Yulia S. Chernyshova, B I Savelyev, S V Solodov, S V Pronichkin
Abstract Distributed ledger technologies can support a rapid transition to smart cities and provide a high level of urban quality. Despite the large number of approaches to the problem of synthesizing smart city management systems, there is still no universal solution. One of the most promising areas is the construction of neural network control systems. The optimization module for a neurosimulator is developed that can operate in real time. The study of the neurosimulator on various data of anthropogenic load showed the possibility of obtaining high control accuracy.
Li Huang, Yongjun Han, Aihua Yuan, Tao Xiao · 9 authors
As the digital economy promotes economic growth, the Internet of Things can solve the problem of productivity, and the blockchain can solve the problem of production relations, which realizes the industrial transformation of blockchain smart contract technology and becomes a new driving force for the industry. It is becoming more and more difficult for companies to control their own raw material supply, production, and sales by relying only on their own strength, and this is the key to influencing a company to become bigger and stronger. This problem will be efficiently solved by the implementation of “Internet of Things + Blockchain” technology. As a result, research into a new sort of smart supply chain management based on “Internet of Things + Blockchain” is required. From the perspective of building a smart supply chain, this paper makes full use of literature data methods, theoretical analysis methods, case analysis methods, logic analysis methods, and other methods. To study the effectiveness of IoT and blockchain technology through case study of changes in the order quantity in the procurement link of the supply chain. By understanding the current status of related research at home and abroad, as well as the Internet of Things technology and blockchain technology, this paper analyzes China. The main problems existing in the supply chain management of enterprises are the combination of the Internet of Things technology and the blockchain with the enterprise supply chain to create a smart supply chain platform, and the feasibility and functional efficiency of the smart supply chain platform. The related check was found, its deficiencies were found, and remedial measures were taken. The research results show that this intelligent supply chain management platform based on the Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain can make the operation of the entire supply chain clearly visible. Information and data sharing can be achieved among the various departments of the supply chain to achieve scientific management and precision of the enterprise prediction. And this model can also be used in other industries to achieve industrial upgrading.
Introduction. The development of fish farming in aquaculture in a sustainable way ensures the sustainability of fisheries, which is associated with local problems in each region. Ukraine’s fish production has been falling sharply over the last 30 years, and in 2021 the decline was more than 87 percent in comparison with 1990. In the Ukrainian aquaculture sector, there is a high degree of bureaucracy and risks of corruption, which need to be addressed in order to find a solution for the economy and businessmen. World reports show that Ukraine is among the world's leaders in illegal fishing. Thus, it is highly necessary to implement technologies for sector traceability and transparency, i.e., blockchain. Aim and tasks. The main aim of this article is to research the possible mechanism of implementation of the transparent and efficient system of using the aquatic bioresources of Ukraine. A secondary aim would be to actualize the information regarding the use of blockchain technology in the aquaculture sector. Results. This research shows that Ukraine’s aquacultural sector is going through a crisis, which is being induced by the high level of corruption and poaching. The digitization of the aquaculture supply chain powered by blockchain technology has been proposed. The role of blockchain technologies is revealed through functions such as evidence, tamper-proof, transparency, and decentralization. It was investigated the positive impact of blockchain technology on aquaculture business, such as reduction in bureaucracy, quality assurance, improvement in information exchange, low cost of transactions, improvement in audit performance, easy recall process, product origin verification, and low probability of fraudulent activity. It would greatly reduce the time needed to gather all the documentation essential for work and reporting. The blockchain implementation roadmap has been developed, including the following stages: concept, legislation compliance, limited prototype, final vision, further research and optimization. Conclusions. Blockchain technology fits Ukraine’s economic goals in the long term perspective, such as continued digitalization of the country. Due to the blockchain technology, products of aquaculture would not enter the market unless registered in the unified system. That will influence the reduction of "informal economy" in the sector and the increase of market mechanisms. It will also have a positive influence on food security for the population and economic security for the producers. It will be a precedent for a fully transparent and digitalized field of economy.
