Blockchain Papers

Gaurav Arora

The growth of digital assets such as cryptocurrencies, non-fungible tokens (NFTs), stablecoins, and decentralized finance (DeFi) has changed the global financial system. These assets operate on blockchain technology and allow users to transfer value without traditional intermediaries such as banks. While this innovation has created new economic opportunities, it has also created challenges for existing tax laws. Traditional tax systems were designed for physical assets and transactions that occur within clear geographical boundaries. However, digital assets are decentralized, borderless, and often pseudonymous, which makes it difficult for governments to classify, track, and tax them effectively. This paper studies how different countries tax digital assets through a comparative legal analysis of six jurisdictions: the United States, the United Kingdom, the European Union, India, Japan, and Singapore. It examines how each jurisdiction classifies digital assets and how taxes such as income tax, capital gains tax, and indirect taxes are applied to digital asset transactions. The analysis shows that countries follow different approaches. Some countries treat cryptocurrencies as property and apply capital gains tax, while others focus on the economic use of the asset. India has introduced a strict tax regime with a flat tax rate and transaction-level withholding requirements. The study identifies key issues in the current global system, including inconsistent classification of digital assets, difficulties in valuation and record-keeping, regulatory arbitrage, and enforcement challenges. To address these issues, the paper suggests the need for international cooperation, clearer legal definitions, and technology-neutral tax policies. A coordinated global framework can improve compliance while supporting innovation in the digital economy. Keywords: 1. Digital Assets 2. Crypto-Currency Taxation 3. Blockchain Regulation 4.Comparative-Tax Law 5. Global Tax Policy

Rehana Anjum, Arun Barkat, Asif Ali Jatoi

Over the past decade, the explosion of digital assets, including cryptocurrencies, non-fungible tokens (NFTs), and cloud-based accounts, has introduced complex legal questions that conventional inheritance regimes struggle to address. In Muslim‐majority jurisdictions and among Muslim communities worldwide, these questions intersect with the requirements of Islamic personal law, particularly the farā’iḍ (obligatory heirs’ shares) and waṣiyya (testamentary bequests). This study undertakes original empirical and doctrinal research to chart a path toward a unified fiqh‑grounded framework for digital asset succession. By combining doctrinal analysis of classical juristic sources, contemporary fatwas, and statutory developments with semi‑structured interviews among scholars, estate planners, and digital asset owners across Malaysia, Indonesia, Pakistan, and the United Kingdom, the research shows that digital assets are increasingly recognized as mal mutaqawwim (valuable property) but lack standardized protocols for identification, valuation, and transfer. The study reveals that differences in platform terms of service and cross‑border jurisdiction complicate heirs’ access to private keys and cloud accounts, exacerbating existing gender and socio‑economic disparities. It proposes a model of “custodial key trusts” and e‑wills that integrate digital asset inventories with farā’iḍ distributions, allowing compliance with both shariah and civil laws. The paper argues that without coordinated legal reforms and educational initiatives, vast wealth stored in digital forms risks being lost or misappropriated, undermining the objectives of ḥifẓ al‑māl (preservation of wealth) and social justice.

Maksym Alekseevich Kovalevych

This comprehensive 500-page architectural specification details the complete deployment framework for the CATECHON Hardware Inhibitor and its associated global ecosystem. The document establishes the definitive standard for sub-nanosecond deterministic control systems and is divided into three primary operational domains: 1. Physical Integration & Hardware Protocol (The "BOX"): Exact engineering specifications for the Active Plasma Stability Controller (FPGA-Based). Includes >100 MSPS ADC interfaces, full galvanic isolation, and sub-nanosecond deterministic mitigation of Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) instabilities (e.g., VDEs) utilizing the K_0 metric engineering approach. This section defines the physical bridge between theoretical metrics and hardware-level Zero Trust execution. 2. Theoretical Foundations & AI Containment: Extension of the hardware-level inhibition architecture to cognitive trajectories, autonomous AI containment, and quantum entropy management (including the Cybernetic Zeno Effect and ChronoSphere modeling). 3. Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO) & Governance: The foundational legal, financial, and operational infrastructure required for the deployment of CATECHON technology. This section outlines the smart contract architecture, token annihilation mechanics, the Balance DevHub framework, and the non-negotiable architectural veto rights designed to ensure absolute system safety and integrity. RESTRICTION NOTICE: This archive contains proprietary hardware calibration offsets, integration keys, and closed governance protocols. Public access is strictly restricted.

