The existence of cryptocurrency has attracted controvercies world wide. Many people, including Indonesian, had benefit from cryptocurrency, meanwhile there were also more people suffered lost from “investment” in cryptocurrency. The aim of this research was to make clear the legal status of cryptocurrency in Indonesia. This research was a normative legal research. It conducted literature review to obtain the required data. Data obtained and used in this research were secondary data, which consisted of primary, secondary and tertiary legal documents. Data obtained from literature review were analysed using normative comparative method with qualitative approach. The result proved that as currency, the existence of cryptocurrency for payment was legally prohibited. The involvement of Indonesian citizen in the “investment” in form of crytocurrency can be treated as against public policy even though the issuance of such cryptocurrency was subject to foreign applicable laws.
The main objective of this study was to identify the potential difficulties that the verification of cryptocurrencies presents to SARS and determining whether these problems will also be encountered by tax authorities in Brazil, Russia, India and China (members of the BRICS group of countries). The study examined how the BRICS’ countries were addressing cryptocurrency data challenges and determining whether South Africa could learn from the solutions implemented by these countries. The information gathering powers of SARS were also examined in order to determine whether those powers are on par with those of the BRICS’ countries. The findings suggest that it is vital that tax authorities link the taxpayer’s real identity to the taxpayer’s digital identity in order to trace the taxpayer’s tax profile and verify compliance with tax legislation. The findings also suggest that certain BRICS countries did not experience significant verification difficulties. China has, however, banned the use of cryptocurrencies. Russia is in the process of passing tax legislation pertaining to cryptocurrencies and therefore, the Russian tax authorities have not yet undertaken to verify cryptocurrency transactions. India has addressed the verification challenges presented by cryptocurrencies by introducing legislation that compels clients of cryptocurrency exchanges to register with the exchange before transacting. Brazil is in the process of passing legislation which will require cryptocurrency exchanges to supply the Brazilian tax authorities with taxpayers’ identities, transaction amounts and transaction history on a monthly basis. Private altcoins, face-to-face transactions, cryptocurrency mixers and online peer-to-peer markets (which require no registration) present the largest verification challenges due to the difficulty in tracking these transactions. It was also found that the information gathering powers of SARS are on par with those of the BRICS’ countries and therefore, SARS is also able to request information from cryptocurrency exchanges as a means of collecting data for verification purposes. The study concluded with recommendations for SARS to consider in addressing the verification challenges posed by cryptocurrency transactions.
For the past few years there has been a significant increase of people’s interest in crypto-currencies. Seminars and conferences have been organized to discuss the nature and feasibility of cryptocurrencies. Some argue that it is good to have an alternative to the current fiat money system in which the predominant role is played by banks, while a cryptocurrency does not require any bank account, tax payment and auditing. Some others disagree with these arguments and claim that any mode of payment in other than traditionally known instruments such as cash payment, telegraphic-transfers, cheques and so, will open the door to avoid tax and audits, which in turn may seriously effect a government’s budget and may even decrease GDP. This research uses theoretical, descriptive and analytical methods of research and therefore focuses on the following important points: a) defining the place of cryptocurrency in the financial system by determining the extent of its influence; b) reviewing the literature on the topic, which will allow us to determine the current understanding of the problem by modern science; c) unveiling the key requirements of Shari’ah for money and money circulation to formulate a standard understanding of money in Shari’ah; d) comparing the characteristics of paper money and crypto-currencies (using the bitcoins as an example). The authors believe in permissibility of using the cryptocurrencies but with strict reservations.