The analysis of existing research in the field of business processes automation is carried out. Modern business process automation methods involve the direct developers participation. Our proposed approach will allow domain experts to develop and manage smart contracts for business processes without the help of programmers. The methods of automating the smart contracts creation using semantic modeling are described. Methods of automation of complex processes with hierarchical nesting are proposed. A methodological approach to automating the smart contracts development using situation models is described. The operation scheme of the software system for the business processes formalization by constructing situation models is presented. The use of predicates ontological homomorphism to create smart contract templates is described. Methods of generating smart contracts in the sDSL language based on the described partial models are proposed. Examples of translating the business processes representation using situation models into smart contracts in the sDSL language are given. The interaction of several smart contracts using situation models with each other is described.
Jun Liu, Lei Zhang, Chunlin Li, Jingpan Bai · 6 authors
The present work aims to improve the communication security of Internet of Vehicles (IoV) nodes in intelligent transportation through studying the safety of IoV in smart transportation based on Blockchain (BC). An IoV DTs model is built by combining big data with Digital Twins (DTs). Then, regarding the current IoV communication security issues, a secure communication architecture for the IoV system is proposed based on the immutable and trackable BC data. Besides, Wasserstein Distance Based Generative Adversarial Network (WaGAN) model constructs the IoV node risk forecast model. Because the WaGAN model calculates the loss function through Wasserstein distance, the learning rate of the model accelerates remarkably. After ten iterations, the loss rate of the WaGAN model is close to zero. Massive in-vehicle devices in IoV are connected simultaneously to the base station, causing network channel congestion. Therefore, a Group Authentication and Privacy-preserving (GAP) scheme is put forward. As users increase during authentication, the GAP scheme performs better than other authentication access schemes. In summary, the Intelligent Transportation System driven by DTs can promote intelligent transportation management. Besides, introducing BC into IoV can improve access control’s accuracy and response efficiency. The research reported here has significant value for improving the security of the information sharing of the IoV.
To reduce the carbon emission intensity of resource-based cities and strengthen the sustainable development of these cities, firstly, blockchain technology is analyzed. Secondly, the development of the digital economy is discussed in digital resource-based cities. Finally, according to blockchain technology, a model of carbon emissions trading in the digital economy is designed, and the specific impact of the digital economy on carbon emissions trading is studied according to the model. The research results show that the mean value of the development index of the digital economy (digital) is −0.0168, the maximum value is 4.2560, the minimum value is −1.3429, and the standard deviation is 0.9572, indicating that the quality of digital economy development varies greatly among different regions. And according to the results of the digital model, it is found that the regression coefficient of the variable digital is significantly negative at the 1% level, showing that the digital economy will obviously suppress the carbon emission intensity of cities. After replacing the explained variables, the coefficient of the digital economy is still significantly negative. It indicates that the development of the digital economy can effectively suppress the carbon emission intensity of urban. Therefore, the designed model of carbon emissions trading under the blockchain technology can not only provide a secure platform for carbon emissions trading but also provide more comprehensive trading reference information for carbon emissions trading. It provides technical support for reducing the carbon emission intensity of resource-based cities and also contributes to the development of resource-based cities.
Blockchain is an emerging disruptive technology with a great potential to impact business value creation. Yet it is challenging to understand how blockchain can be utilised to improve enterprises’ performance and value creation. A formalised conceptual and enterprise modelling may help bridge the communication gap between domain experts and blockchain system designers. The goal of this study is to explore how can modelling facilitate blockchain-enhanced value chain design from a motivation viewpoint. We report our experience from modelling a blockchain-enhanced seafood supply chain using ArchiMate motivation and strategy models, where stakeholders have diverse concerns and goals. Preliminary results have indicated that such a modelling approach facilitates the common understanding, and the decision and prioritisation of the business strategies, as well as the identification of the blockchain benefits for the enterprises. It may help stakeholders along the value chain to align their business strategies and priorities, and can be an effective tool for value co-creation and enhancing the collaboration and communication among stakeholders and with blockchain application developers.