P. Gayathri Reddy

The increasing incidents of forged academic certificates and the inefficiencies of traditional verification systems highlight the urgent need for a secure, transparent, and reliable credential management mechanism. Conventional systems are largely centralised, time-consuming, and prone to manipulation, resulting in high administrative overhead and verification delays. We prepared an AI-Based Decentralized Academic Credential Verification System that leverages blockchain technology, smart contracts, and artificial intelligence to provide a tamper-proof platform for issuing, storing, and validating academic records. Artificial Intelligence is integrated to perform anomaly detection during certificate issuance and AI-based facial authentication for students, enhancing security and preventing fraudulent entries before blockchain storage. Students gain permanent, secure access to their verified credentials, while verifiers, such as employers, can instantly authenticate certificates using blockchain records or QR code scanning, eliminating the need for intermediaries. By integrating Ethereum, Solidity, Web3.js, IPFS, React.js, and AI models, the proposed system delivers a decentralized, scalable, and cost-effective solution that enhances trust, reduces verification time, and effectively combats academic credential fraud.

Ilyes Tarik MAZARI

Technical implementation of NY Senate Bill S.7263 compliance architecture providing cryptographic enforcement of professional licensure requirements in AI chatbot systems. Presents five-layer architecture (Decision Rights Registry, Organizational Trust Graph, Accountability Ledger, Institutional Safety Net, Governance Version Control) with thirty enumerated workarounds including deepfake-based authorization simulation, Web3/DAO evasion, quantum computing threats, side-channel attacks, and legal evolution strategies. Establishes comprehensive prior art for defensive patent protection. Filed February 25, 2026, seven days before S.7263 advanced to Third Reading.

Sky Pelletier Waterpeace, Nikolay Ivanov

Transaction processing systems underpin modern commerce, finance, and critical infrastructure, yet their security has never been studied across the full evolutionary arc of these systems. Over five decades, transaction processing has progressed through four distinct generations, from centralized databases, to distributed databases, to blockchain and distributed ledger technologies (DLTs), finally to multi-context systems that span cyber-physical components under real-time constraints. Each generation has introduced new transaction types and new classes of vulnerabilities, yet security research remains fragmented by domain, and the foundational ACID transaction model has not been revisited to reflect the demands of contemporary systems. We classify 163 papers on transaction security by evolutionary generation, security focus, and relevant Common Weakness Enumeration (CWE) entries, and distill a curated set of 41 high-impact or seminal papers spanning all four generations. We make three principal contributions. First, we develop a four-generation evolutionary taxonomy that contextualizes each work within the broader trajectory of transaction processing. Second, we map each paper's security focus to CWE identifiers, providing a systems-oriented vocabulary for analyzing transaction-specific threats across otherwise siloed domains. Third, we demonstrate that the classical ACID properties are insufficient for modern transactional systems and introduce RANCID, extending ACID with Real-timeness (R) and N-many Contexts (N), as a property set for reasoning about the security and correctness of systems that must coordinate across heterogeneous contexts under timing constraints. Our systematization exposes a pronounced bias toward DLT security research at the expense of broader transactional security and identifies concrete open problems for the next generation of transaction processing systems.

