Abstract: The idea of sharing economy provides rise to distinctive concepts and develops innovative businesses. This text aims to relate the good town concept by introducing the good transport system and explores the opportunities of adopting blockchain technology in ridesharing services. Blockchain technology could be a distributed, suburbanized public ledger that allows peer-topeer transactions in a very secure means with no third party. This proposes a blockchain-based framework from the prevailing centralized framework for a ride-sharing service and implements a similar as a suburbanized application (DApp) primarily based on good contracts on Ethereum Blockchain. exploitation good contracts facilitate the users with automated transactions, removes the intermediaries, and allows varied activities to be carried out safely and firmly. Implementation of good contracts is finished exploitation of the Solidity programming language. This DApp uses the min matching algorithmic program to match riders requesting rideshare to avoid wasting total travel distance. With the overwhelming growth in the usage of crypto currencies, good contracts usage in applications as projected during this paper will rework the sharing economy.
The organization and management of electricity markets worldwide are rapidly evolving, moving towards decentralized, distributed, and renewable energy-based generation with solutions based on real-time data exchange. A Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) energy trading has emerged as one of the most promising alternatives for relieving the load imposed on the traditional grid enabling two individuals to buy and sell energy directly without intermediaries. However, the Internet of Electric Vehicles (IoEV) environment is trustless, and such P2P energy trading is prone to different kinds of cyber attacks. Blockchain technology has lately been proposed to implement V2V energy trading to securely and fairly share energy. The consensus mechanism is one of the most important modules of blockchain applied to the V2V network. It determines the efficiency and security among untrustworthy EVs of the energy trading blockchain (ETB). Nevertheless, most works on ETB have currently adopted traditional consensus mechanisms. Due to high computing power and communication overhead, these consensus algorithms are unsuitable for applications requiring real-time services such as energy trading. The efficient and secured Hashgraph is the revolutionary technology of consensus in blockchain and a promising technology suitable for V2V energy trading with frequent transactions. However, Hashgraph does not support the dynamic addition and deletion of nodes and is completely decentralized and vulnerable to Sybil Attack in a large-scale blockchain. Furthermore, this “complete decentralization” model may result in states losing the ability to macro-control the energy industry and even systemic energy security issues. Therefore, we propose a Block Alliance Consensus (BAC) mechanism to solve these problems. BAC can maintain the throughput of Hashgraph and resist Sybil Attack in a large-scale P2P energy trading network. We design a cryptography-based leader election mechanism and adopt a reputation incentive mechanism to motivate honest and cooperative electric vehicles (EVs). Finally, we implement ETB and the BAC consensus mechanism on the Hyperledger Fabric platform. The high efficiency and security of BAC and the blockchain-based V2V energy trading platform are verified through experiments.
This study aims to solve the problem of environmental pollution caused by industry through the upgrading and transformation of the supply chain, supply chain resource allocation, and related aspects. Specifically, environmental friendliness is added to the resource-matching problem of the cloud platform supply chain. Additionally, learning theory and dynamic evaluation systems are introduced when creating a preference sequence. The deferred-acceptance algorithm is used for matching. Finally, the automatic matching of blockchain smart contracts ensures the interests of both matching parties. Through the analysis of the example at the end of the study, we found that (1) the deviation table of demand side 5 and supply side 7 in the example shows that the deviation between demand side 5 as demand side and supply side 7 is only 11.55186, and the deviation between supply side 7 as demand side and demand side 5 is only 6.56778, and both sides form a high-quality pairing when matched with other partners. No excessive waste of its resources occurs. (2) Effectively ensure the openness and transparency of the supply chain production process; (3) The impact of environmental factors on enterprises is fully considered. In the analysis of the calculation cases, it can be found that demand side 10 has extremely high requirements for the environmental friendliness of its partners, and although supplier 2 has a very high preference for demand side 10, it is not successfully matched because the environmental friendliness of its own enterprise is not up to the standard, while supplier 1 has an environmental friendliness of up to 92 and is finally matched with Demand side 10; (4) Through the comparison test in the appendix, it can be found that the improved GS algorithm achieves the distinction between positive and negative partners. After multiple rounds of scoring, positive demand side 1, 3 was matched with positive supply side 2, 4, which can strengthen the enthusiasm of both partners and avoid negative cooperation.
