This article is dedicated to the study of the theory of transformation of intellectual property legal regimes through blockchain technologies on an international scale. It focuses on three thematic blocks: firstly, defining the essence of blockchain technologies; secondly, analysing international blockchain technology standards; and thirdly, exploring variations in the use of blockchain technologies for the registration of intellectual property objects. The subject of the study is the social relations in the field of intellectual property and the mechanisms for their regulation. Methodology. The article employs scientific methods of cognition and doctrinal resolution of issues related to the use of digital tools in the regulation of social relations. This encompasses formal-logical and dialectical methodologies. A variety of empirical techniques, including synthesis, deduction, and statistical analysis, were employed. Results. The study reveals the absence of a direct indication of the use or intent to use distributed ledger technology, otherwise known as blockchain technology. The study demonstrates the significance of utilising blockchain technology in maintaining the customs register to account for intellectual property objects protected by law. This ensures the impossibility of unauthorised alteration or deletion of information about intellectual property objects, as provided by distributed ledger technology. These legal relations emerge in the course of entering information into the aforementioned registers, making modifications (updates), and providing information to interested parties. The use of blockchain technologies in the formation of the register of issued certificates of state registration of copyright for a work is justified.
Open access
Digital Transformation in Law
Security, Politics, and Digital Transformation
Digitalization and Economic Development in Agriculture
The article discusses the problem of identifying and qualifying crimes committed with certain types of cryptocurrencies. Using the example of the Zcash cryptocurrency, typical investigative situations that arise during the investigation of relevant criminal cases are considered. In accordance with the current legislation and the recommendations set out in the Resolutions of the Plenums of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, the author attempts to analyze crimes committed using the Zcash cryptocurrency and provides recommendations on the qualification of such crimes.
Password-based authentication remains vulnerable due to the centralized storage of passwords on servers. Even with strong user passwords, breaches in the servers can compromise identities. To address this, we outline a smart-contract-as-identity approach, where users are identified by the smart contract address instead of their public keys. If private keys are compromised, users can change their keys directly in the smart contract without needing to change their identity, demonstrating the resilience of our proposal. We also offer both single-key and multi-key signature options, showing flexibility in tuning the security/performance trade-off. Additionally, we create an easy-to-use cryptocurrency wallet-like user interface to enhance usability. Our early analysis shows that this smart contract design is fully deployable in the blockchain network and generates low processing delays. We believe that this research helps make signature-based authentication user-friendly, ultimately paving the way for a passwordless future.
The article considers legal problems that arise in connection with the introduction of smart contracts in various spheres of activity. The authors highlight such aspects as standardisation of smart-contract terms, the emergence of such a characteristic of the transaction as format, the need to develop the concept of “digital document” as the basis for the formation of legal regulation of smart-contracts.
To achieve sustainable development of social systems, it is necessary to modernize the legal system, which is the foundation of any society, to increase the efficiency of resources and simultaneously optimize the performance of the environment and society. The immutable and timestamped features of blockchain offer a robust solution for tracking and authenticating digital copyright evidence, thereby enhancing the integrity and transparency of judicial systems. This ensures that the integration of blockchain into legal systems not only advances technological efficiency but also promotes environmental consciousness. Through comprehensive analyses that integrate questionnaires, interviews, case studies and legislative assessments, this research reveals that there are still problems in the application of blockchain evidence in China’s judicial practice, such as insufficient and stable credibility, inadequate database storage, deficient original rights mechanisms, and the imperfect application of rules of evidence. These problems can be solved by enhancing correspondence legal systems, such as establishing an officially trusted copyright certificate blockchain, creating a blockchain copyright certificate technology supervision system and formulating specific laws and regulations on the application and identification of blockchain evidence. As such, our study contributes to aligning blockchain with judicial records, supporting the sustainable development goals of social systems, fostering institutional justice and social progress.
This research examines the impact of blockchain intelligent contracts on the arbitration rate and the mediator's function of settling disputes in supply and logistics contracts. The quantitative approach for the study and the involvement of 202 legal professionals acquainted with blockchain, the investigation explores the relationships of using smart contracts, trust, and speed of the arbitration process. The research results show that using smart contracts based on blockchain technology significantly improves the arbitration process's speed, efficiency, and transparency and strengthens the parties' trust. They can benefit policy-makers, lawyers, arbitration players, and enthusiasts by helping them grasp the potential of smart contracts in the arbitration system.