Aurang Zaib Ashraf Shami, Furqan Raza, Usman Asghar

The emergence of blockchain-based smart contracts represents a paradigm shift in contractual relationships, offering automated, tamper-proof and self-executing agreements that promise to reduce transaction costs and enhance efficiency. Yet, their legal enforceability under traditional contract law frameworks continues to raise complex questions regarding formation, validity, performance and dispute resolution. This research article conducts a comparative doctrinal analysis of the contract law regimes in Pakistan, the United Kingdom and Singapore to assess the extent to which blockchain smart contracts are recognised, validated and judicially enforceable. The study examines key statutes (Pakistan’s Electronic Transactions Ordinance 2002, the UK’s Electronic Communications Act 2000 and common-law principles and Singapore’s Electronic Transactions Act with its blockchain-friendly amendments), judicial precedents, regulatory policies and ongoing legislative developments. Findings reveal that Singapore has established the most progressive and enabling environment, the UK provides flexible common-law recognition with incremental clarifications, while Pakistan’s framework offers only rudimentary electronic-contract validity and lacks specific provisions for decentralised automation and immutability. The paper identifies legislative gaps, highlights best-practice lessons and proposes targeted reforms for Pakistan to align with international standards. Ultimately, this comparative examination underscores the urgent need for legal harmonisation to unlock the full potential of blockchain technology in cross-border commerce while safeguarding consumer protection and judicial oversight.

Mohammad Bostani, Roohollah Rafee, Saman Rashidi

• Fully integrated trigeneration systems are not yet deployed in the MENA Region • The key components of trigeneration systems are already proven in MENA. • PVT-based systems support typical rural demands of 9–55 kW of power, and 18–143 kW of heat. • PVT-based systems can generate a typical rural freshwater demand of 8–14 m 3 /day. • Performance of PV/T-based systems in MENA desert climate can be enhanced by PCMs. • The SGSP can support MED and HDH units, water and space heating, and small power cycles. Solar-based cogeneration systems offer a promising pathway for low-carbon, decentralized development in rural areas of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). While fully integrated triple-generation systems remain unimplemented, key components, such as PV mini-grids, PV-powered desalination units, solar pumps, and solar water heaters, have proven effective. PV/T-based systems can generate 9–55 kW of electricity, 18–143 kW of thermal energy, and 8–14 m3 of freshwater per day, aligning with typical rural demands and leveraging the region’s high solar irradiation and brackish groundwater resources. To realize this potential, challenges such as solar intermittency, efficiency losses, high upfront costs, and fossil fuel subsidies must be addressed through field pilots, advanced control strategies, anti-scaling/anti-soiling solutions, cost-effective thermal storage, and innovative financing mechanisms.

Jying‐Nan Wang, Hung‐Chun Liu, Ya-Ling Hsu

No abstract is available for this record.

