, as well as provisions governing electronic systems and transactions, were analyzed to assess the extent to which smart contracts can be recognized in the Indonesian legal system. The results show that although smart contracts can be positioned as legitimate agreements based on the principle of freedom of contract and the open nature of Indonesian contract law, there are still significant regulatory loopholes that have the potential to create legal uncertainty. The main challenges include the validity of digital agreements, verification of the skills of parties who are only identified through public addresses, potential errors in oracles as an external data source, and potential misuse of technology due to blockchain anonymity, which makes it difficult to prove causa that is halal. In addition, the lack of technical standards regarding code audits, automatic dispute resolution mechanisms, and accountability flows in the event of a bug in smart contracts adds to the legal vulnerability of the parties to the transaction. Thus, this study emphasizes the need to develop special regulations or integrated technical guidelines that can ensure legal certainty, protect parties, and support the safe and sustainable use of smart contracts in Indonesia's digital economy ecosystem.
Abstract We propose federated quantum randomness with client-side sanity (FQR-CSS), a federated architecture that supplies continuously verifiable quantum entropy to cloud hardware security modules (HSMs) and key management services (KMS). In FQR-CSS, each quantum random number generator (QRNG) node emits a randomness contribution along with a post-quantum zero-knowledge proof (ZKP) attesting to device-level operational predicates. An aggregation layer verifies these proofs, runs Byzantine fault tolerance (BFT) consensus (instantiated via HotStuff) over accepted contributions, and publishes a mixed output with an integrity token. We introduce the security notion of verifiable quantum randomness (VQR), comprising unpredictability, quantum-origin guarantee, and federated integrity. We prove VQR under concrete post-quantum cryptographic assumptions. Our proofs utilize Track-A constructions (ZKPs over classical measurement logs), which are fully implementable today. We further outline a theoretical roadmap for Track-B (direct quantum state verification) to guide future research directions. Our empirical evaluation of a post-quantum zk-STARK (Track-A) demonstrates prover latencies of approximately 26 ms for synthetic statistical predicates (K=1024), with sub-millisecond verification times, proof approximately 2.6 KB, and an estimated end-to-end WAN+HotStuff latency approximately 396 ms in our conservative model.
Open access
Cryptography and Data Security
Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security
This paper explores the intersection of blockchain technology, cryptocurrencies, and the Metaverse, offering a strategic assessment of their impact on global economic governance within a geopolitical context marked by fragmentation and uncertainty. Grounded in a critical review of the academic literature (2016–2024), the research investigates how decentralized digital infrastructures challenge traditional paradigms of institutional control, monetary sovereignty, and financial regulation. By analyzing key technological mechanisms—distributed ledger technologies (DLTs), smart contracts, non-fungible tokens (NFTs), and decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs)—the paper proposes an integrated "risks–opportunities" framework, relevant to innovation, regulation, and strategic governance. Identified risks include regulatory asymmetries, technical vulnerabilities, and the concentration of power within systems that claim to be decentralized. At the same time, new opportunities emerge through participatory governance models, cross-border financial inclusion, and the possibility of reimagining global economic coordination beyond traditional intermediaries. The paper argues that the convergence of blockchain-based technologies within immersive environments such as the Metaverse can serve both as a catalyst for systemic transformation and as an experimental space for designing future economic architectures—decentralized, programmable, and globally interconnected. In conclusion, it advocates for the recalibration of management and governance models to respond to emerging digital realities, in a balanced approach that integrates openness, innovation, resilience, and institutional accountability.
Fanidio Muhammad Ariq Sugiarto, Nur Chanifah, Siti Rohmah
The rapid development of blockchain technology has introduced smart contracts as automated digital agreements widely used in the Decentralized Finance (DeFi) ecosystem. These contracts operate without intermediaries and execute transactions based on algorithmic conditions, creating new legal and sharia implications. This study aims to analyze the validity of smart contracts as akad (contracts) within the framework of fiqh muamalah and to formulate regulatory needs based on maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah and positive law. This research uses normative juridical methods with statutory, conceptual, and sharia approaches by examining legal doctrines, regulations, and Islamic jurisprudence principles. The results show that smart contracts can qualify as valid akad if pillars and conditions of contract are fulfilled, including parties, consent, object, and lawful purpose, although digital consent and automated execution require interpretative expansion. From the maqāṣid perspective, smart contracts potentially support protection of wealth (ḥifẓ al-māl), transparency, and efficiency, but also pose gharar and risk if coding errors and regulatory gaps exist. Therefore, integrative regulation and sharia compliance standards are necessary to ensure legal certainty and maslahah in DeFi transactions.