The article is devoted to the debatable issues of application of the principle of good faith in interpreting the terms of a smart contract, clarification of the meaning and content of the preliminary agreements of the parties that take place before the conclusion of a smart contract. Among the key factors of interpretation, the authors consider the volitional element of the participants of civil turnover, the nature of the performed obligation within the programme code. Also, in this part the peculiarities of interpretation of smart contracts by courts from the point of view of compliance of the application of provisions from a smart contract with the principle of good faith were especially studied. The researchers have modelled and analysed examples demonstrating particular cases of application of the principle of good faith arising on or before the conclusion of a smart contract (pre-contractual stage of relations).
Today, we are witnessing the increasing growth of financial technologies in the insurance industry.Undoubtedly, smart contracts can be considered one of the most important financial technologies.A limited number of researchers in the insurance industry have investigated the effect of the introduction of smart contracts on the performance of this industry; But what should be emphasized in the meantime is that when faced with any new and unknown phenomenon such as the Internet in previous years, the necessities, requirements and effects of using that technology should be fully investigated.The present study tries to evaluate the various aspects of the implementation of smart contracts in the insurance industry, to calculate its effects on the insurance processes in the insurance industry, and to determine the best type of design and use of this contract in the insurance industry, in order to accelerate and facilitate the insurance processes.introduce the benefit of the insurer and the insured; In the present research, firstly, with a descriptive-analytical approach based on theoretical and library studies, through theoretical study and referring to specialized reports in this field, various aspects of the implementation of smart contracts in the insurance industry have been analyzed.In the continuation of the research, using the SWOT matrix, the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the impact of smart contracts on the insurance industry have been evaluated by 30 experts and managers in the insurance field, and the main strategy has been determined.After classifying the existing sub-strategies, the QSPM matrix was used to assign an attractiveness score to each strategy and prioritize them.The results of the SWOT matrix indicate that the best main strategy will be an offensive strategy.Also, the QSPM matrix introduces the hard smart contract design strategy as the best sub-strategy in the design and use of smart contract basic technologies in the insurance industry; The purpose of implementing smart contracts in the insurance industry is to speed up and facilitate insurance processes in addition to increasing security (reducing fraud); All the actors involved in this process, especially the insurer and the insured, can benefit from smart contracts in their insurance activities.
В статье рассматривается практика применения инструментов мониторинга криптовалютных транзакций при проведении финансовых расследований. Определены актуальные риски и тенденции использования криптовалют по линии отмывания денег и финансирования терроризма, рассмотрено международное и национальное регулирование криптовалют и провайдеров услуг виртуальных активов. Дана характеристика общедоступных обозревателей блокчейнов и инструмента Росфинмониторинга «Прозрачный блокчейн». The article discusses the practice of using tools for monitoring cryptocurrency transactions when conducting financial investigations. The current risks and trends in the use of cryptocurrencies in the field of money laundering and terrorist financing are identified, international and national regulation of cryptocurrencies and service providers of viral assets is considered. The characteristics of publicly available blockchain explorers and the Rosfinmonitoring tool «Transparent Blockchain» are given.
Sogolsadat Mansouri, Habib Mohammed, Nodirbek Korchiev, Kemafor Anyanwu
Decentralized applications (DApps) rely heavily on user-programmed transaction protocols called “smart contracts” as fundamental building blocks for implementation. Such user-programmed transactions become necessary due to the limited out-of-the-box transaction types typically offered natively by blockchain platforms. While smart contracts offer significant flexibility and customizability in implementing transaction be-havior, they also come with significant usability and performance limitations that may impede the adoption of blockchains in specific application contexts. Motivated by the success enjoyed by database systems due to the systemization of a reasonable set of system-supported primitives, we consider the possibility of a similar approach for blockchains. Specifically, we utilize a combination of manual and automatic methods to analyze 93GB of transaction data from the Ethereumblockchain to understand whether there are transaction patterns that emerge and can be considered candidates for such automation within blockchains. We provide an overview of the implementation strategy for such transactions. The results of our analysis provide strong indicators in support of this approach.
In the application practice of smart contracts in blockchain, smart contracts, as an automatic contract mechanism, can be executed, managed, and verified on the blockchain network. After the smart contract is generated, the protocol can propagate in the form of P2P (Peer-to-Peer) across the entire blockchain network. The malicious transaction trigger event with serial number 1 is illegal fund transfer, and the smart contract response is to refuse execution, triggering a security mechanism with a response time of 1.5 seconds. The malicious transaction trigger event with serial number 1 is asset theft, and the smart contract response is to detect abnormal behavior and freeze relevant accounts, with a response time of 2.0 seconds. This article systematically studies the application of blockchain and smart contracts in financial risk management, providing new ideas and methods for the safe, efficient, and intelligent development of China’s financial industry.