Eric Robert Lawson

This document records the generative test of the Identity Axis framework: the reversal of the derivation direction. It constitutes Level 3 proof — generative proof — the highest level a scientific framework can achieve. THE ONE SENTENCE: We constructed the geometry and the cancer emerged. THE THREE LEVELS OF PROOF: Level 1 (Descriptive): Framework applied to 41 known cancers. Zero structural contradictions. Average confirmation score 4.7/5. ACHIEVED. Level 2 (Predictive): 14 novel predictions generated from geometry alone on 2026-03-07, all derived before literature consultation, all confirmed. ACHIEVED. Level 3 (Generative): Five geometric coordinates constructed. Five cancers derived from those coordinates. Five cancers confirmed to exist with exactly the predicted properties. The cancer was the output. The geometry was the input. ACHIEVED. WHAT HAPPENED ON 2026-03-07: The session began not with cancer names but with a geometric question: what structural features exist in the framework's axiom space that have not yet been explicitly visited? Five unvisited coordinates were identified from the geometric taxonomy alone, without reference to the biological literature. Five cancers were then derived from those coordinates and confirmed. THE FIVE CONSTRUCTIONS: Construction 1: H is paralysed (not overactive). The cancer itself has inhibited EZH2 via the H3K27M histone mutation. Global H3K27me3 loss. False attractor maintained by epigenetic absence, not excess. Predicted: neural progenitor cancer arrested in undifferentiated state, tazemetostat geometrically contraindicated, PRC2 activator needed. Cancer that emerged: DIPG. Confirmation 5/5. Construction 2: Two competing Identity Anchors define two adjacent attractor basins. Therapeutic pressure on the dominant basin displaces the cancer into the adjacent basin. The cancer does not become resistant — it moves. Predicted: universal initial response, universal relapse, biologically distinct relapse tumour; attractor hopping explains 40-year chemotherapy resistance puzzle. Cancer that emerged: SCLC. Confirmation 5/5. Construction 3: H is the PRC1 arm, not PRC2. Operative silencing mark is H2AK119ub1. Eraser is BAP1. BAP1 loss causes H2AK119ub1 accumulation and attractor deepening. Attractor deepening is metastatic commitment. Predicted: BAP1 loss predicts metastasis with high sensitivity; tazemetostat not indicated; RING1A/B is the correct target. Cancer that emerged: uveal melanoma. Confirmation 4/5. Construction 4: No pre-existing Identity Anchor. Cell of origin is multipotent and uncommitted. Oncogenic fusion constructs a novel attractor basin. EZH2 is the epigenetic cement. EZH2 inhibition collapses the basin but no single attractor pulls residual cells. Predicted: subclonal divergence into competing multipotency programmes (RUNX2/SOX9/PPARG), not clean reversion. Cancer that emerged: Ewing sarcoma. Confirmation 4/5. Construction 5: Identity Anchor governs a functional programme directly observable as a clinical syndrome. Partial retention produces partial function and specific clinical phenotype. Phenotype disappears when Identity Anchor is fully suppressed. EZH2 inhibition restores the Identity Anchor and therefore the syndrome as an on-target effect. Predicted: shallow attractor depth correlates with paraneoplastic autoimmune syndrome; depth transition predicts syndrome disappearance; EZH2i may induce autoimmunity as geometry-predicted FOXN1 restoration. Cancer that emerged: thymoma (shallow, FOXN1 retained, myasthenia gravis) / thymic carcinoma (deep, FOXN1 lost, no syndrome). Confirmation 4/5. WHY THIS ELIMINATES THE PATTERN-MATCHING OBJECTION: The most sophisticated objection to the framework is that it is sophisticated pattern matching — derived from biological knowledge and therefore circular. This objection requires that the framework begins from known cancers. The generative proof does not begin from known cancers. It begins from geometry. The cancer is the prediction, not the input. You cannot pattern-match to a prediction that does not yet exist as an observation. THE MENDELEEV ANALOGY: The Identity Axis framework is structurally identical in proof architecture to Mendeleev's periodic table. The Waddington attractor geometry is the table. The structural coordinates are the rows and columns. The edge cases are the gaps. Mendeleev predicted gallium, scandium, and germanium from empty cells. The framework predicted DIPG, SCLC, uveal melanoma, Ewing sarcoma, and thymoma/TC from geometric coordinates. The framework generated the cancers. The cancers did not generate the framework. UNPOPULATED COORDINATES (EMPTY CELLS): Four geometric coordinates have been identified that are not yet populated by known cancers in the framework's analyses: (1) H absent entirely — attractor maintained by constitutive TF activity, no epigenetic component; (2) both A and H absent — pure fusion-driven cancer; (3) depth oscillation — spontaneous cycling between shallow and deep attractor states; (4) two competing H's — PRC1 and PRC2 both operative as co-equal convergence hubs. These are predictions, not speculations. They follow necessarily from the geometric axiom space. THE FORMAL STATEMENT: The Identity Axis framework is a generative geometric model of cancer. It is not a description. It is not a classification. It generates cancer from geometry. The reversal of the derivation direction is the proof. Therefore cancer is calculable — not as a metaphor, not as an aspiration, as a demonstrated geometric fact.

Gedas Mekšriūnas

We apply the Omuo Genesis Engine, a geometric knowledge synthesis platform operating on the E8 lattice, to map the structural landscape of known approaches to the Riemann Hypothesis. Approximately 250 concepts spanning analytic number theory, spectral theory, algebraic geometry, quantum chaos, p-adic analysis, and the Langlands program were encoded as complex phasor vectors in C^1024 and iteratively bound through five ouroboros (self-feeding) cycles. The resulting manifold (2,379 nodes, 199 bridges, 113 unique E8 axes) identifies the Selberg Trace Formula as the central nexus of the RH landscape, appearing nine times from independent parent combinations. The terminal structure is a fixed-point cycle between the Selberg Trace Formula, the Spectral Determinant, and the Semiclassical Quantization Condition. The engine's deepest bridge proposes deformation invariance of the spectral determinant as the key mechanism: the zeros lie on the critical line because they cannot be moved without breaking a topological invariant. Novel structural connections include bridges between Arakelov heights and spectral determinants, between braid monodromy and trace identities, and between spectral deformation and Selmer groups. These are presented as structural observations from geometric synthesis, not as mathematical proofs.