Historically, the means of payment has evolved from time to time. The current phenomenon is Bitcoin, claimed by its users as a means of future payments, that have been the major attention of many people, from people in business to students. The research question in this study was how the existence of Bitcoin as a medium of exchange is, and how its existence as a medium of exchange is viewed based on the maqāṣid al-syar 'īyah. This used the literature research method and the maqāṣidī approach by applying the tarjih maslahat method. The existence of Bitcoin as a medium of exchange is considered valid because of the 'urf recognition. However, it requires a legal status from the government because it is related to al-maslahat al-mmāmmah, the mafsadat (damage) value of Bitcoin is higher than its maslahat (benefit) value. Hence, it is concluded that Bitcoin is valid as a medium of exchange. Still, its use must be limited due to the mafsadat (harm) probability that is more dominant at the ḍarūriyyāt (primary needs) level, following the principle of "rejecting the harm is prioritized than realizing the benefit."
 Abstrak: Berdasarkan sejarah, alat pembayaran dari masa ke masa telah mengalami evolusi, pada saat ini terdapat sebuah fenomena yaitu fenomena Bitcoin yang diklaim oleh para penggunanya sebagai alat pembayaran masa depan yang telah banyak menyita perhatian orang mulai dari kalangan pengusaha hingga mahasiswa. Bitcoin memiliki beberapa kelebihan jika dibandingkan dengan alat pembayaran yang biasa digunakan, di antaranya yaitu sifatnya yang desentralisasi sehingga tidak ada pengendali pusat yang akan ikut campur di dalamnya. Sedangkan pada kebiasaannya, alat pembayaran di suatu wilayah berada di bawah pengawasan pemerintah karena alat pembayaran tergolong kepada kebutuhan primer yang menyangkut kesejahteraan umum. Pertanyaan penelitian dalam skripsi ini adalah bagaimana eksistensi Bitcoin sebagai alat tukar dan bagaimana keberadaan Bitcoin sebagai alat tukar berdasarkan maqāṣid al-syar‘īyah. Dalam penelitian ini penulis menggunakan metode penelitian kepustakaan dan pendekatan maqāṣidī dengan menerapkan metode tarjih maslahat. Keberadaan Bitoin sebagai alat tukar dianggap sah karena terdapat pengakuan secara ‘urf. Akan tetapi status sah tersebut perlu mendapatkan pengesahan pemerintah karena terkait dengan al- maslahat al-‘āmmah, nilai mafsadat pada Bitcoin lebih dominan jika dibandingkan dengan nilai maslahatnya. Dari paparan di atas disimpulkan bahwa keberadaan Bitcoin sah sebagai alat tukar, namun penggunaannya merupakan sesuatu yang harus dibatasi karena probabilitas mafsadatnya lebih dominan yang berada pada tingkat ḍarūriyyāt.. Hal ini sesuai dengan kaidah “menolak mafsadat di dahulukan dari pada mewujudkan maslahat.”
 Keyword: Eksistensi, Bitcoin, Maqāṣid al-Syar‘īyah.
Az Azrinudin Alidin, Abdo Ali Abdullah Al-Wosabi, Zamri Yusoff
Saadiqin is an industrial solution for contract based Islamic core banking which comply with the necessary pillars and conditions related to Muamalah Financial Contracts. The introduction of Blockchain provides new opportunities for financial services to harness the benefits of Blockchain. This paper discusses current problem with financial services particularly Islamic financial, the benefits of Blockchain implementation in financial services and the possibility of Saadiqin integration with Blockchain. Overall structure of integration is presented and initial progress is presented in this paper.