Based on the practice developed in the department of economic examination of the FBU RFCSE under the Ministry of Justice of Russia, the possibilities of forensic economic examination are revealed, which is appointed during the investigation of criminal cases related to the circulation and theft of cryptocurrency. The main differences between cryptocurrency and digital fiat money are shown. It is clarified that cryptocurrency has only market value. Public sources of information on cryptocurrency transactions are described, which can be used by both law enforcers and experts. The features of conducting complex computertechnical and economic examinations are considered. It has been established in which cases it is sufficient to appoint an economic examination. The limits of competence of an expert economist when studying transactions with cryptocurrency are outlined, and it is explained what issues can be resolved by him.
The rapid advancement of smart contract innovation in online commerce has initiated significant discussions on enhancing the effectiveness of digital transactions. This research investigates the complexities of smart contract innovation within Indonesia’s e-commerce landscape, focusing on issues such as inaccuracies and behaviors that could negatively impact buyers. The primary objective is to provide clarity on legal matters in Indonesia’s evolving legal and technological environment. Employing a normative juridical approach, the study analyzes current laws and regulations to ensure the protection of participants in online transactions. Furthermore, it explores the concept of Cyberpreneurship using internet media for business—aiming to identify new business opportunities and improve e-commerce outcomes. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) is utilized to understand the relationships among variables related to smart contracts and e-commerce. The findings reveal that smart contract innovation (SCI) significantly affects cyberpreneurship (CP) with an estimated parameter of 0.45 (t-value = 4.50, p < 0.001). Legal certainty (LC) also significantly affects CP with an estimated parameter of 0.30 (t-value = 3.75, p < 0.001). Furthermore, CP has a positive and significant impact on e-commerce efficiency (EE) with an estimated parameter of 0.60 (t-value = 6.67, p < 0.001). These results indicate that smart contracts improve transaction speed, reduce costs, and ensure legal protection, thereby fostering a more secure and reliable e-commerce environment. This research aspires to contribute to the development and regulation of e-commerce in Indonesia and serve as a foundation for future studies. By addressing the legal and technological challenges, the study aims to provide recommendations for policymakers and business practitioners to enhance the adoption and implementation of smart contracts in e-commerce, ultimately contributing to a more robust and efficient digital economy.
Electronic Medical Records (EMRs) offer significant benefits but are vulnerable to security breaches. Blockchain technology, with its inherent security, transparency, and decentralization, presents a promising solution for protecting sensitive patient data. This research proposes a blockchain-based EMR system that employs private keys generated using the SHA256 algorithm for enhanced security. By storing medical records as bytecode, we aim to create an immutable and tamper-proof record-keeping system. This approach has the potential to revolutionize healthcare data management and ensure patient privacy.
Blockchain technology and smart contracts have emerged as revolutionary tools with the potential to transform various industries by providing decentralized, transparent, and secure methods for recording transactions and automating contractual agreements. However, the adoption of these technologies also raises significant legal and regulatory challenges. This paper critically examines the legal implications and challenges associated with blockchain technology and smart contracts. Through an analysis of existing legal frameworks, case studies, and regulatory approaches across different jurisdictions, this study identifies key issues such as enforceability, jurisdiction, data privacy, and security. The paper also explores potential solutions and recommendations for addressing these challenges, aiming to contribute to the development of a robust legal framework that supports the responsible use of blockchain technology and smart contracts.
Over the years, a number of applications of blockchain and smart contracts have been proposed in a variety of scenarios and sectors. Such applications use the blockchain to record different types of assets, from financial to public (e.g. vehicle registrations), semi-public (e.g. university degrees) and private (e.g. wills), as well as intangible (e.g. coupons) and tangibles (e.g. e-hotel). room keys) active. In the following subsections, an overview of the developed/designed applications is reported, grouping them according to their sector and context. The objective here is to provide the reader with a list of existing, to be developed, or potential applications of blockchain and smart contracts to help them understand the huge impact this technology could have on society.