Viana Ricardo Luz Holanda

This project is not abandoned. It is frozen. Reason for freeze: The work entered an infinite refinement loop. The architecture evolved, but external peer review, validation feedback, or community contribution did not materialize. Continuing alone without structural feedback ceased to be research and became exhaustion. What is SDIA? SDIA — Semantic Domain Integration Architecture — is the governing umbrella of the DEIP ecosystem. It is not a product, not a platform, not a vendor pattern. It is an architectural invariant: business domain semantics govern every layer of the integration stack simultaneously — gateway routing, runtime resolution, orchestration, event channels, and data contracts. The governing principle: 👉 The domain is the primary key. Always. Across every layer. Regardless of technology. What This Document Establishes This document is the comprehensive prior art record for the SDIA ecosystem. It establishes formal protection across: 4 core components — GDCR · DDCR · ODCP · DCEP 1 forward declaration — DCBP (Domain-Centric Data Pattern, discovered March 23, 2026, Warsaw) 50 named architectural variants 90 control-plane and metadata routing variants 11 domain application patterns — Kubernetes · Multi-Cloud · Event-Driven · AI/LLM · Industrial IoT · Service Mesh · Data Mesh · GraphQL Federation · Zero Trust · Semantic Versioning · Blockchain/Web3 Complete mathematical model — f(k) → v — deterministic, O(1), fail-fast, language-agnostic, platform-agnostic Full algorithmic prior art — Phantom v12 reference implementation (JavaScript) + cross-language ports (Lua · Java · C# · Python) The Mathematical Core At its foundation, SDIA routing is defined as: f(k) → v Where k = routing key constructed from semantic domain components, and v = resolved backend endpoint. Properties: Deterministic — same input = same output, always, in any language, any platform O(1) complexity — independent of metadata store size, domain count, or platform Fail-fast — unregistered keys rejected at ~0.1ms, zero backend exposure Total over governed space — only explicitly registered combinations resolve Invariant under infrastructure change — engine never changes, metadata evolves Validated Results ~2,067,904 requests processed 100% routing accuracy · zero routing failures Sub-4ms resolution latency · 99.99% uptime 8 enterprise platforms · 5 programming languages · 13 configurations 42 IoT sensors · 4 environments Platforms: SAP BTP APIM · AWS API Gateway · Azure APIM · Kong Gateway · Kong on Kubernetes · Netflix Zuul · Industrial IoT (Mosquitto + Node-RED) · Kubernetes + Istio Ecosystem Architecture Layer Component Role Gateway GDCR Semantic facade — 1 proxy per domain, not per system Runtime DDCR 7-stage deterministic resolution engine Orchestration ODCP Domain-centric package, iFlow, and credential governance Events DCEP Domain-centric event channel governance Data DCBP Domain-centric data contracts and data product routing Umbrella SDIA Unifying semantic addressing paradigm across all layers What SDIA Protects Any implementation — regardless of vendor, product name, platform, or programming language — that: Uses domain-centric routing as the primary organizational principle Employs metadata-driven resolution satisfying f(k) → v Implements semantic URL patterns: /domain/entity/action/target Enforces domain boundaries as security, governance, or semantic perimeters Decouples consumer addresses from backend implementation details ...constitutes a derivative application of the SDIA prior art established February 6, 2026. Prior Art Chain February 6, 2026 — Wayback Machine (Marco Zero · first public disclosure) February 7, 2026 — Medium (first formal publication) February–March 2026 — Zenodo (5 DOI-published specifications) March 2026 — IP.com Prior Art Database · IPCOM000277630D–000277633D March 2026 — USPTO Trademark Applications · 99680660 (GDCR) · 99691792 (DDCR) Version History Version Status DOI v2.0 ✅ CURRENT zenodo.org/records/18877636 v1.0 ⚠️ Superseded zenodo.org/records/18877636 Links Repository: github.com/rhviana/deip SDIA Extension (this document): https://zenodo.org/records/18877636 DEIP Source of Truth: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19004802 Citation (v2.0) APA: Viana, R. L. H. (2026). SDIA — Semantic Domain Integration Architecture: Complete Extensions, Variants & Prior Art Documentation — Version 2.0. Zenodo. https://zenodo.org/records/18877636 Author Ricardo Luz Holanda Viana Enterprise Integration Architect | Creator of DEIP Ecosystem | SAP BTP Integration Suite Expert | SAP Press Author Warsaw, Poland · March 2026 · ORCID: 0009-0009-9549-5862 "Technology changes by the quarter. Business processes last for decades. The domain never lies."