Cryptocurrencies are a new technology that has given impetus to the modernization of the entire economy. Already, a huge number of people use cryptocoins for payment, participate in their production and earn on market volatility.To date, cryptocurrencies are at the stage of formation and improved versions are released annually, which try to eliminate the shortcomings in the technology. But it is already obvious to many experts that cryptocurrencies are the money of the future with great potential for development.
The relevance of the chosen topic lies in the fact that in the modern world the role of technologies and alternative methods of providing banking services is constantly growing. This work is aimed at revealing the main indicators of the functioning of P2P lending, highlighting their advantages over classical centralized banks, as well as using smart contracts for implementation in the blockchain environment. The leading approach to the study of this problem is the analysis of the econometric and financial parameters of banks providing the P2P lending service (on the example of the Lending club company), the study of the smart contract functioning algorithm in P2P. The methodology for calculating credit risk was adapted for P2P lending, the main parameters affecting credit risk were disclosed, significant and insignificant indicators of the probability of default were calculated, an improved methodology was proposed for assessing the quality of a borrower based on a scoring model and applied in the blockchain environment.
Alexander E. Trubin, Vadim A. Ozheredov, Artem A. Morozov, Alexander V. Batishchev · 6 authors
In this article, the construction and analysis of machine learning models were performed for short-term forecasting in the cryptocurrency market on the example of bitcoin – one of the most popular cryptocurrencies in the world. The initial data for the study leads to the conclusion that over the long period of its existence, bitcoin has shown a high degree of volatility, especially evident in comparison with traditional financial instruments. The article substantiates that this market is influenced by a multitude of factors. No one can say for sure what makes up the value of a particular cryptocurrency, as it involves a range of reasons, which cannot be fully taken into account. To overcome this problem, we have considered the principle of recurrent neural network. It is described why networks with memory are better at making predictions on the time series than conventional autoregressive model and standard forward propagation networks. The initial data processing algorithm and transformation methods are defined. The sample was reduced in order to increase the speed of the network, by reducing the number of recalculations of weights. The algorithm of the family of recurrent neural networks was built and trained to test the hypothesis about their better adaptivity due to short-term and long-term memory. The model is evaluated on the test data representing the bitcoin exchange rate for 2021–2022, since this period is characterized by high volatility. It is concluded that it is reasonable to use a similar type of models for short-term forecasting of cryptocurrency rates.
Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is attempting to integrate the real world into the digital world through smart devices, information technology, and Internet. IIoT is connecting enormous devices in industry 4.0/5.0 which may be heterogeneous in nature. With the evolution of IoT, diverse technologies have been employed to deliver the quality of services to the end users in a seamless manner. Cloud computing has considerably boosted the growth of IIoT by serving the computational and data storage needs of IIoT- and blockchain-based applications in industry 4.0/5.0. However, cloud is providing services to IIoT users, but still, there is a need to improve the latency rate of delivery of services, the transmission rate of end-to-end delivery, and overall throughput of the network channels in industry 4.0 and blockchain-based distributed systems. The cloud servers those are located at remote locations are not capable to offer the quality of services to users who require real-time responses, minimum network latency, and optimum throughput. The advancements in Edge computing are making Edge-Cloud more suitable for end users in blockchain-based transactions and industry 4.0 to serve the requirements of IIoT-based applications. This paper aims at providing the resources of Edge-Cloud to the end users by proposing a soft-computing technique for selecting the most suitable resources from the pool of available resources at Edge-Cloud. This paper is proposing a multicriteria statistical approach for resource selection to exploit the benefits of Edge-Cloud and to suffice the needs of IIoT and blockchain-based applications in industry 4.0. The results obtained from the proposed research assist in enhancing the service providing rate, minimizing the delay in transmission, and optimizing the throughput of Edge-Cloud servers.