Objective : to identify the prospects of international trade in the light of synchronizing Incoterms with smart contracts. Methods: the study is based on the general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, comparison, and formal-legal method necessary to analyze the provisions of Incoterms. Results: the authors analyzed the provisions of Incoterms and technological innovations in commercial law; showed the connection between the practice of commercial law and technological development due to the inclusion of contractual terms in blockchain. It is noted that the integration of blockchain technology with smart contracts has led to a variety of automated business transactions and the creation of a platform for synthetic assets trading. The authors describe the possibilities of secure and easy transactions in international trade using blockchain. Despite the uniqueness of this technology, its different types are distinguished, namely: public, private, hybrid, and consortium blockchain. It is substantiated that the synchronization of Incoterms with smart contracts can improve the prospects of international trade (especially export-import contracts). It is emphasized that smart contracts based on blockchain can revolutionize the application of Incoterms, consequently increasing the efficiency of transactions between parties to export-import relationships. One of the fundamental changes that smart contracts will bring to these trade transactions is the reduction of errors and misinterpretations of Incoterms. The authors use specific cases to demonstrate disputes arising at the stages of transaction conclusion and execution, which could have been avoided using modern technologies. Scientific novelty : The paper shows the phenomenon of synchronizing Incoterms with blockchain and how it can affect the form of contracts and facilitate their smooth execution. The proposed approach to analyzing the phenomenon takes into account the revolutionary innovations in crossborder trade, which are compared with the usual ways of applying Incoterms in traditional international trade contracts. Practical significance : the research provides suggestions and recommendations for further development of innovations in the field of smart contracts, especially export-import trade contracts on a global scale.
Blockchain technology (BT), as another important innovation following cloud computing, big data, mobile Internet and other information technologies, uses distributed node consensus algorithms to verify, store and update data, showing the unique advantages of centralization, distrust, anonymity and data tamper resistance. Smart contracts are based on BT as the underlying support, achieving automatic execution of contracts and providing more efficient and secure solutions for various transactions. This article delves into the digital automatic execution and verification mechanism of property rights based on BT and smart contracts. Through this mechanism, property rights information can be digitized and securely stored on the blockchain, achieving real-time updates and multi-party sharing of information, thereby greatly improving the transparency and traceability of property rights transactions. The application of smart contracts further enhances the automatic execution of transactions, ensuring the automatic triggering of relevant operations when transaction conditions are met, and ensuring the legality and effectiveness of transactions through built-in verification mechanisms. The experimental results indicate that this mechanism not only improves the efficiency of property rights transactions, reduces transaction costs and risks, but also brings revolutionary innovation to the field of property rights transactions.
Данная статья посвящена вопросам современной технологии смарт-контрактов. Дана оценка влияния смарт-контрактов на бизнес-среду. Проанализирована популярная блокчейн- платформа для разработки и внедрения смарт-контрактов. Рассмотрены основные возможности и особенности смарт-контрактов, успешно проведен анализ технологии, предложены варианты по решению проблем после анализа. Входе исследования авторы приходят к выводу о том, что, развивая смарт-контракты и применяя их в практике, будут снижаться затраты, повышаться эффективность, увеличиваться прозрачность в управлении, что указывает на возможность преобразования деловой России. Важно подчеркнуть, что для реализации этого потенциала, необходимо пройти путь, соединяя нормативно-правовую базу, технологические возможности и преодолевая социальные барьеры, и поможет создать новые возможности для участия в экономической деятельности. This article is devoted to the issues of modern smart contract technology. An assessment of the impact of smart contracts on the business environment is given. The popular blockchain platform for the development and implementation of smart contracts is analyzed. The main features and features of smart contracts are considered, the technology has been successfully analyzed, and options for solving problems after analysis are proposed. Based on the study, the authors conclude that by developing smart contracts and applying them in practice, costs will decrease, efficiency will increase, and transparency in management will increase, which indicates the possibility of transforming business Russia. It is important to emphasize that in order to realize this potential, it is necessary to go through a path connecting the regulatory framework, technological capabilities and overcoming social barriers, and will help create new opportunities for participation in economic activities.
This study explores the legal frameworks governing digital transactions, with a specific focus on the transformative impact of blockchain technology. The primary aim is to elucidate the complexities and challenges posed by blockchain while examining the diverse regulatory approaches adopted internationally. Through a comprehensive literature review and comparative analysis, the research addresses key aspects such as the conceptual framework of digital transactions, the unique characteristics of blockchain, and the regulatory strategies implemented across different jurisdictions. The findings reveal that blockchain technology, characterized by its decentralized, immutable, and transparent nature, significantly disrupts traditional regulatory models. Identified challenges include jurisdictional ambiguities, enforcement difficulties, and privacy concerns. The comparative analysis shows divergent regulatory approaches: supportive frameworks in Japan and Switzerland contrast sharply with restrictive measures in China, highlighting the necessity for international cooperation and harmonization of regulations. The study concludes that effective regulation of blockchain technology requires innovative and flexible legal frameworks capable of adapting to rapid technological advancements. Policymakers must balance fostering innovation and protecting public interests, emphasizing the need for privacy-preserving technologies and international standards. Recommendations include developing global regulatory standards, enhancing privacy measures, and creating legal frameworks that accommodate the decentralized nature of blockchain systems. This research provides valuable insights for regulators, policymakers, and stakeholders, offering a pathway towards a secure, transparent, and innovative digital economy. Continuous adaptation and international collaboration are imperative to address emerging challenges and fully harness the potential of blockchain technology. The study advocates for proactive engagement and cooperation among nations to create a cohesive regulatory environment that promotes innovation while safeguarding public interests, enabling the global community to navigate the complexities of blockchain technology and unlock its full potential for economic and social advancement. Keywords: Blockchain Technology, Digital Transactions, Legal Frameworks, Regulatory Challenges, International Cooperation, Privacy Concerns.
