In order to develop the digital economy in the Russian Federation, the Program «Digital Economy of the Russian Federation» that is aimed, inter alia, at the formation of a regulatory framework for the legal regulation of new relations in the field of digital economy, was approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 1632-r of July 27, 2017. Particularly relevant in this regard is the issue of cryptocurrency and bitcoin legal regulation. The article deals in detail with a special type of cryptocurrency, namely: bitcoin. The author analyzes the main problems associeted with the necessity of legal regulation of cryptocurrencies. The conclusion is made that legal regulation of cryptocurrency as a means of payment requires a complex approach and it is impossible without due regatd to the peculiarities of legal regulation of bitcoin. The paper provides for the interaction between the concept of bitcoin and other key concepts, namely: virtual currency and digital currency. The author concludes that it is necessary to create a non-governmental self-regulatory organization supported by the State in order to protect the interests of the cryptocurrency business. Since legal regulation of cryptocurrencies is global in its nature, the article examines the foreign experience of legal regulation of cryptocurrencies and their types.
The subject of the research is the NEO and Ethereum cryptocurrencies. The relevance of the research is due to the following. First, these cryptocurrencies are expected to play the key role in establishing the future digital economy. Second, cryptocurrency developers are competing to gain leading positions in the development of financial technologies of the digital revolution. Third, the above cryptocurrencies are designed to perform almost identical functions, therefore, to determine the advantages of either of them, a comparative analysis is needed and appropriate conclusions for the Russian economy should be made. The purpose of the paper was to perform a comparative analysis of the Ethereum and NEO cryptocurrencies to identify trends in the digital economy of the future and determine the main targets to enable Russia’s entry into the top five largest world economies. The information sources include articles, books, regulations, departmental documents and conference materials on FinTech, crypto-markets and the digital economy. The research made it possible to reveal specific features of the cryptocurrencies and the corresponding digital platforms that are important for the development of the digital economy of the future. The goal of Ethereum developers is to create a platform for decentralized applications, based on which it will be possible to form a global, easy-to-access, free and reliable Internet of the future. The paper concludes that at present, the NEO has advantages over the Ethereum in terms of both the transaction speed and operational fitness for the development of prospective technologies of the digital economy. However, it may happen that in the near future, the Ethereum developers will be able to improve their blockchain technology so as to ensure the priority of their project in the competition for leadership in the development of the digital economy of the future. Given the contradictions revealed and taking into account the raw materials orientation of the Russian economy, a number of targets are proposed to bring Russia into the five largest world economies.
Innessa Efremenko, Victoria BONDARENKO, A.Ya. Palant, G.V. Nazarenko
The article investigates specific features of state regulation of operations with cryptocurrencies in the conditions of the world economy digitalization. Design/Methodology/Approach: In order to form the state regulation of operations with cryptocurrencies, which create additional risks for the national currencies functioning in international financial and credit relations, it is necessary to consider this phenomenon first, from the position of a complete ban on the use of cryptocurrencies as a means of payment, second, in combination of a ban on the use of cryptocurrencies as means of payment, third, from the possibility of expanding the range of cryptocurrency users by including legal entities into it and fourth, the full legalization of the cryptocurrency.
In this article are discussed the main prospects of development of cryptocurrency in Singapore, as it is widespread and used all over the world. The article covers the main points for the regulation of the cryptocurrency. There is a wide range of cryptocurrency trading platforms, and most of them are located in different countries, which leads to significant differences in terms of regulation by the authorities and, accordingly, different rules for users and companies. Several exchanges allow trading derivatives. A more detailed review would give a correct impression of the current situation in the world in terms of regulation of cryptocurrencies and future trends. Cryptocurrencies continue their development; the number of users of cyber money is steadily growing. The popularity of bitcoin has generated the creation of other cryptocurrencies that are developing along with bitcoin, but their popularity and capabilities are much less. In some countries, including Russia, the government started warning people that investing in “cash” equivalents could lead to losses in case if there is a collapse of cryptocurrency (bitcoin).
In this article, the prospects and risks of the development of the Japanese cryptocurrencies are discussed. Japan has the most progressive regulating climate in the world for cryptocurrencies. The land of the rising sun is the homeland of a large base of investors of cryptocurrency and users. In 2018 Japan was the second or third largest economy in the world for bitcoin. Averages of the Japanese yen of 11 per cent of the global trading volume for BTC, keeping it a nostril in a nostril with South Korean won for global trade domination after the USA dollar. For the country only 127 million people of 11 per cent of the global trading volume — influence is more than usual size per capita on the crypto industry.