Δαμιανός Π. Σακάς, Nikolaos T. Giannakopoulos, Νίκος Κανέλλος, Christos Tryfonopoulos
Today, more than ever, the popularity of decentralized payment systems has risen, creating an outbreak of new cryptocurrencies hitting the market. Unique websites have been staged for each cryptocurrency, where information and means for mining cryptocurrencies are available daily. People visit those cryptocurrency websites either from desktop or mobile devices. Thus, the impulsion for appropriate promotion of cryptocurrency websites and customer factors affecting it rises. The above process increases cryptocurrency organizations’ website visibility, raising the need for customer relationships and satisfaction optimization concerning organizations’ supply chain strategy. Research data were collected from 10 well-known cryptocurrency websites, regarding mobile and desktop devices, in 180 days, regarding on-site web analytics. Therefore, a model consisting of three stages was applied. Starting phase of the model pertains to statistical and regression analysis of cryptocurrency web analytics, followed by Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping and Agent-Based Model deployment. Throughout this study, methods for promoting cryptocurrency websites can be deduced from assessing specific website metrics and device preferences. Research results indicate that web analytics give a clearer image of customer behavior in cryptocurrency websites and, therefore, provide opportunities for further website optimization through increased web traffic and digital reputation.
The paper observes the problem of scaling robust distributed ledgers based on blockchain technology. A solution for the problem is presented - multidimensional blockchain. A model for protocol implementing ideal multidimensional blockchain is constructed. It is proven that multidimensional blockchain and its corresponding protocol GUC-implement robust distributed ledger.
The rapid development of China's local e-commerce and the continuous improvement of its business model have not only pushed the country to the forefront of the globe but also opened up the unprecedented potential for China's cross-border e-commerce. Therefore, it is imperative to build a balanced and sustainable cross-border e-commerce system, and cross-border e-commerce on the Silk Road has become a new highlight of China's e-commerce development. This study proposes a cross-border supply chain model based on the complex computer blockchain for international cooperation scenarios, contrasts and analyzes decision making in two cross-border supply chain scenarios with and without blockchain implementation, and investigates the sufficient conditions for blockchain implementation in the cross-border supply chain from the perspective of various value objectives. The analysis reveals that the cross-border supply chain has sufficient incentive to implement blockchain when the value gain generated by implementing blockchain is high or the value gain is low but the potential market size weakening factor of cross-border products is greater than a certain degree. It demonstrates that the link between cross-border product price elasticity, manufacturer cross-border effort cost, and customer cross-border preference degree would impact the circumstances for adopting blockchain in cross-border supply chains. The model also lays out a plan for the government to improve cross-border e-commerce logistics, strengthen oversight, and create a regional financial service network system to reduce credit risk.4.
The article is devoted to the study of the paradigm of accounting, control and analytical information that affects the success of business processes in the corporate and state sectors of the economy. The authors propose the step-bystep development of the methodology for managing big data and the creation of corporate digital ecosystems (CECE). This includes clarifying the content of the digital ecosystem concepts as well as the development of a mechanism for collecting and processing information for corporate management (using modern digital technologies and system financial platforms) with the conclusion that the most productive is the distributed ledger technology (DIT). On the basis of a clear identification of the positive and negative consequences of scaling the CECC, recommendations were made on the technology for transferring reporting data. It has been proven that DIT offers a choice for the best scaling options, can be also applied when transferring reporting information to various higher authorities. It has been determined that the search for new and improvement of the applied technologies for managing big data is actualized as the information field expands and its diversity. The possibilities of collaboration of database management systems (DBMS) are disclosed and directions for improving the efficiency of new digital technologies for managing accounting and control information (distributed registers and their variants) are identified both for large ecosystems (the economy of the country, territories, regions, clusters and banking and other large holdings) and small (economic entities and their information technology and economic departments).
Qiang Ji, Ronald D. Ripple, Dayong Zhang, Yuqian Zhao
Financialization has brought new challenges to the international energy markets, making energy systemic risk a more complicated issue. One of the important features is the development of cryptocurrency, which has become a critical part of the global financial markets. As a consequence, the rise and fall of cryptocurrency can have nonnegligible impacts on the systemic risks in the international energy sector. This paper empirically tests this hypothesis using the equity data of the top 100 energy companies from 2014 to 2021. Specifically, we explore the extreme shocks of cryptocurrency using multiple bubble tests, and then we test to what extent bubbles in cryptocurrency markets can affect systemic risk in the energy sector. Our empirical results show that the formation of cryptocurrency bubbles, especially when the bubbles burst, significantly increases systemic risks in the energy sector.This effect retains the same in the recent COVID-19 pandemic period. In addition, oil and gas companies play an essential channel in the risk spillover from cryptocurrency markets to the international energy markets.