Abstra k : Perkembangan perekonomian dunia khususnya di Indonesia tidak dapat dilepaskan dari unsur teknologi informasi. Perkembangan teknologi informasi akan berhubungan dengan seluruh bidang termasuk bidang keuangan. Mata uang kripto (Cryptocurrency) atau sering disebut dengan mata uang virtual/digital merupakan hasil dari sebuah perkembangan teknologi keuangan (financial technology). Mata uang digital mulai banyak digunakan sebagai alat pembayaran pada internet. Tujuan mata uang ini dibuat adalah untuk memberikan kemudahan dan keamanan dalam pembayaran. Dengan adanya teknologi Blockchain didalamnya, menjadikan membuat biaya transaksi menjadi lebih murah. Namun, Pemerintah dalam hal ini Bank Indonesia melarang transaksi dengan menggunakan uang digital/virtual karena memiliki dampak berbahaya terhadap Sistem Keuangan, Stabilitas Moneter dan Sistem Pembayaran di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menjelaskan dampak dari Cryptocurrency terhadap Perekonomian Indonesia dan sikap pemerintah terhadap teknologi yang ada didalamnya. Dari sisi teknologi yang ditawarkan, cryptocurrency merupakan perkembangan dari teknologi keuangan yang memungkinkan akan mengganti uang kertas menjadi uang digital dalam transaksi keuangan dimasa depan. Diharapkan pemerintah dapat mengkaji teknologi yang terdapat pada cryptocurrency dengan lebih mendalam sehingga kebijakan yang dibuat nantinya tidak melarang teknologi yang terdapat pada cryptocurrency serta memberikan pengetahuan kepada masyarakat agar lebih memahami tentang cryptocurrency. Kata Kunci : Blockchain, Cryptocurrency, uang virtual/digital, financial technology, internet
Nowadays people rely on many things in order to do daily activity. As time goes by, global economy has changed and has had significant growth. The form of money has also changed, from only being available in the physical form, such as coins and banknotes, now we have the digital form of money, otherwise known as virtual currency. This paper discusses about the legal status of Bitcoin as virtual currency in Indonesia according to Law Number 7 of 2011 regarding Currency Law. The author examines the problem by using normative legal research methods with descriptive approach. The data was collected from secondary and primary data and is used as supportive research data. The collected data is analysed using qualitative method. The result of this research is the legal status of Bitcoin as virtual currency in Indonesia according to Law Number 7 of 2011 regarding Currency Law has not been regulated yet. Therefore, the government of Indonesia needs to make a specific regulation to regulate Bitcoin in Indonesia.
This paper discusses the mining-trading of cryptocurrency in Islamic law as a digital asset that has recently been traded in cyberspace. The value of cryptocurrency is soaring and fluctuation and it is influenced by the demand of buying and selling. Indodax.com is the official digital asset site in Indonesia that trades more than 13 digital currencies. As we know, digital currencies are not electronic money, even though the characteristic is similar. Starting from this, I analyze whether cryptocurrency is worthy of being value as money that has a certain value. Until now, the Indonesian government through Bank Indonesia has published regulation Number 16/8/PBI/ 2014, which explicitly prohibits using bitcoin and altcoin on financial transactions. Otherwise, MUI (Indonesian Ulema Council) has not issued a fatwa yet related to cryptocurrency. From here, I focuse on this study to the law of cryptocurrency in Islamic law. Bitcoin has advantages and disadvantages. Among its advantages are the user can use exchange or transaction without third service (bank), and it can be traded in merchandise shops. But, the disadvantages of bitcoin are mach more, such as fluctuating value every times, it is not listed as a commodity, it is not watched by Financial Services Authority (OJK), it presents the element of gharar (uncertainty) and maysir (gambling or bet), which makes it possible to be used for money laundering and drugs. On the other hand, until now, the Indonesian people have not considered that bitcoin as a treasure like gold or silver
Kelompok Keahlian Ilmu Kemanusiaan, Fakultas Seni Rupa dan Desain, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Asep Zaenal Ausop, Elsa Silvia Nur Aulia
Cryptocurrency is virtual money or digital money or electronic money in illusion world which has no any concrete thing. This cryptocurrency has many varieties such as Litecoin, Monero, Ether, Ripple, Ethereun, Qtum, Dash, Zcash, and Bitcoin. The safety of Bitcoin is protected by Blockchain technology but it has weaknesses such as no underlying asset, no authority, and responsibility. Moreover, the ownership of this bitcoin is anonymous, and the fluctuation of this Bitcoin values was very extreme and dominated by public opinion about marketing system. Therefore, the usage of this Bitcoin in the term of investation and bussiness transaction causes pro-contra from economical experts and ulama. This research is purposed to get a representation around Bitcoin technology its self and the validation for using Bitcoin in business transaction according to Islamic sharia. The used theory is the taxonomy bussiness of haram lidzatihi and haram lighayrihi from Jumhur Ulama and constructed by Adiwarman Abdul Karim. The method of this research is literature research; its resources are taken from Al Quran, Hadith Rasulullah, classical and contemporary books also online media. This research resulted the great revolusionarytechnology, but the usage of this Bitcoin as the investation of instrument contained maysir (gambling) and the instruments of bussiness transaction contained gharar. The law position is haram lighayrihi.