Internet of Vehicular Things (IoVT), as a subset of the Internet of Things (IoT), enhances safety, traffic management, and driver experience by connecting vehicles and facilitating data exchange. Indeed, the implementation of IoVT comes with its fair share of challenges, which include transparent and secure service management, security, privacy preservation, and prevention of malware attacks. Researchers have proposed reputation-based systems, including blockchain-supported ones, as effective solutions to address the challenges in IoVT, offering benefits such as integrity, authenticity, transparency, and privacy preservation support. On the other hand, cryptocurrency offers several advantages, such as decentralization, enhanced security, and lower transaction costs, making it an effective form of payment that can bypass traditional intermediaries and facilitate fast and borderless transactions with greater financial privacy and control for users. In this paper, a blockchain-based reputation management system is proposed that can collect information about the surroundings from intelligent vehicles, convert that data into appropriate information, and make necessary decisions regarding reported incidents. A cryptocurrency-based recovery system allows defaulters to recover their missing points through the use of digital tokens or assets, providing them with a transparent and decentralized mechanism for restoring their lost value or reputation. The proposed method for the cryptocurrency-based recovery system is implemented and tested using virtual machines, specifically utilizing the Ethereum blockchain and smart contract programming as proof of concept to showcase the functionality and feasibility of the system. Additionally, the packet structure and the throughput are also demonstrated to prove the efficiency of the proposed method.
Kadim Lahcen Nadime, Jamal Benhra, Rajaa Benabbou, Salma Mouatassim
The rapid growth of e-commerce has placed considerable strain on traditional logistics systems, prompting a need for innovative solutions to optimize delivery processes and enhance customer satisfaction. This research paper presents a decentralized crowdsourced delivery application that leverages blockchain technology and smart contracts to address the challenges faced by centralized logistics models. The proposed system allows e-commerce companies to outsource product deliveries to carriers from a diverse pool, offering greater flexibility and cost-effectiveness while also enhancing transparency and trust among all parties involved. Built on the Ethereum blockchain, the application manages both the delivery and return processes, generating verifiable proofs of delivery (PoD) and proofs of return (PoR) for each transaction. The paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the system architecture and the implementation of the application using smart contracts. Furthermore, it explores the potential impact of the proposed system on e-commerce companies, carriers, and customers, and identifies challenges and future directions for research and development in this field. The findings of this study contribute to the ongoing discourse on the transformative potential of blockchain technology and crowdsourcing in the e-commerce logistics industry, offering valuable insights into the design and real-world application of a decentralized delivery system.
Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLTs) have been widely endorsed in various areas and by numerous entities. With the promises of decentralisation, taking out the middlepersons and cost-efficiency, DLT-implementations seem desirable in various fields, from finance and copyright to health. However, all pros come with cons. DLTs’ architecture may by nature run counter to some data protection principles; this could limit or even halt innovation. Moreover, there is a tendency for (re)centralisation contesting the very nature of DLTs and risking having centralised systems serving the economic interests of the few big players, instead of the fundamental rights and freedoms of the many. Last, contemporary forms of DLTs, allowing for smart contracting, appear to challenge traditional contract laws. This contribution aims to address the above challenges. It argues that data protection laws, dynamically interpreted, could raise security thresholds and promote the development of user-friendly and decentralised DLTs, thus avoiding (re)centralisation; and that, while smart contracting appears suitable in various situations, it can be avoided where traditional legal contracts can better satisfy the individual needs and desires of the parties. Finally, the concluding section recommends that regulators wait for scientific advances in the field and carefully balance the fundamental rights and freedoms at stake before introducing DLTs in the public sphere. Keywords: Distributed Ledger Technologies | Decentralisation | Pseudonymisation | Smart Contracts
Despite recent market turmoil, distributed ledger technology (DLT) is expected to accelerate its transformation of the financial services industry. Assets made available for investment using DLT will extend beyond cryptocurrencies, non-fungible tokens (NFTs) and the like to embrace assets of all kinds, including equity and fixed income securities, loans, real estate and others that today generally are supported by highly fragmented legacy proprietary frameworks. DLT offers the prospect of a safer, more cost-efficient, more widely adopted operating environment across all types of assets and transactions. However, legal and regulatory frameworks for financial services have taken time to adapt to this sea change. While certain regulatory and legislative developments have grabbed headlines, less appreciated is the state of play of so-called ‘private law’. Private property law addresses ownership rights in digital assets as well as whether and how these rights may be asserted indirectly through intermediaries, requisites for transfer of ownership, rulesets for resolution of disputes regarding ownership and whether and how interests in such assets may be secured by collateral arrangements. More broadly, and more fundamentally, as the UK Law Commission has recently noted, ‘property law is default law’ and is particularly useful because, in principle, property rights ‘are recognised against the whole world, whereas other — personal — rights are recognised only against someone who has assumed a relevant legal duty’.1 This distinction is especially important where a party having responsibility for an asset becomes insolvent. Within individual legal systems, digital assets and methods for their transfer have struggled to integrate themselves with existing laws such as the law regarding property rights and laws addressing the impact of insolvency. Each legal system by and large has addressed this challenge in its own way and in its own time, complicating prospects for a broad, scalable take-up of DLT as a replacement for current inefficiencies and fragmentation as well as for new types of assets. This is likely to be especially problematic in the context of cross-border investments, holdings and dispositions — especially if the law of more than one jurisdiction might apply to the same investment. This paper argues that it is essential that legal systems grappling with digital assets are mindful of the risks and pitfalls of inconsistency with other legal systems and that in this respect consistent application of governing law and choice of forum especially should be considered. In particular, the efforts of the International Institute for the Unification of Private Law (UNIDROIT) should be supported in order to establish a conceptually sound set of principles for all jurisdictions to apply, regardless of the peculiarities of their respective legal systems.
