Currently, there are a great number of platform-projects and frameworks based on blockchain technology. Consequently, it is necessary to define the most relevant blockchain platforms and analyze them taking into consideration a variety of features. Also, there is a need to investigate the logistics growth and the price of Bitcoin on the Binance cryptocurrency exchange. The authors have examined modern technologies used by manufacturing companies in the field of fintech in the context of the 2019-2024 period. The results show that sensors and automatic identification take the leading position both at present and in 2024. Aartificial intelligence and blockchain are also in demand by manufacturers today, however in the nearest future their ranking positions will increase sixfold from 10% to 60%. In the current paper the authors review the largest companies that effectively use blockchain technology in their businesses. The conducted survey shows that 18% of companies use blockchain technology based on Bitcoin. The authors have analysed a number of Bitcoin transactions for the period from January 2017 to February 2021 and concluded that the COVID-19 pandemic has had a favourable effect on the indicator data. A maximum number of transactions equal to 10.15 million was carried out in July 2020. Using the method of the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and statistical estimation methods the authors have revealed an underestimation of the equilibrium state of the empirical distribution of price data and the volume of daily trading of Bitcoin on the Binance cryptocurrency exchange through the channel of the right-hand confidence interval. The blockchain technology based on Bitcoin has positively reacted to the macroeconomic factors such as the COVID-19 pandemics and further growth in Bitcoin transactions is expected. With the help of economic modelling, the authors have defined the predictable volume and the price of Bitcoin on the Binance cryptocurrency exchange.
This paper draws the concept of the decentralized autonomous organizations (DAO) as new opportunities for digital economy and new form of digital cooperation with economic potential of DAO, as well as reveals the main problems and risks associated with functioning of DAO. Quick development of technology and digitalization of society, increase in the number of modern electronic devices will lead to new forms of cooperation, where borders and distances will not be an obstacle to combining human efforts and resources. One of the forms of such cooperation should be DAO as a reliable and effective substitute for the institution of economic mediation and traditional legal forms. Despite the attractive optimization of a number of processes due to digital freedom and low bureaucracy, a number of issues related to protocol security, legal uncertainty and temporary complexity of the internal mechanism remain unresolved. Modern blockchain technology is becoming a platform for capital formation, where cryptocurrencies and digital assets can be moved directly within DAO itself or with another compatible DAO. That allows the creation of organizations in which participants maintain direct real-time control of contributed funds where the governance rules are formalized, automated and enforced using software. While DAOs have been discussed and experimented with for the last five years, only now have they become the logical extension of the capital formation piece. The opportunities ahead will be in the formation of new types of organizations based around the interactions between digital stake holders and decentralized governance. Despite the potential that DAOs present, they face challenges from legal, governance and security perspectives. We are convinced that new forms of economic cooperation based on blockchain and DAO technologies may open up shortcomings in the near future, and we know how to implement them in national platforms adapted to modern legislation that promotes economic progress and global cooperation. Also we believe that DAO should become a separate economic system based on the idea of Seconomics end Robonomics, where the digital economy is seen as an integral part of CyberSecurity.
One of the leading technologies nowadays, which is extremely helpful for the tokenization process is Blockchain. Combining Blockchain technology with the tokenization process creates a digital economy based on values rather than speculative demand. Therefore, we can say that tokenization leads us to a new era of global investment with minimal risks and high volatility. Tokens, which are specific objects that reflect the real values (such as money, stocks, credit card numbers, medical records, etc.), provide new investment opportunities and open up new areas for investment and trading. However, no single token classification system has yet been introduced that would help to clearly differentiate the functionality of each type of token for further use in different areas. The leading by popularity division of all crypto assets can be described within the three main groups: Payment, Utility, and Security tokens. This article offers a more detailed review of each of these groups and highlights the features of each of them.
Oksana Rumiantsava, Svetlana Osmolovez, И. Н. Рабыко, Marina Markusenka
The relevance of the emission of digital currency by central banks is due to the proliferation of virtual assets, an increase in the share of non-cash payments, and the rapid development of the fintech sector. Monetary regulators are studying the possibilities of issuing their own digital currency in order to make the most of the capabilities of distributed ledger systems in realizing their goals and objectives. The controversial nature of the issue of digital currency emission by the central bank necessitates additional research on this topic due to the uncertainty of the legal and economic status of virtual assets, problems that may arise during the implementation of monetary policy, and the economic feasibility of introducing such a project at the present stage. The article examines the prerequisites for the emergence of projects of the central bank digital currency (CBDC), the emission model of CBDC, the risks of its practical implementation.