Mehmet Fatih Yüce, Mehmet Ali Erturk, Muhammed Ali Aydin

No abstract is available for this record.

Alinsha S, A Althaf, Chris P Reji, Fahad Mohammed A · 6 authors

Electronic voting techniques have gained popularity as a contemporary alternative to traditional paper-based elections because of their effectiveness and accessibility. The current electronic voting methods, however, have significant security flaws, such as multiple voting, identity theft, centralized control, and a lack of transparency. Despite the fact that blockchain technology is decentralized, immutable, and auditable, many blockchainbased voting systems merely employ cryptographic credentials and lack robust voter identification verification processes. The blockchain-based electronic voting system SecureVote, which incorporates multi-factor verification and facial biometric authentication, is proposed in this study. Ethereum smart contracts are used by the system to guarantee transparent result calculation and tamper-proof vote storage. SecureVote employs one-time password (OTP) validation as a secondary authentication method in conjunction with client-side facial recognition and deep learning-based feature extraction. The suggested design makes use of Web3.js and a decentralized application (DApp) concept for safe wallet-based transaction signing and blockchain interaction. High authentication reliability, avoidance of double voting, and effective transaction processing with low gas overhead are all demonstrated by the experimental results. SecureVote combines biometric multifactor authentication with blockchain immutability to enhance the reliability, transparency, and integrity of remote voting.

Jagdish Yadav, Asha Durafe, Perla Anitha, Ch.Phani Kumar · 6 authors

This paper introduces an energy-efficient, Blockchain-Based, Dual-Agent, Reinforcement Learning (BDARL) model of resilient EV-grid integrative effect. All EV energy transactions and agent decisions are validated by the blockchain layer that is integrated through a lightweight proof-of-stake consensus mechanism, and this ensures the tamper-proof functioning and decentralized trust. The proposed framework is applying to a MATLAB/Simulink-Python TensorFlow-Hyperledger Fabric co-simulation environment where the performance analysis shows a 98.8 per cent Resilience Coordination Index (RCI), a 36.7 per cent Energy Efficiency Gain (EEG), a 31.5 per cent Load Stabilization Score (LSS), and a transaction latency of 25 ms. Compared to baseline DRL and non-blockchain schedulers, BDARL offers 7.9% improvement in terms of resilience, 8.4% in terms of energy efficiency, and 14 ms better convergence, so it provides a safe, sustainable, and smart paradigm of managing next-generation EV-grid synergy.

Hemani, Dayashankar Singh Singh, Rajendra Kumar Dwivedi

No abstract is available for this record.

Sushanth Ambati, Kainat Adeel, Jack Myers, Nikolay Ivanov

Self-Sovereign Digital Identity (SSDI) enables individuals to control their own identity assertions and data, rather than relying on centralized or federated systems prone to large-scale data breaches. By eliminating centralized databases maintained by service providers and identity brokers, SSDIs offer enhanced security and privacy. However, adoption remains slow, and research in this area lacks systematization and uniformity. To address these gaps, we present a comprehensive systematization of knowledge on self-sovereign digital identities, with a primary focus on identifying the challenges that impede real-world adoption. We survey 80 academic and non-academic sources and identify six major challenges: (i) binding a single identity to one individual or organization, (ii) the absence of mature cryptographic and communication protocols, (iii) significant usability barriers, (iv) regulatory and oversight gaps, (v) bootstrapping to critical-mass adoption, and (vi) dependence on a permissionless, decentralized, yet singular infrastructure that may expose unforeseen vulnerabilities over time. We then analyze 47 scientific publications and find that the vast majority focus on blockchain-based solutions rather than generalized SSDI architectures. Additionally, we catalog 12 real-world, production-grade SSDI applications. Our evaluation of these solutions reveals that self-sovereignty is, in practice, a spectrum rather than a binary property. Finally, we explore the frontiers of SSDI by identifying major trends, open problems, and opportunities for future research. We hope this systematization will help advance the shift from centralized to self-sovereign digital identities in a disciplined and impactful way.