Paper proposes a model of energy efficient development of the regional energy complex, in which provided by mixing and iterative matching forecasts of energy consumption and energy production. The novelty of this method is that it formed in the framework of the regional model, is part of the overall regional product-sector balance formed for the region, which allows to simulate the mutual influence of energy complex and the rest of the economy through interbalance relations. Search for optimal solutions are carried out by iteration using a specially designed approach based on the Stiglitz-Sen-Fitoussi approach. It includes the following welfare components: economic well-being, non-monetary characteristic welfare and reproduction potential of the economy. System of crypto mining based on the evidence of proof-of-work protocol are extremely no energy efficient. Paper also gives evidence of Russian regions for mining of cryptocurrencies in Russia.Keywords: energy, resource saving, energy efficient development, energy indicators, forecastingJEL Classifications: C30, D12, Q41, Q48DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.7759
The issues of changing the tax system of the Russian Federation, the system of tax control under the influence of digital technologies have been examined. Electronic government services in the field of taxation, as well as the prospects and directions for the further development and expansion of electronic services used for taxpayers and tax authorities have been considered. The problems of taxation of operations with cryptocurrencies and their tax regulation have been touched upon. Conclusions have been formulated to improve the efficiency of taxation and tax control in the transition to a digital economy.
This article is devoted to the analyses of cryptocurrency investments return. The main purpose of the report is to compare profitability of a cryptocurrency portfolio and an investment portfolio. The report gives the detailed description to the investing. It outlines the essence of cryptocurrency. The report includes the possible definitions of the digital economy. By analyzing the return rates of equity investment and cryptocurrency investment, we define the investing benefits of it.
Purpose of the study. The first goal of the study is a comparative analysis of the models of the accounting system of the stock market operating on the territory of the Russia, in particular, the model of the distributed accounting system and the model of the centralized accounting with the use of the central depository are considered. The second goal is to apply the distributed ledger technology in the development of a new model for the stock market accounting system. The goals are conditioned by the growing interest to the technology and similarity of its internal processes with the system of accounting of digital assets. The needs in optimization of the existing accounting system, bringing the system to the logical centralization are revealed. The application of distributed ledger technology for the purpose of unification of depository accounting systems is proposed. The analysis of efficiency of the given models is carried out and the criteria of efficiency estimation of each model are revealed. Materials and methods. For carrying out the research the works of description of register system genesis of stock market in Russia were applied. Works of Russian and foreign researchers in the field of influence of technology of distributed registers on accounting system and business processes of organizations are studied. The methodology for comparing models was the approach to the development of highly specialized evaluation criteria that meet the needs of the largest number of stock market participants. Results. Evaluation criteria were developed, on the basis of which the comparison of the existing models of the accounting system of stock market and the projected model on the distributed ledger technology was carried out. The needs for optimization of the existing accounting system of Russia, bring the system to the logical centralization of interaction of elements are revealed. Suggestions for the use of distributed ledger technology in order to unite the register systems of obligations have been developed The variety of elements of the accounting system of the Russian stock market was determined a large number of indicators used in comparisons of models, as well as a variety of approaches, both to the construction of the indicators themselves and to the collection of data to ensure their calculation and comparison. Conclusion. According to the results of the research it was determined that the decentralized model of the stock market accounting system on the distributed ledger technology in comparison with the classic model reduces the transaction cost of obligation right accounting operations, optimizes the complexity of the processes of interaction between the elements of the system, such as depositories and registrars, increases the transparency of the stock market, the processes of the transition of assets rights, due to which the liquidity of such assets and the increases investors interest. Decentralized model standardizes the of communication data, which has a positive effect on the indicators of information systems of participants. In comparison with the centralized model, the decentralized model eliminates the central depository transaction commission, eliminates monopolization to choose the direction of stock market depository accounting system development. Finally, the positive influence of the decentralized model on the stock market as a whole was revealed. The resulting form of relations will reduce the main cost indicators of the accounting system elements, such as transaction costs, the cost of support and development of information systems, the number of necessary formats for the application of interaction with counterparties.