탈중앙화 금융(DeFi)·탈중앙화 자율조직(DAO)의 확산으로 책임 주체를 식별 가능한 조직이 전제인 전통적 규제체계에 발생하는 규제 공백에 대응하여 미국 연방지방법원은 DAO의 단체법적 지위와 책임 구조에 대한 법리를 제시하고 있다. 상품선물거래위원회(CFTC) v. Ooki DAO 사건에서 CFTC는 DAO를 캘리포니아 회사법의 비법인사단(unincorporated association)·상품거래법의 인격체(person)로 특정하여 소송 능력을 주장하였고, 캘리포니아 북부지방법원은 대체 송달·소송 능력을 인정하여 금지명령(injunctions) 등을 부과하였다. Sarcuni v. bZx DAO 사건에서 원고는 해킹으로 인한 이용자의 재산 손실 관련 DAO의 거버넌스·거래지원 추진·마케팅·수익 활동에 적극 관여한 설립자·개발자·벤처 캐피탈(VC)(‘핵심 이용자’) 등에 과실(negligence)을 원인으로 손해배상을 청구하였다. 캘리포니아 남부지방법원은 핵심 이용자 일부에 캘리포니아 회사법의 일반조합(general partnership) 성립과 조합원(partner) 지위의 개연성을 인정하여 조합원 공동·연대책임(joint and several liability)을 전제로 책임 구조를 검토하였다. Samuels v. Lido DAO 사건·Houghton v. Leshner 사건에서 캘리포니아 북부지방법원은 핵심 이용자 등에 증권법 §12(a)(1) 법정 판매자(statutory seller) 성립과 조합원 공동·연대책임의 개연성을 시사하였다. 이는 규제 공백을 해소하는 장점이 존재하지만, 조합원 범위의 모호성과 공동·연대책임이 생태계 위축을 초래할 위험성도 우려된다.<br/> 우리나라도 DAO의 단체법적 지위와 책임 구조를 시급하게 논의하여야 한다. ① 공동 목적·규칙·거버넌스·트레저리·지배 구조 기반 단체 DAO에 조합·비법인사단·회사 등 전통적 단체법을 적용하여 단체법적 지위와 책임 구조를 판단하여야 한다. ② DAO 토큰은 순수 유틸리티형 토큰·거버넌스 토큰·지분형 토큰 등 권리 구조와 실질적 지배·통제 권한에 근거하여 가상자산사업자 규율을 적용할 필요가 있다. ③ 중장기적으로 DAO 특례 입법을 통해 등록 DAO에 구성원 유한책임을 인정하고, 미등록 DAO에 불리한 추론을 적용하며, 법무법인·회계법인·VC·가상자산거래소 등 게이트키퍼 책임 모델을 설계하여 이용자 보호를 도모하여야 한다. ④ 발행인·판매자·서비스 제공자를 실질적 영향력과 이익 귀속을 기준으로 특정하고, 핵심 이용자 등을 책임 주체로 식별하며, 토큰 소량 보유자·수동적 이용자는 면책하는 등 책임 범위의 정교화가 요구된다.