Fatemeh Heidari Soureshjani, Jan Gorzny

Cross-chain token standards enable fungible tokens that exist across multiple blockchains with a unified total supply model. This paper presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of five leading cross-chain token standards and frameworks: the xERC20 standard (implementing ERC-7281), the Omnichain Fungible Token (OFT) standard, the Native Token Transfers (NTT) framework, the Cross-Chain Token (CCT) standard, and the SuperchainERC20 standard (implementing ERC-7802). We examine each standard's distinguishing properties and technical design, including architecture, message-passing mechanisms, interoperability scope, chain compatibility, and security features. Our analysis reveals that while all these standards share the goal of seamless cross-chain fungibility, they differ significantly in implementation approach, trust model, and target ecosystem.

Rahim Rahmani, Arman Chianeh

We introduce LegalEdge, an edge intelligence-driven framework that integrates Federated Learning (FL) and Deep Q-Networks (DQN) to optimize electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure. LegalEdge contracts are novel smart contracts deployed on the blockchain to manage dynamic pricing and incentive mechanisms transparently and autonomously. By leveraging FL, multiple edge devices such as EV charging stations collaboratively train DQN agents without sharing raw data, preserving user privacy while reducing communication costs. These edge-deployed agents learn optimal charging strategies in real time based on local conditions and global policy updates. LegalEdge ensures low-latency decisions, high contract integrity, and efficient energy allocation. Our experimental results demonstrate significant improvements in learning convergence, transaction speed, and operational transparency, establishing LegalEdge as a scalable, intelligent, and accountable solution for next-generation EV charging networks.

Mahafujul Alam, Julie B. Heynssens, Bertrand Francis Cambou

In the current information age, asymmetrical cryptography is widely used to protect information and financial transactions such as cryptocurrencies. The loss of private keys can have catastrophic consequences; therefore, effective MFA schemes are needed. In this paper, we focus on generating ephemeral keys to protect private keys. We propose a novel bit-truncation method in which the most significant bits (MSBs) of response values derived from facial features in a template-less biometric scheme are removed, significantly improving both accuracy and security. A statistical analysis is presented to optimize an MFA comprising at least three factors: template-less biometrics, an SRAM PUF-based token, and passwords. The results show a reduction in both false-reject and false-acceptance rates, and the generation of error-free ephemeral keys.

Garg Lokesh Kumar, Kumar Sumit, B. Kumar

Electronic voting systems require satisfaction of security, transparency, and voter privacy to ensure fair and trustworthy election processes. Traditional centralized voting architectures suffer from limitations such as single points of failure, limited auditability, and vulnerability to data manipulation. This paper proposes a secure and decentralized electronic voting framework based on block chain technology to address these challenges. The proposed system integrates cryptographic authentication, role-based access control, smart contract automation, and distributed ledger storage to ensure tamper-resistant vote recording and transparent election management. The architecture employs a hybrid design combining secure database management for authentication with block chain-based transaction storage for immutable vote recording. Smart contracts enforce election rules, including voter eligibility verification, single-vote constraints, and automated vote tallying. Off-chain storage mechanisms are incorporated to improve scalability while maintaining data integrity by cryptographic hashing. Comprehensive testing, including unit, functional, integration, performance, and security evaluations, demonstrates reliable system operation and successful prevention of unauthorized access and duplicate voting attempts. Experimental results confirm that proposed framework provides secure vote handling, transparency, and auditability while preserving voter anonymity. The proposed approach offers a practical and scalable solution for next-generation decentralized electronic voting systems.