The purpose of this study is to investigate one of the types in Fintech area, which is cryptocurrency from the perspective of Shariah. Until now, there are around 1,600 types of cryptocurrencies around the world. However, one of the most sought cryptocurrency in Malaysia is Bitcoin. Since it is still a new in Malaysia, the in-depth study on this has not yet been fully completed. By the realization to study this issue, a research has been conducted to become an eye-opener for those who want to dig deeper to gain the knowledge about this especially on the views from Islamic perspective or to be specific, from Shariah views. On the other hand, many issues arise regarding this cryptocurrency especially bitcoin. Therefore, this research will investigate the concept of money with its characteristics, and analyze if cryptocurrency does have all the characteristics of real money in it. Move forward to the next objective, this study will also explain on the Islamic perspective, and to be exact, Shariah views of cryptocurrencies as the currency or as a medium of exchange. Until now, there is still not much current views from the current scholars on this exact matters. Most of the views are regarding on whether their countries accepting it to be used or not, and the majority are the views from the government. Still, there is no specific hukm on the uses of cryptocurrencies. So, the outcome of this study will provide an important insight for potential customers who still want to invest their money in cryptocurrencies.
Zakat is not only one of the pillars of Islam, but also one of the pillars of Islamic economic and finance, as part of Islamic social economic and finance, which significantly contributes to poverty alleviation, holistic financial incclusion and integrated commercial and social economic and finance towards equtable distribution of income and wealth. Zakat in indonesia has a great potentials up to 3.4% of GDP, or Rp4620 trillion in 2017. However, the real zakat collection recorded in 2017 has only reached Rp6.2 trillion. This study aims to investigate the root causes of this low zakat collection in Indonsia and propose alternative solutions using Delphi-ANP methods. The results show that The main ‘System’ problems are: 1) Regulation; 2) Strategic-S; 3) Dualism; and 4) Traditional Amil, while its main solutions are: 1) Strategic-S; 2) Regulation; 3) Dualism; and 4) Decentralization. The main ‘External’ problems are: 1) Government; 2) Strategic-E; 3) Society; and 4) Muzakki, while its main solutions are: 1) Strategic-E; 2) Government; 3) Society; and 4) Muzakki. The main ‘Internal’ problems are: 1) Management & Governance; 2) Strategic-I; 3) HR; and 4) Communication & Socialization, while its main solutions are: 1) HR; 2) Strategic-I; 3) Management & Governance; and 4) Communication & Socialization. Each cluster of problem and solution has several detailed elements to be considered. The solution to the problem of low zakat collection in Indonesia can be started from clusters Strategic-S (System), Strategic-E (External), Regulation (System), HR (Internal) and Government (External), followed by Strategic-I (Internal), Management & Governance (Internal), Community (External) and Communication & Socialization (Internal).
Numerous studies ranging from concept papers and reviews were conducted on the matter of blockchain and digital currencies. However, those two areas are not well researched due to its being a new area of research. Furthermore, the research on blockchain applications in the Islamic financial system precisely the potential of digital currency in providing a better alternative to current fiat money system which will be the scope of this article. The aim of revolves around exploring the potential and capability of introducing a digital currency that fulfills the Islamic law (Shari’ah) functions of money and provides a more stable currency than fiat money. The method used for analyzing this object includes a library research on related topics that helps understanding the functions of money and digital currencies and study of several cases that can assist in fulfilling the objectives of this paper in introducing an Islamic digital currency through detailed research of Islamic theory of money and civilization as well as the developments of blockchain, our findings point towards the ability of introducing a Shari’ah-compliant digital currency if all the issues on validity are addressed and resolved. However, the area of digital currencies and blockchain requires further research from a Shari’ah perspective to facilitate a better understanding on the topic.