The advent of blockchain technology and its adoption across various sectors have raised critical discussions about the need for regulatory mechanisms to ensure consumer protection, maintain financial stability, and address privacy concerns without compromising the foundational principles of decentralization and immutability inherent in blockchain platforms. We examine the existing mechanisms for smart contract termination across several major blockchain platforms, including Ethereum, BNB Smart Chain, Cardano, Solana, Hyperledger Fabric, Corda, IOTA, Apotos, and Sui. We assess the compatibility of these mechanisms with the requirements of the EU Data Act, focusing on aspects such as consumer protection, error correction, and regulatory compliance. Our analysis reveals a diverse landscape of approaches, from immutable smart contracts with built-in termination conditions to upgradable smart contracts that allow for post-deployment modifications. We discuss the challenges associated with implementing the so-called smart contract "kill switches," such as the balance between enabling regulatory compliance and preserving the decentralized ethos, the technical feasibility of such mechanisms, and the implications for security and trust in the ecosystem.
The article discusses the problem of identifying and qualifying crimes committed with certain types of cryptocurrencies. Using the example of the Monero cryptocurrency, typical investigative situations that arise during the investigation of relevant criminal cases are considered. In accordance with the current legislation and the recommendations set out in the Resolutions of the Plenums of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation by the author, an attempt is being made to analyze crimes committed using cryptocurrency.
Smart contracts are autonomous and immutable pieces of code that are deployed on blockchain networks and run by miners. They were first introduced by Ethereum in 2014 and have since been used for various applications such as security tokens, voting, gambling, non-fungible tokens, self-sovereign identities, stock taking, decentralized finances, decentralized exchanges, and atomic swaps. Since smart contracts are immutable, their bugs cannot be fixed, which may lead to significant monetary losses. While many researchers have focused on testing smart contracts, our recent work has highlighted a gap between test adequacy and test data generation, despite numerous efforts in both fields. Our framework, Griffin, tackles this deficiency by employing a targeted symbolic execution technique for generating test data. This tool can be used in diverse applications, such as killing the survived mutants in mutation testing, validating static analysis alarms, creating counter-examples for safety conditions, and reaching manually selected lines of code. This paper discusses how smart contracts differ from legacy software in targeted symbolic execution and how these differences can affect the tool structure, leading us to propose an enhanced version of the control-flow graph for Solidity smart contracts called CFG+. We also discuss how Griffin can utilize custom heuristics to explore the program space and find the test data that reaches a target line while considering a safety condition in a reasonable execution time. We conducted experiments involving an extensive set of smart contracts, target lines, and safety conditions based on real-world faults and test suites from related tools. The results of our evaluation demonstrate that Griffin can effectively identify the required test data within a reasonable timeframe.
This academic paper delves into the intricate legal dimensions of smart contracts within the context of traditional contract law, tracing the evolution of smart contracts, their intricate linkages with blockchain technology and ethereum, and their thriving applications in diverse fields such as finance and supply chain management. Using a combination of literature review and comparative analysis, this study not only highlights the multifaceted advantages offered by smart contracts, such as automated execution capabilities and greater security, but also provides insights into the legal challenges they pose. These challenges contrast with the principles of traditional contract law, including the dilemmas of the legal nature of smart contracts, contracting, performance, and modification and remedies. To reconcile these differences, this paper argues for a set of innovative solutions. These include the adoption of the integration of multi-signature protocols to enhance mutual agreement, the strategic involvement of governmental oversight to ensure regulatory compliance, and the implementation of hybrid models that synergize on-chain functionality with off-chain operations. Through this comprehensive analysis, the paper aims at forging a path towards coordinating the dynamic capabilities of smart contracts with the established tenets of contract law, thereby unlocking their full potential in a legally compliant.