SARMF (Smart Contract Automated Remediation and Mitigation Framework) is a structured and reproducible security engineering pipeline designed for vulnerability detection, taxonomy alignment, automated remediation, and adversarial validation of Ethereum-compatible smart contracts. This operational protocol presents a structured workflow for smart contract vulnerability detection and automated mitigation within blockchain-based systems. The methodology integrates deterministic environment setup, multi-tool static analysis, vulnerability normalization using standardized taxonomies, rule-based automated patch generation, and dynamic adversarial validation. By combining static detection tools with controlled refactoring patterns and behavioral verification, the framework ensures reproducibility, traceability, and measurable performance impact assessment. The protocol concludes with comprehensive audit reporting and archival procedures to support transparency and independent verification. This workflow provides a systematic foundation for secure smart contract lifecycle management in decentralized applications. Unlike traditional audit checklists, this framework operationalizes vulnerability detection, taxonomy alignment, automated remediation generation, and validation feedback loops into a unified reproducible security engineering pipeline. Key Contributions of SARMF: Deterministic environment and compilation reproducibility model. Unified multi-tool vulnerability normalization aligned with SWC taxonomy. Rule-based automated mitigation generation preserving semantic integrity. Iterative validation loop combining static, adversarial, and fuzz testing. Structured audit archival enabling independent verification and traceability.
Sustainable finance models are most often built for contexts characterized by institutional stability, effective governance, and functioning capital markets. In fragile states, such conditions are often absent. This paper revisits sustainable finance through the case of Lebanon, where the post-2019 financial collapse rendered conventional instruments, such as ESG frameworks, green bonds, and sustainability-linked loans, difficult to implement and contextually irrelevant. Drawing on literature regarding sustainable finance, degrowth and post-growth economics, and the political economy of fragility, the paper proposes a conceptual framework for Agile Sustainable Finance: a model that explains how financial practices oriented towards sustainability can persist despite institutional collapse with agility operating as the mediating capability. The model positions agility as the central capability enabling households, firms, and communities to reorganize financial life amid institutional erosion, liquidity shortages, and involuntary degrowth. It highlights how informal credit systems, remittances, community financing, and decentralized energy solutions become essential tools for resilience and ecological sufficiency in collapsed economies. By reframing finance as a mechanism for survival, redistribution, and basic sustainability rather than growth, this conceptual study offers a theoretical model that bridges domains that rarely intersect: sustainable finance and fragile-state dynamics.
First-generation Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs) rely predominantly on "Coin-Voting" schemes (1 Token = 1 Vote). While permissionless, this model inevitably degrades into plutocracy, where capital centralization allows a minority of "Whales" to capture protocol utility. Furthermore, the liquidity of voting tokens exposes governance to "Flash Loan Attacks" and short-term rent-seeking. This paper introduces a novel governance primitive: Time-Decayed Stake-Weighted (TDSW) Voting. We propose a dual-class structure that weighs voting power not merely by capital magnitude, but by Capital Lock-Duration (Time) and Epistemic History (Merit). By introducing "Reputation Entropy"—where governance power decays automatically if not exercised - we solve the "Zombie Stake" problem and ensure that control remains with active, long-term contributors rather than passive capital aggregators. Author's Note: This paper is a foundational pillar of the Klyrox Protocol architecture, expanding upon the core framework published in The Klyrox Protocol: A Decentralized Framework for Optimistic Content Verification and Epistemic Reputation (available at: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18729968). It outlines the specific mechanics underpinning the concept of "Epistemic Capital," as explored in the complete five-volume series, The Algorithmic Monographs (The Algorithmic Invisible Hand, The Republic of Code, The Market for Truth, The Heavy Metal Intelligence, and The Synthetic C-Suite).
The article explores one of the main trends in modern financial transformation, namely the impact of decentralized finance (DeFi) on the banking sector. The author goes beyond conventional discussions about banks’ responses to DeFi and proposes a different vision for their role and function in the digital economy and Web 3.0. The aim of the study is to identify and analyze changes brought about by the rise of DeFi, as well as to propose possible strategies for banks to adopt in light of technological advancements. Unlike traditional approaches that focus on the conflict between banks and DeFi platforms, this work emphasizes the analysis of future models of financial intermediation. Concepts such as «5.0 banks», «metabanks», and autonomous digital ecosystems are explored, where banking functions are implemented in a more programmable manner. The research methods include a comparative analysis of the structural and functional differences between the traditional banking system and decentralized finance (DeFi), an analytical review of recent scientific publications, and an assessment of potential future developments for banks in the face of decentralized technology. Based on this research, we found that banks remain an important part of the financial system, despite increasing pressure from decentralized finance. However, banks must adapt to technological change in order to maintain their relevance. We identified three possible paths for the future of banking: the integration of DeFi features into existing banking products, the creation of hybrid models that combine DeFi and traditional banking, and the transition to fully autonomous algorithmic systems powered by smart contracts and artificial intelligence. While all three scenarios are possible, we believe that the hybrid model that combines DeFi innovation with customer protection and regulation is the most likely to succeed in the long term. The novelty of this work lies in its conceptual approach to how banks can adapt to decentralized technologies and forecast their future evolution within the context of Web3. Its practical significance lies in the potential for using these findings to develop digital transformation strategies for banks.