The article discusses the essence and peculiarities of cryptocurrency, as a modern type of electronic money and blockchain technology, an electronic wallet and its characteristic features, dynamics of development of cryptocurrency types, especially bitcoin, methods of cryptocurrency mining and earning, also conditions for cryptocurrency mining and investing, and emission of the local currency in Georgia, the factors influencing the cryptocurrency rate, condition in regulation over the cryptocurrency circulation in different countries of the world, considerations of different famous researchers on the future of cryptocurrency, and the author’s conclusions are made.
В обзорной статье представлен анализ развития использования технологий распределенного реестра (блокчейн) в различных сферах социально-экономической жизни общества. This article presents a distributed ledger technology (blockchain) development analysis in throughout different socioeconomic spheres of the society.
Рассматриваются достоинства и недостатки криптовалюты в мировом масштабе. Анализиру-ются страны, которые пользуются криптовалютой. Показывается стоимость криптовалют в настоя-щее время, и дается соответствующий прогноз
Abstract Digital technologies are opening new opportunities for business. The article is devoted to the analysis of the legal nature of the cryptocurrency as an object of financial and legal regulation from the point of view of Russian legislation. The analysis of the qualification of the cryptocurrency is described as money, electronic money, foreign currency, other property, as well as the possibility of assigning crypto-loans to obligations rights. The conclusion is made about the possibility of treating the cryptocurrency as private money on a par with national currencies.
The digitization of economic activity creates new opportunities for increasing the goods production level in conditions of severe resources limitation. Significant optimization can be achieved due to, firstly, reduction the costs of transactions, and, secondly, engagement in the economic turnover of poorly low nondistributable assets (for example, real estate). The paper studies the problems regarding applicability of smart contract in economic activities at the regional and federal levels. An attempt is being made to form a decentralized system of smart contracts. Based on the component-based analysis, the key trends of this system effect on the gross output at the federal and regional levels are determined. The authors propose a quantitative assessment of the impact of each of these factors. The macroeconomic model IS-LM is used, which takes into account the impact of digitalization processes in terms of implementing the smart contracts system, on the aggregated output indicators of the economic system.
Open access
Economic and Technological Developments in Russia
Economic and Technological Systems Analysis
Digitalization and Economic Development in Agriculture
The main principles of blockchain operation and its main advantages of efficiency increase of investment and construction activity (ICA) participants' interaction are described in this article. Blockchain process operation principles in a technical sense are stated. Practical examples of efficiency increase of ICA participants' interaction with the use of blockchain process in Russia and abroad are given. The main trends and results of blockchain use in construction domain are systematised. Potential of blockchain process use in development of the system of ICA participants' interaction is described. Specific features and advantages of blockchain use in construction domain are highlighted. The main problems requiring improvement of normative and methodical base while developing blockchain within ICA participants' interaction are analysed. The article gives a review of blockchain influence on improvement of the process of ICA participants' interaction.
A. Timofeev, O. Lebedinskaya, Roman Veynberg, A. A. Grigorev
This article presents prospects of the development of cryptocurrency in Russia, examines the principles of the operation of Bitcoin as main currency nowadays and its application in the real economic sector. Identifies and substantiates the advantages and disadvantages of this technology, as a result, the degree of influence of cryptocurrency and the consequences of its usage in the Russian economy. At present, over 1000 types of cryptocurrencies exist. In this paper, two of them are analyzed: the first cryptocurrency, the leader with the stabilized volatility and price: Bitcoin, and rather a new application for cryptocurrency which was skyrocketed as the second world popular: Ethereum. In this research paper we set an objective to compare Bitcoin and Ethereum, determine problems of cryptocurrency market in Russia and the prospects for development of their usage. In addition, authors are describing history of the research subject and trends to develop: from Bitcoin to Ethereum evolution.
The article discusses the weaknesses of fiat reserve currencies and proposes modern Distributed Ledger Technologies as a way to lower transaction costs and promote digital payments for the public. Specifically, we concentrate on stablecoins, a particular category of cryptocurrencies, that are designed to maintain stability and to be used as a medium of exchange and store of value. The results allow concluding that tokens backed by commodities may be implemented in payments globally with minimum cost and processing time. Hence, it is a revolutionary solution to the existing international monetary issues.