<p><strong>Abstract </strong></p><p>In Indonesia, <em>bitcoin</em> is a form of digital currency (<em>e-money</em>) and means of payment transactions that have been used by some communities. It is necessary to get attention, especially from Bank Indonesia. Other than that, the supervision that was once fully done by the central bank of Bank Indonesia, is now taken over by OJK (Otoritas Jasa Keuangan). Thus, Bank Indonesia only has the authority to regulate and control the circulation of currency only. Since some of the tasks and authorities of Bank Indonesia were taken over by OJK (Otoritas Jasa Keuangan), many things have not been covered, such as the new phenomenon in the field of finance in terms of capital, investment, currency circulation, and others. In addition there is no legal umbrella against <em>bitcoin</em>, which is increasingly widespread transaction using <em>bitcoin</em> done in <em>e-commerce</em> transactions. So in terms of security also need to be questioned, therefore there needs to be regulation and supervision specifically against <em>bitcoin</em>, and society will not feel harmed. When viewed in the perspective of Islamic law, that relating to the issuance of money as a means of transactions in a country, is a matter protected by general rules in Islamic law. Therefore, the issuance of money and the determination of the amount is matters relating to the benefit of the people. Another aspect to consider in the use of <em>bitcoin</em> is whether from the side of <em>madharat</em> is greater or benefits taken if used as currency and tool transactions, even as a commodity though. So the focus in this research is the use of <em>bitcoin</em> as currency and transaction tool by using approach and study of Islamic law.</p>
<p>Di Indonesia, bitcoin merupakan bentuk mata uang digital (e-money) dan alat transaksi pembayaran yang sudah digunakan oleh sebagian masyarakat. Hal tersebut perlu mendapatkan perhatian, khususnya dari Bank Indonesia. Lain dari pada itu, pengawasan yang dulu sepenuhnya dilakukan oleh bank sentral yaitu Bank Indonesia, sekarang diambil alih oleh OJK (Otoritas Jasa Keuangan). Sehingga Bank Indonesia pun hanya memiliki wewenang untuk mengatur dan mengontrol peredaran mata uang saja. Sejak sebagian tugas dan wewenang Bank Indonesia diambil alih oleh OJK (Otoritas Jasa Keuangan), banyak hal yang belum tercover seperti adanya fenomena baru dalam bidang keuangan dalam hal permodalan, investasi, peredaran mata uang, dan lain-lain. Selain belum ada payung hukum terhadap bitcoin, yaitu semakin merebaknya transaksi yang menggunakan bitcoin yang dilakukan dalam transaksi e-commerce. Sehingga dari segi keamananannya juga perlu dipertanyakan, maka dari itu perlu ada regulasi dan pengawasan secara khusus terhadap bitcoin, dan masyarakat tidak akan merasa dirugikan. Jika dilihat dalam perspektif hukum Islam, bahwa yang berkaitan dengan penerbitan uang sebagai alat transaksi di suatu negara, merupakan masalah yang dilindungi oleh kaidah-kaidah umum dalam syari’at Islam. Oleh sebab itu, penerbitan uang dan penentuan jumlahnya merupakan hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan kemaslahatan umat. Aspek lain yang menjadi pertimbangan dalam penggunaan bitcoin yaitu apakah dari sisi kemadharatannya yang lebih besar ataukah manfaatnya yang diambil jika digunakan sebagai mata uang dan alat transaksi, bahkan sebagai komoditas sekalipun. Sehingga yang menjadi fokus dalam penelitian ini adalah penggunaan bitcoin sebagai mata uang (currency) dan alat transaksi dengan menggunakan pendekatan dan pengkajian hukum Islam.</p>