Ameera Yahya Ahmed AL-Hooti

Purpose: This paper examines blockchain technologies as instruments to strengthen archival management by providing verifiable authenticity, tamper evidence, and resilient traceability for digital records. It situates blockchain within Oman Vision 2040 and evaluates how distributed ledger technology (DLT) can be piloted and integrated with existing archival infrastructures. Method/Approach: A qualitative case-study approach synthesizes three evidence streams: international pilot project reports such as ARCHANGEL, peer-reviewed literature and technical white papers (2017–2024), and semi-structured expert interviews and institutional readiness analyses from Oman. Thematic analysis examined three domains: integrity & authenticity, transparency & access, and institutional readiness & governance. Results: Blockchain provides a cryptographic chain-of-custody and tamper-evident anchoring model for archival objects by writing content fingerprints to distributed ledgers while storing content off-chain. International pilots show feasibility; however, challenges include governance design, legal recognition, interoperability, cost, and capacity building. Conclusion: Blockchain is a promising augmentation to archival toolkits but is not a substitute for core preservation practices. Recommendations include staged pilots in Oman, a hybrid architecture, standardized hashing and metadata practices, training, and regional consortia for governance and cost distribution.

Praveen Kumar Sabbineni

Federated learning enables financial institutions to collaboratively develop credit risk models while maintaining data privacy, yet existing implementations prioritize accuracy and confidentiality over transparency and regulatory compliance requirements. Current federated approaches treat explainability as a secondary concern addressed through separate post-processing workflows, creating significant gaps in auditability and stakeholder trust that limit adoption in regulated environments. This article introduces the Explainable Update Auditing framework, which embeds transparency mechanisms directly into federated training protocols through local explanation bundles and privacy-preserving audit trails. The framework generates standardized, model-agnostic explanations that characterize how institutional updates influence global model behavior without exposing proprietary data or competitive information. Cryptographic attestation mechanisms verify compliance with fairness, stability, and governance constraints throughout training processes using zero-knowledge proof systems that maintain institutional confidentiality while providing mathematical assurance of appropriate collaborative behavior. The dual-layer trust mechanism addresses distinct information needs across multiple stakeholder groups, including participating institutions, regulatory authorities, internal governance bodies, and affected borrowers. Implementation considerations reveal computational overhead challenges, privacy-utility trade-offs, and cryptographic protocol efficiency requirements that must be addressed for practical deployment. The framework transforms federated learning from an opaque collaboration protocol into a transparent, auditable ecosystem that satisfies regulatory requirements while preserving privacy guarantees essential for cross-institutional partnerships in credit risk modeling applications.

Noah Erlwein

We introduce inference receipts—lightweight cryptographic commitment records generated during generative AI inference that bind model identity, sampling configuration, and output tokens into a tamper-evident artifact. Unlike zero-knowledge proof systems or trusted execution environments, inference receipts operate under an honest-emitter trust model analogous to Certificate Transparency: the emitter commits faithfully, and any deviation is detectable by third-party auditors. This design occupies a distinct point on the cost–trust Pareto frontier—negligible overhead and no specialized hardware, at the cost of weaker guarantees than cryptographic proofs. We formalize three security properties (receipt binding, tamper detection, chain integrity) via game-based reductions to standard cryptographic assumptions (collision resistance, second-preimage resistance). We describe receipt granularity levels (per-session, per-forward-pass, and per-token), a four-phase orchestration pattern (PLAN, SENSE, DECIDE, PROVE) for bounded AI autonomy, and an oracle mode for opaque cloud models. Ten experiments spanning four model families (1.5B–72B parameters), three quantization levels, three cloud APIs, and three receipt granularity levels on consumer-grade hardware demonstrate: overhead below 0.006% of inference time even at per-token granularity with top-k logit hashing (decreasing to below 0.001% at 72B scale); O(1) amortized chain emission sustained to 10⁶ receipts at 168,860 receipts/sec; 100% tamper detection across 1,200 attempts with zero false positives; perfect within-quantization deterministic replay; and 96% claim recall with 100% chain integrity across 15 multi-step PLAN/SENSE/DECIDE/PROVE workflows, with an honest assessment of gate limitations at 7B model scale. All data, scripts, and a standalone verifier are provided as ancillary files.