Индустрия 4.0 включает создание киберфизических систем, способных децентрализованно управлять производством, продажами, самообучаться и развиваться. Функционирование таких систем нуждается в аналогичных "умных" технологиях хранения и распространения информации. Блокчейн, обеспечивший децентрализацию и кибербезопасность в сфере криптовалют и создавший "умные" контракты, стал рассматриваться как подобная технология. Однако экстраполяция блокчейн с узкой сферы цифровых денег до универсального применения в индустрии и публичном секторе столкнулась с серьезными трудностями. Некоторые из них могут быть преодолены в рамках существующего поколения блокчейн (например, улучшением алгоритмов консенсуса). Большинство же требует существенных трансформаций технологии, комбинирования ее с другими информационными и промышленными инновациями. Трудности такого переходного этапа породили критику блокчейн и, нередко, отказ от его использования. Появились гибридные решения, взявшие от блокчейн лишь часть инновационной идеи (блочную организацию реестра транзакций) и имплантировав ее в традиционные технологии. Предложено считать такие решения неполноценным "квазиблокчейном". На основе анализа эволюции блокчейна обосновано, что дальнейшее развитие его децентрализованных версий наиболее отвечает концепции Индустрия 4.0. Показано, что внедрению таких версий сейчас препятствуют внутренние противоречия: "трилемма" блокчейн плюс его высокая энергоемкость. Исследованы перспективы выхода из тупика "трилеммы" блокчейн с помощью смежных инновационных решений, таких как протокол второго уровня (Lightning Network) и ему подобные. Освещены тенденции дальнейшего развития различных форм и архитектур блокчейн. Предложена классификация, связывающая блокчейн с традиционными распределенными базами данных и учитывающая логику их развития. Проанализированы эффективные методы промышленного внедрения блокчейн, включая реализацию с его помощью цифровых счетов-фактур (e-Invoice) и коммуникаций для промышленного Интернета вещей. Выполненные исследования позволили разработать критерии выбора и оптимизации конкретных блокчейн-решений для индустриального применения.
For a couple of years, the cryptocurrency has made a splash in the world of economy, turning from virtual money into a huge market in its size and creating a new full-fledged ideology of money-crypto-economy. Cryptocurrency has a huge potential for development. Cryptocurrency is a digital currency that uses encryption technology to transfer value over the Internet. But today cryptocurrency is trading that most meets the needs of modern society. This form of currency works independently of the banking system and can use in many countries as cash. The relevance of the study is whether cryptocurrency has a positive impact on the development of the economy. The purpose of this article is studying the impact of the process of introduction and use of cryptocurrencies in the economy of Kazakhstan. This process is intensively developing.The key issue for a deeper understanding of the role cryptocurrency is determining their economic nature. Research methods include the stage of cryptocurrency analysis affecting the financial sector, the dynamics of the cryptocurrency market and the overall analysis of assets. For analysis, we paid attention to five cryptocurrencies with the largest capitalization and a large amount of data. The analysis revealed the main factors affecting the market price of cryptocurrency and ways to eliminate them. In addition, the main problems of introducing cryptocurrencies in Kazakhstan, such as the process of regulation of the cryptocurrency market identified and prospects analyzed. A new form of cryptocurrency uses pro-posed.
Анотація. У статті розглянуто процеси подальшої інтеграції сучасних інформаційних цифрових технологій в економіку країни, впровадження та широке використання електронних фінансових інструментів і технологій, тенденції їх поширення в Україні. Серед усього різноманіття технологій цифрової економіки, що розвивається прискореними темпами, особливе місце займають інноваційні технології у фінансовій сфері. Необхідність надійного та захищеного інформаційного забезпечення проведення фінансових операцій і взаємних
This article examines the bitcoin, at present the most popular cryptocurrency. The bitcoin grew on the major pillars of the neoliberal market economy, such as liberalization, deregulation and privatization. But in the end, it turned out to be a cure for the dysfunctions of the financial system, which was based on neoliberal assumptions. The difficulty in capturing the character and status of the bitcoin still makes it elusive for the existing rules of law. Some governments observe the evolution of the bitcoin market with interest; others try to work against it. All of this makes the bitcoin an intriguing subject for research.The aim of this article is to present the original assumptions of the bitcoin system; trace the reactions to the bitcoin’s emergence in virtual reality, and next on the very real financial market; and analyze the reinterpretation of the idea that underlies the creation of the cryptocurrency. This article attempts to assess the bitcoin’s potential of achieving a seemingly impregnable position on the global financial market.
Jan 1, 2019·Proceedings of the 1st International Scientific Conference "Modern Management Trends and the Digital Economy: from Regional Development to Global Economic Growth" (MTDE 2019)