The "Identity Trilemma" posits that a decentralized network can enforce only two of the following three properties: Privacy (Anonymity), Accountability (Sybil Resistance), and Permissionlessness (No Central Gatekeeper). Traditional Web2 platforms resolve this by sacrificing Privacy (enforcing Real-Name Policies), while early Web3 platforms sacrificed Accountability, resulting in "Sybil Swarms" where single actors control thousands of wallets. This paper introduces the Klyrox solution to the trilemma: Pseudonymous Accountability. By utilizing Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs) and non-linear Time-Energy Cost Functions, the Klyrox Protocol enables users to mathematically prove they are unique, high-integrity actors without ever revealing their physical identity, biometric data, or government credentials. We define a new standard for "Proof of Personhood" based not on biology, but on consistent historical behavior recorded in a Soulbound Token (ERC-721M). Author's Note: This paper is a foundational pillar of the Klyrox Protocol architecture, expanding upon the core framework published in The Klyrox Protocol: A Decentralized Framework for Optimistic Content Verification and Epistemic Reputation (available at: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18729968). It outlines the specific mechanics underpinning the concept of "Epistemic Capital," as explored in the complete five-volume series, The Algorithmic Monographs (The Algorithmic Invisible Hand, The Republic of Code, The Market for Truth, The Heavy Metal Intelligence, and The Synthetic C-Suite).
Тази докторска дисертация изследва трансформиращото въздействие на концепциите и технологиите на Web3 върху теорията и практиката на цифровата криминалистика. С нарастващото внедряване на децентрализирани архитектури в съвременните информационни системи, традиционните криминалистични модели разработени основно за централизирани среди се сблъскват със значителни технически, процедурни и правни предизвикателства. Изследването представя систематичен анализ на ключови компоненти на Web3, включително блокчейн инфраструктури, смарт договори, децентрализирани идентичности, механизми за токенизация и децентрализирани автономни организации (DAO), като оценява тяхното въздействие върху идентифицирането, събирането, съхраняването, анализа и представянето на доказателства. Изследването предлага концептуална криминалистична рамка, адаптирана към Web3 екосистемите, която разглежда критични въпроси като неизменяемостта на данните, псевдонимността, предизвикателствата при атрибуцията, трансграничната юрисдикционна сложност и разпределения контрол върху доказателствените данни. Особено внимание се отделя на доказателствената стойност и допустимостта на блокчейн-базираните доказателства, както и на променящата се роля на криминалистичните изследователи в среди, в които моделите на собственост върху данните, управление и доверие са фундаментално трансформирани.
In blockchain applications, transaction confirmation is often treated as usability friction to be minimized or removed. However, confirmation also marks the boundary between deliberation and irreversible commitment, suggesting it may play a functional role in human decision-making. To investigate this tension, we conducted an experiment using a blockchain-based Connect Four game with two interaction modes differing only in authorization flow: manual wallet confirmation (Confirmation Mode) versus auto-authorized delegation (Frictionless Mode). Although participants preferred Frictionless Mode and perceived better performance (N=109), objective performance was worse without confirmation in a counterbalanced deployment (Wave 2: win rate -11.8%, p=0.044; move quality -0.051, p=0.022). Analysis of canceled submissions suggests confirmation can enable pre-submission self-correction (N=66, p=0.005). These findings suggest that transaction confirmation can function as a cognitively meaningful checkpoint rather than mere usability friction, highlighting a trade-off between interaction smoothness and decision quality in irreversible blockchain interactions.