Bitcoin telah menarik investor di seluruh dunia karena menyajikan pilihan yang menarik untuk sistem moneter saat ini. Ini adalah mata uang virtual yang dapat berpotensi menggantikan mata uang moneter yang ada karena menawarkan konsep baru pembayaran dikenal sebagai reksa persetujuan tanpa bergantung pada kepercayaan untuk setiap bank atau desentralisasi. Bitcoin sebagai mata uang telah diberlakukan di beberapa negara, meskipun tanggapan telah kecurigaan dan memperingatkan.Makalah ini akan memeriksa bitcoin isu-isu terkait menggunakan pendekatan normatif-yuridis dan kritis dalam konteks hukum yang berlaku di Indonesia, Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik. Sejauh ini, undang-undang serupa telah diberlakukan oleh California, Uni Eropa dan Singapura untuk menangani masalah-masalah mata uang virtual. Tujuan dari makalah ini adalah untuk menggambarkan bitcoin, mengapa mata uang dan bagaimana kerangka perlindungan hukum untuk Bitcoin investor di Indonesia.Berdasarkan luas-tersebar adopsi bitcoin dan sisi gelap dari kasus bitcoin membentuk sikap pemerintah tentang bitcoin di Amerika Serikat, makalah ini mengeksplorasi bagaimana memberikan peraturan yang tepat untuk melindungi bitcoin investor di Indonesia.
The development of the virtual world has penetrated the world of national borders. Not only unlimited distances but applicable laws in cyberspace are increasingly not bound by the laws of the state. In buying and selling in cyberspace, especially the internet, money that is used is no longer monotone in currency issued by a particular country but has created a payment system that does not require legitimacy of a country. The most phenomenal emergence of Bitcoin is that its use as currency in a purchase transaction has been appointed exceeds a country's currency. Several countries in the world have determined stance against the imposition of BitCoin, some accept and some refuse. Indonesia has not determined a clear stance for the development of new Bitcoin in Indonesia limited to the internet world and not stray into the real world. Keyword : Relevance, Law no. 7 In 2011, the Virtual Currency, Phenomenon, BitCoin, Indonesia
Abstract — Many things can be used as a medium of exchange in economic transactions, the most common is the currency, ie banknotes or coins. The new technology, known as criptocurrency, provide more benefits for no cost administrative services, without intermediaries, without delay. Criptocurrency although development is very significant but not many countries legalized it as legal tender. This study uses literature review to find out more about the extent to which criptocurrency acceptance in society. In Indonesia, cryptocurrency not recognized as legal currency because there are no laws that govern them. But the number of merchant cryptocurrency already very much and spread in almost all parts of Indonesia, both for online and offline businesses. Keywords : Criptocurrency, BitCoin, Digital Currency ABSTRAK — Banyak hal dapat digunakan sebagai alat tukar dalam transaksi ekonomi, yang paling umum adalah uang kartal, yakni uang kertas ataupun uang logam. Teknologi baru yang dikenal dengan criptocurrency , memberikan lebih banyak keuntungan karena tanpa biaya jasa administrasi, tanpa perantara, tanpa penundaan. Criptocurrency walaupun perkembangannya sangat signifikan namun belum banyak negara melegalkannya sebagai alat tukar yang sah. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode literature review untuk mengetahui lebih dalam tentang sejauh apa penerimaan criptocurrency di masyarakat. Di Indonesia, cryptocurrency belum diakui sebagai mata uang yang sah karena belum adanya hukum yang mengaturnya. Namun jumlah merchant cryptocurrency sudah sangat banyak dan tersebar hampir di seluruh wilayah Indonesia, baik untuk usaha online maupun offline . Kata Kunci: Criptocurrency, BitCoin, Digital Currency