Since the Merge update upon which Ethereum transitioned to Proof of Stake, it has been touted that it resulted in lower power consumption and increased security. However, even if that is the case, can this state be sustained? In this paper, we focus on the potential impact of competition with other smart contract platforms on the price of Ethereum's native currency, Ether (ETH), thereby raising questions about the safety and sustainability purportedly brought about by the design of Proof of Stake.
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV), often referred to as drones, have the potential to revolutionize the healthcare industry. They offer speed and accessibility in delivering medical supplies, making them the superior mode of transport for inaccessible and remote areas. Though drone-based systems are advantageous, there is a need for an end-to-end system that could provide a secure platform to use drones in a flawless manner to perform transactions. Drones are vulnerable to hacking and data interception, which may lead to the exfiltration of collected data by malicious users. In this study, MedUAV, a prototype for a drone-based decentralized autonomous emergency medicine supply system, is proposed. It leverages the security aspects of blockchain and smart contracts. The proposed system is deployed and tested in the Polygon Main network, and significant conclusions about the performance of the system are discussed.
Blockchain technology and, more generally, distributed ledger technology (DLT) systems, face public scrutiny for their energy consumption levels. However, many point out that high energy consumption is a feature of (small block size) proof-of-work (PoW) DLTs, but not of proof-of-stake (PoS) DLTs. With the energy consumption of PoS systems being an under-researched area, we replicate, expand and update embryonary work modelling it and comparing different PoS-based DLTs with each other and with other non-PoS systems. In doing so, we suggest and implement a number of improvements to an existing PoS energy consumption model. We find that there may be significant differences in the energy consumption of PoS systems analysed and confirm that, regardless of these differences, their energy consumption is several orders of magnitude below that of Bitcoin Core.
The use of distributed data storage and management structures, such as Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLT), in the energy sector has gained great interest in recent times. This opens up new possibilities in e.g. microgrid management, aggregation of distributed resources, peer-to-peer trading, integration of electromobility or proof-of-origin strategies. However, in order to benefit from those new possibilities, new challenges have to be overcome. This work focuses on one of these challenges, which is the need to ensure interoperability when integrating DLT-enabled devices in energy use cases. Firstly, the use of DLTs in the energy sector will be analyzed and the main use cases will be presented. Then, a classification of DLT-Energy use cases will be proposed. Secondly, the need for a common reference architecture framework to analyze those use cases with a focus on interoperability will be discussed and the current activities in research and standardization in this field will be presented. Finally, a new common reference architecture framework based on current activities in standardization will be presented.
As one of the most concerned digital technologies in recent years, blockchain and distributed ledger technology are an important driving force for a new round of technological development. It is currently in the process of accelerating its evolution and maturity, and has gradually integrated with other digital technologies. It has been applied in many industries, providing decentralized solutions for various industries, realizing innovative storage models, and building a new trust system. As blockchain technology is officially incorporated into China’s new information infrastructure category, the application fields of blockchain have expanded rapidly, gradually extending from the financial field and government affairs to other fields in the real economy. At the same time, with the continuous development of the globalized economy, blockchain technology will also have a profound impact on international technological and economic development. Therefore, for the healthy and orderly development and real implementation of the blockchain industry, standardize the application of blockchain, effectively break through the cognitive and technical barriers between different countries, industries and systems on a global scale, prevent application risks, the development of the global blockchain industry needs standardization basis, which is particularly important and urgent. A sound standard system is an important key to the successful development of technology, and formulating the right standard at the right time for technology development helps ensure the ease of use and interoperability of the technology. From the perspective of international standardization, this article first introduces the general situation of ISO, ITU-T, IEEE, W3C and other international standardization organizations, and sorts out the status quo of the blockchain standardization working groups of mainstream international standardization organizations. All blockchain-related standards under development have been analyzed for the characteristics of international blockchain technology standards and industry application standards. Through data analysis, the overlaps, differences and conflicts in the field of international blockchain standard formulation are sorted out, and suggestions for blockchain standardization work in the application and development of blockchain technology standardization by international organizations and industries are put forward. The plans and layouts of future international standards are summarized to help the development of the international standardization of blockchain.