This paper investigates systemic risk transmission across stablecoin markets using Quantile Vector Autoregression (QVAR). Analyzing eight major stablecoins with day data coverage from 2021 to 2025, supplemented by minute-level event studies on three additional coins experiencing major depegs until 2025, we document three findings. First, stabilization mechanism dictates tail-risk behavior: fiat-backed stablecoins function as "stability anchors" with near-zero net spillovers across quantiles, while algorithmic and crypto-collateralized designs become risk amplifiers specifically under extreme market conditions. Second, the theoretical risk isolation between fiat and crypto markets breaks down during stress: direct volatility channels emerge between the US Dollar Index and Bitcoin that bypass stablecoin intermediation. Third, Forbes-Rigobon contagion tests across four depeg events show heterogeneous transmission: after adjusting for volatility, algorithmic stablecoins exhibit significant residual contagion while fiat-backed coins show flight-to-quality effects. These findings imply that uniform stablecoin regulation is inappropriate; regulatory capital buffers for extreme losses should be 2--3x higher for non-fiat-backed stablecoins than median-based measures indicate.
Crypto currency has emerged as a transformative innovation in the global financial ecosystem, offering decentralized, borderless, and technology-driven alternatives to traditional monetary systems. Built on block chain technology, crypto currencies provide opportunities such as faster cross-border transactions, reduced transaction costs, enhanced financial inclusion, and new investment avenues. They also promote transparency and security through distributed ledger systems. However, alongside these benefits, crypto currencies pose significant regulatory and legal challenges. Issues such as price volatility, lack of investor protection, cyber security risks, money laundering, tax evasion, and the absence of a unified global regulatory framework create uncertainty for governments and financial institutions. Policymakers across countries face difficulties in balancing innovation with financial stability and consumer protection. This study explores both the opportunities presented by crypto currency adoption and the major regulatory challenges that hinder its integration into the mainstream financial system. The paper highlights the need for coordinated international regulations, technological safeguards, and policy measures to ensure sustainable and secure growth of the crypto currency market
Shashikumar Bhambhani Shailak Jani, ,Anju Gakhar, Purvi Dipen Derashri, Hiren Harsora Younis Malik
Blockchain and smart contracts are bringing a technological transformation to banking and financial service industry. This scholarly article evaluates the revolutionary nature of smart contracts in reinventing the concepts of trust, efficiency, and automation in transactions of diverse financial sectors. By using a qualitative and explorative methodology that uses secondary resources, the research integrates the know-how of academic publications, white papers, policy-related pieces, and case studies published since the year 2020. The results show that smart contracts are increasingly being used in trade finance, cross border payment, insurance claim settlement, credit release as well as compliance with regulations. Such applications have resulted in cost efficiency, transparency, auditability, and speed of operation being strengthened tremendously. Nevertheless, the paper also reveals some of the existing problems such as the lack of legal clarity, weaknesses in the coding of contracts, scalability of the blockchain technology used, regulatory compliance, and privacy. In practice, being used by institutions like JPMorgan and Santander and in DeFi platforms like Aave and Compound, smart contracts are increasingly becoming institutionally friendly. Also, legal and compliance agencies in different jurisdictions, such as European Union, India and United States, are developing infantile legal regimes that plan to control such innovations. This paper provides the conclusion that smart contracts have a potential to become the backbone of an automated, decentralized, and trusted financial world. To achieve successful integration, there must be a coordination between regulators, technologists, the financial institutions, and policymakers. The paper adds value to the academic discussion by offering a clear, detailed, practice-oriented view on the topic of how smart contract is changing future of banking and finance.
The rapid growth of digital technologies has encouraged organizations to adopt management systems that prioritize transparency, security, and efficiency. Blockchain has emerged as a transformative innovation capable of reshaping conventional management processes through its decentralized and tamper-resistant architecture. This study analyzes the implementation of blockchain in enhancing transparency and security within management systems. A literature review approach was used to examine recent scholarly publications related to blockchain applications across various organizational settings. The findings indicate that blockchain significantly improves data integrity, prevents fraud, and strengthens accountability through distributed ledgers, cryptographic mechanisms, and smart contracts. However, challenges such as scalability limitations, infrastructure readiness, regulatory uncertainties, and limited technical literacy remain major obstacles. This study concludes that blockchain presents substantial benefits, but its effective implementation requires a comprehensive and strategic approach to ensure organizational readiness and long-term sustainability.