Against the backdrop of the development of the cryptocurrency market, the popularity of blockchain technology has also grown. However, the unique structure of the technology, characterized by its transparency, immutability and, in most cases, decentralization, allows it to be widely used in various areas of life. The article explores the essence of blockchain technology, as well as the degree of technology integration into the financial sector of the economy. The subject of the research is blockchain technology. The object of research is international finance. The author in the article emphasizes the nature of blockchain technology, and also studies the current situation in the blockchain industry, its implementation in the financial sector of the economy, in particular the activities of commercial banks. The blockchain industry is expanding and improving at a steady pace, finding its constant use in both public and private finance. In this direction, active work is also being carried out in Russia. However, due to a number of key limiting factors, to date, blockchain technology has not been integrated in practice to the extent that it could allow it to change the structures of international or individual national finance. Contrary to expectations, the speed of blockchain implementation is slower than that of the Internet technology, which is often compared to the development of blockchain technology. However, despite this fact, the blockchain has gained a foothold in various aspects of international finance and plays one of the key roles in accelerating the process of digitalization of this sector of the economy.
The article examines the main stages of evolution of blockchain technologies in the activities of various companies from 1991 to the present. The aim of the article is to study the evolution of the use of blockchain technologies in the practice of different companies. The research methodology includes the use of the historical method to study the main stages of development of blockchain technologies and the study of blockchain use practices by different companies. The relationship between the stages of evolution and Tiers of Blockchain has been established: 2008-2013 (Blockchain 1.0); 2013-2015 (Blockchain 2.0); 2015-2018 (Blockchain 3.0); From 2018 to now (Generation X). The main types of blockchain (public blockchains; private blockchains; semi-private blockchains; sidechains; permissioned; distributed ledger; shared ledger; fully private of proprietary blockchains; tokenized blockchains; tokenless blockchains) are systematized. Peculiarities of practical implementation of blockchain technologies in the activity of companies of different sectors of the economy are studied. A SWOT-analysis was conducted, which revealed that blockchain technologies will undoubtedly continue to develop, affecting many industries, including public administration, retail, information technology, travel, health, education, agriculture and entertainment. One of the ways to improve the use of blockchain technologies should be: increasing the confidentiality of operations; scaling of chains of blocks; establishing compatibility between different blockchain systems; strengthening the security of blockchain operations; individual approach to the use of blockchain technologies.
Albina V. Pomogalova, E. A. Donskov, Vasiliy Elagin, Andrei Vladyko
The analysis of potential load on the blockchain node of the Internet of Vehicles and the evaluation of the possibility of application of blockchain technology is carried out in the work. The work discusses concepts and approaches for building the architecture of Internet of Vehicles with the integration of blockchain technology. Within the framework of the ongoing research, the main principles of constructing a testbench with integration of blockchain networks Ethereum and Waves, research methodology and analysis of the obtained results are reflected in the work. The paper detailed the main principles underlying the study and considered scenarios for the use of blockchain technology as a special case of distributed ledger technologies.
In this article forecasting of daily closing price series of Bitcoin, Ripple, Dash, Litecoin and Ethereum crypto currencies, using data on prices (open, low, high), market capital and volumes using prior days is focused. The value conduct of cryptographic forms of money remains to a great extent neglected, giving new chances to scientists and business analysts to feature the likenesses and contrasts with standard monetary costs. Hence the paper is focused on this area. he results are compared with various benchmarks. Predictions are done using statistical techniques and machine learning algorithms. A simple linear regression (SLR) model that uses only a single-variable sequence of closing prices for forecasting, and a multiple linear regression (MLR) model that uses a multivariate sequence of prices and quantities at the same time. The simple linear regression (SLR) model for univariate serial forecasting uses only closing prices. Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) and relative Root Mean Square Error (relative RMSE) performance measures are considered. The accuracy achieved by the ARIMA model on our dataset is the highest, followed by Multivariable Linear Regression and LSTM.