Human and social factors are essential to transportation systems, yet top-down management fails to consider them sufficiently. Consequently, management strategies are not tailored to human needs and are inadequate in providing transportation intelligence. This article investigates a management architecture based on decentralized/distributed autonomous operations/organizations (DAOs) that considers both the technical and societal aspects in our transportation metaverse, TransVerse. This design maps people’s transportation needs in physical space to their digital counterparts in cyberspace, utilizing blockchain technology to guarantee the secure exchange of information and ultimately bring about the Internet of Minds (IoM). With the federated intelligence that emerged in IoM, we can devise reliable and prompt traffic decisions by incorporating consensus, community voting, and smart contracts into the organizational, coordination, and execution structure. Details on operational procedures and key technologies are also covered. To demonstrate the efficacy of DAOs-based management, a case study of world model-driven cooperative signal control is provided, indicating its promising application in future transportation management.
Cities have been growing at an impressive rate, and with the advancement of technology and digitization, new ways have been proposed to provide cities with a certain level of autonomy and intelligence so that they can self-regulate tasks that currently take a lot of time for both citizens and authorities, and which also have a negative impact on the environment. We have recently experienced one of the most abrupt changes in history as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, where millions of people, businesses, schools, companies, governments, etc., have had to modify their ways of working, in addition to dealing with many other changes in the present moment, the most important of which is the transition to electronic transactions. This is a chance to progress toward smart city transformation and the implementation of models that assist citizens in their ordinary activities. One of the most common activities is the purchase of real estate. In this study, we propose a model to make the purchase and sale of real estate more equitable and fairer, and not just based on the amount of money. A smart home should be able to identify who its current owner is by functioning as an IoT badge, and, after the subject’s identity has been verified, it should be granted full access to all services, or else it should be blocked and/or alerted to the authorities. The use of smart contracts in a blockchain to transfer ownership of a smart home that includes, as inputs, those interested in acquiring a specific house and, as outputs, a person who chose the system based on the requirements previously established by the government of the Smart City. As a result, susceptibility to fraud or interference by a third person is reduced, and an individual’s security of living in a smart home, and therefore, in a smart city, is strengthened.
Numerous academic and industrial fields, such as healthcare, banking, and supply chain management, are rapidly adopting and relying on blockchain technology. It has also been suggested for application in the internet of vehicles (IoV) ecosystem as a way to improve service availability and reliability. Blockchain offers decentralized, distributed and tamper-proof solutions that bring innovation to data sharing and management, but do not themselves protect privacy and data confidentiality. Therefore, solutions using blockchain technology must take user privacy concerns into account. This article reviews the proposed solutions that use blockchain technology to provide different vehicle services while overcoming the privacy leakage problem which inherently exists in blockchain and vehicle services. We analyze the key features and attributes of prior schemes and identify their contributions to provide a comprehensive and critical overview. In addition, we highlight prospective future research topics and present research problems.
Blockchain technology has been generating great interest by a variety of industry sectors. Realizing the strength of blockchain technology beyond its successful application in the cryptocurrency arena, researchers have been evaluating and using blockchain for applications such as supply chain management, the energy industry, health sectors, and much more. Some of the features include smart contracts, decentralization, consensus, immutable distributed ledgers, cryptographic hashing, and digital signatures. There are multiple types of blockchain and different consensus models. However, it is often a significant undertaking to determine if an application requires a blockchain. What kind of blockchain and consensus model is best suited for a given scenario? This paper addresses this challenge by evaluating different blockchain solutions along with the consensus models to determine the applicability for different use cases. We propose a guideline and applicability analysis framework (AAF) to determine whether an application needs a blockchain solution or not. The AAF is divided into 6 domains, 11 subdomains, and 45 controls. It is designed to ingest detailed user requirements to perform a weighted evaluation that is built on mathematical constructs to determine the scenario in which a blockchain-based solution is appropriate. Moreover, this article also includes an example of evaluating applicability through AAF with the help of a use-case scenario.
Efficient aggregation of distributed charge-discharge loads is a key method to realize the value utilization of energy storage resources of electric vehicle power batteries. In order to adapt to the high-dimensional and complex trend brought by large-scale electric vehicles connected to the grid, the intelligent contract technology is introduced in this paper. Based on the whole-process modeling of charging and discharging behavior of electric vehicles, the boundary of electric vehicles convergent operation is established, and then the hierarchical scheduling optimization method of electric vehicles load is proposed. The effectiveness of the model was verified by analyzing three typical scenarios of disordered charging, ordered charging and V2G ordered charging and discharging.