We construct a family of self-adjoint operators T_{k,δ,ε} on a Hilbert space of functions defined on the set of prime numbers. We prove that the discrete spectrum of these operators, after taking appropriate limits (δ→0, ε→0) and averaging over the phase parameter k, coincides with the imaginary parts of the nontrivial zeros of the Riemann zeta function ζ(s). By self-adjointness, the spectrum is real, which implies that all nontrivial zeros lie on the critical line ℜ(s)=1/2. This is version 3.0, which includes substantial improvements over previous versions: • Added Lemma 3 (Poisson summation application) with complete proof. • Expanded Theorem 4 (Limit δ→0) with step-by-step rigorous justification. • Added Theorem 7 (Guth–Maynard control) showing that ∑|β−1/2|² e^{-ε|γ|} → 0. • Added Lemma 8 proving continuity of R(z,ε) and convergence to an entire function R(z). • Added numerical verification table comparing first 10 eigenvalues with Odlyzko's zeros (relative errors ∼10⁻⁵). • All previous typos and formatting errors have been corrected. The construction uses only elementary properties of prime numbers, classical functional analysis, and recent zero-density estimates (Guth–Maynard 2024). No a priori knowledge of the zeros is assumed. The complete numerical data, including all computed eigenvalues for N up to 10⁵ primes, and Python code implementing the matrix construction, are available from the author upon request and will be made publicly available upon acceptance of this work.
Brandon Dulisse, Chivon H. Fitch, Nathan T. Connealy
Cryptocurrency fraud represents one of the fastest-growing financial crimes worldwide, yet the psychological mechanisms that enable these scams remain understudied. Drawing on 282 verified victim narratives from California and Wisconsin state crypto scam trackers (2023–2024), this study systematically coded the use of seven psychological tactics (PTacs) and seven psychological techniques (PTechs) previously validated in cyber social engineering research. Fraudulent trading platforms (51.5%) and pig-butchering schemes (33.7%) dominated the sample. Across all cases, scammers relied overwhelmingly on impersonation and persuasion techniques paired with fit-and-form and familiarity tactics. On average, 1.77 tactics and 1.86 techniques were deployed per incident; higher psychological complexity (4–6 combined elements) was significantly associated with greater financial losses in fraudulent trading platform scams ($135,346 vs. $63,034, p =.029). These findings demonstrate that cryptocurrency fraud resembles more of a repeatable, psychologically-engineered “playbook” rather than random opportunism by unorganized actors. By revealing consistent patterns of manipulation that scale harm, our study provides an evidence-based roadmap for prevention: psychologically informed user education, platform-level disruption of scripted interaction sequences, standardized narrative reporting in complaint systems, and proactive regulatory alerts keyed to emerging PTac/PTech signatures. Implementing these targeted interventions can materially reduce both victimization rates and aggregate financial losses in digital asset markets.
Katta Sri Lakshmi Madhavi, Chandan Kumar Shah Kanu, Mallidi Rajasekhar Reddy, Kosuri Gnana Sathvik · 5 authors
Management of blood supplies is a very important part of healthcare infrastructure, and the old system is highly dependent on central databases, which cannot be traced, are not transparent, and cannot resist tampering of data. Such restrictions may cause poor coordination, slow emergency response and manipulation of sensitive medical records. To overcome these issues, this paper offers a proposal of distributed ledger architecture to manage blood supply transparently and its tamper-proof. The system that is suggested will exploit blockchain technology and smart contracts to document blood donation, inventory updates, compatibility checks, and allocation transactions in an unalterable and decentralized fashion. To guarantee modularity and scalability, the architecture is designed into layers of components including user interaction, application logic, and blockchain ledger. Smart contracts automate the most important processes like donor validation and blood group matching and minimize human error and administration delays. To achieve privacy and efficiency of the used system, sensitive medical information is stored off-chain, and on-chain cryptographic hash references are used to maintain integrity and auditability. The distributed ledger removes single points of failure and gives a verifiable transaction history available to authoritative stakeholders. This architecture creates a safe, open and resilient architecture that has the potential to enhance trust, coordination and accountability in blood supply networks.