Viktor S. Gorbatov, Dmitriy A. Dyatlov, Roman V. Natalichev
One of the most promising solutions for optimizing logistics processes is the creation of automated supply management systems based on distributed registry technology, in particular a smart contract. However, in addition to the well-known economic advantages of such a technology, the expediency of its practical application will largely be determined by the stability of the functioning of these control systems in modern conditions of the threat of destabilizing influences. Currently, the solution to the security issues of smart contracts as programs are reduced to checking the source code of applications. Obviously, this is clearly not enough to ensure the reliability of logistics management, the stability of which can be determined on the basis of known methods for assessing the complex security of the corresponding IT system. This study adapts existing methods for auditing and assessing information security risks for an IT system using a smart contract, and the subject is to substantiate the applicability of such an approach to assessing the security of logistics processes, considering the features of smart contracts. The paper considers the features of the use of smart contracts in logistics processes, outlines appropriate approaches to audit and risk assessment of the functioning of the logistics management system based on smart contracts. Recommendations have been developed for the practical implementation of specific methods for assessing the security of an IT system using a smart contract, which is set by the authors as the goal of further work. The results of the study can be useful to specialists in the field of optimization of logistics processes and information security when developing new logistics schemes based on smart contracts.
Aziz Hafis Ogly Safarli, Murad Azer Ogly Mamedov, Aleksei Ivanovich Bolonin
The article examines the genesis and technologies of the cryptocurrencies, presents data from leading cryptocurrencies platforms for the purpose of in-depth analysis of the current market situation. In recent years, there has been a significant growth of the cryptocurrency market, the development of new technologies and products on the market, as well as an increase in its influence on more traditional financial markets. In this regard, the issue of regulating cryptocurrencies at the national and supranational levels is becoming increasingly relevant. The subjects of the research are the international cryptocurrency market, the technology of the distribution register, the experience of various countries in regulating the issuance and circulation of cryptocurrencies. Based on the results of the study, the authors identified current trends in the global cryptocurrency market. According to the authors, it is practically impossible to completely ban the issue and turnover of cryptocurrencies by the state due to their decentralized nature. Regulation of the cryptocurrency market is a new source of funds for the tax budget, and will also contribute to the further development of the field of digital technologies. In the article, the authors investigated the approaches a number of countries in the direction of regulation and legalization of the cryptocurrency market, which can be used as an example in the process of creating a regulatory framework for the Russian cryptocurrency market.
Aleksei Aleksandrovich Ruban, Alina Viktorovna Krivopuskova, Dmitrii Sergeevich Kleimenov
Currently, the popularity of cryptocurrencies as an investment asset is growing, bitcoin is the most attractive among them, since it is the oldest instrument in this market. In this paper, the authors examined the advantages and disadvantages of the cryptocurrency in question, the history of its creation. The analysis of the effectiveness of the inclusion of the digital asset in question into the structure of an investment portfolio consisting of assets of various classes was carried out using the Harry Markowitz portfolio theory. The relevance of the chosen topic is confirmed due to the popularity of digital assets in modern conditions. The existing gaps in the legal regulation of their turnover are gradually being filled, and institutional investors are increasingly investing in the purchase of cryptocurrencies. The results of the study indicate a significant increase in the profitability of the investment portfolio after the addition of bitcoin, which can in some proportion become an effective substitute for investments in the stock market of American companies. The analysis revealed a high degree of mutual correlation between the dynamics of the bitcoin price and the S&P 500 index. The construction of the regression equation and the calculation of the determination coefficient give reason to believe that the dynamics of the S&P 500 index by 92.25% correlate with fluctuations of the price of bitcoin, which is due, apparently, to the attractiveness of the new and tempting investors with the profitability of the cryptocurrency market. The results obtained, on the one hand, indicate the possibility of using technical and fundamental analysis tools to work with crypto assets, on the other hand, the convergence of the behavior of this type of asset with changes in traditional market benchmarks.