Figure. Distributed Ledger Token Accounting System. Figure. Subjects of Social Relations Based on the Decentralized Information Platform. Figure. Derivativeness of a Digital Asset. Figure. Semantic Features of the Concept of a “Digital Asset” in Economic and Legal Aspects. Figure. Derivativeness of Polyassets and Monoassets. Figure. Types of Tokenized Assets Derived from Property. Figure. Visual Representation of the Methods of Financial and Management Accounting of Property Using Various Types of Tokenized Assets. Figure. Visual Representation of the Classification of Virtual Assets Based on the Complexity of Their Nature. Table. Comparison of Properties of Various Types of Virtual Assets of the Distributed Ledger Derivative of the Original Asset. Table. Main Properties and Parameters of Types of Tokenized Assets. Table. Classification of Virtual Assets as Tools for Implementing the Methods of Financial and Management Accounting of Property.
Nataliya A. Amosova, Anna Yu. Kosobutskaya, О.В. Лускатова, Annie V. Ravohanginirina
The chapter studies the problem of a possible influence of the unregulated use of blockchain technology on financial markets and regulation. The authors proceed from the assumption that development of new technologies used in financial markets is of great importance and, at the same time, see a threat to the stable functioning and regulation of financial institutions, primarily credit institutions. The correct solution of the question of the necessity and the limits of regulation of the blockchain technology usage in financial markets, in the authors' opinion, should be considered a factor of the financial markets' competitiveness improving.
Economic and Technological Developments in Russia
Economic, Social, and Public Health Issues in Russia and Globally
Digitalization and Economic Development in Agriculture
Office of the Government of the Russian Federation, LEONID LEVIN
The article studies the issues of regulating the cryptocurrency circulation, the relationship between the space of fiat money (money, not secured by gold and other precious metals, when the nominal value is set and guaranteed by the state, regardless of the value of the material used for their manufacture) and a large number of new digital payment instruments, as well as examines the control over their circulation and conversion. The purpose of the article is to identify actual legal gaps in the regulation of cryptocurrencies, the uncertainties of their legal status and to find the promising conditions for its effective integration with the financial and economic space of the Russian Federation. The study is carried out considering the importance of preserving the financial, economic, and social security of the state. The relevance of the study is determined by the need for rapid development of the digital economy and accelerated formation of information society relations. The imperfection of the current regulatory framework remains due to the conceptual differences between centralized and decentralized approaches to determining the monetary component of currency policy of the state.
Digitalization of the petrochemical complex is focused on the use and creation of end-to-end technologies, such as distributed ledger systems, advanced manufacturing technologies, industrial Internet, Internet of Things, and big data. These technologies are now sufficiently advanced to integrate with the main production processes of petrochemical enterprises for the digital transformation of operations and the provision of "smart" supply chains, as well as the development and implementation of new business models. Smart manufacturing is a new paradigm that provides speed and flexibility through the introduction of digital innovations that create a circular economy model, facilitating the use of solutions such as digital platforms, smart devices, and artificial intelligence that contribute to resource optimization. The article deals with the issues of personnel support for petrochemical enterprises that contribute to improving production efficiency in the digital economy. Integrating human resource management into the strategic planning process allows you to create and develop the necessary skills and competencies to achieve effective results, opportunities and competitive advantages. The introduction of more efficient and faster production systems and innovative technologies allows you to reduce production processes, accelerate the entry of new products and services to the market, as well as the associated delivery times, reduce production stages and increase the ability to differentiate products.
Hanna Kucherova, Vita Los, Dmytro Ocheretin, Olha Bilska · 5 authors
The relevance of the research subject is explained by a fundamental change in the conditions of existence and development of agents of the digital economy, limited knowledge about their behavior under conditions of quarantine restrictions. The aim of the research is to study the series of the dynamics of the price of bitcoin and the frequency of online requests for bitcoin as an indicator of the behavior of agents of the digital economy using the methods of qualitative recurrent analysis. The types of constructed time series plots of the price of bitcoin and the frequency of requests for bitcoin are defined as drift with a superimposed linearly gradually increasing sequence, which indicates the unpredictability of the behavior of digital economy agents with a gradual stabilization in new quality trend. The scientific novelty of the research results lies in the proven connection between the series of bitcoin price dynamics and the frequency of online requests for bitcoin, tracking changes in the behavior of digital economy agents before and after the introduction of quarantine restrictions. The procedure for conducting a qualitative recurrence analysis of the series of dynamics is generalized, which takes into account the specifics of the formation of the frequency of online requests for bitcoin, the price and the behavioral aspect of its formation. The practical value lies in defining the characterization of the behavior model of digital economy agents under conditions of quarantine restrictions. The behavior of digital economy agents in the context of COVID-2019 requires further research, in particular, using cross-recurrent analysis methods.
Received 28.07.2020. The article examines issues related to the introduction of central bank digital currencies (CBDC) for retail payments and wholesale settlements. The study defines and classifies central bank digital currencies, researches the main models of CBDC systems. The article also analyzes the features of various national projects for issuing Central bank digital currencies. The paper uses methods of economic-statistical and functional-structural analysis. The study concludes that CBDC are a new form of central bank money. Digital currencies can be issued in various issuing systems for the purpose of retail payments or wholesale settlements. Among the models of CBDC systems for retail payments (R-CBDC) the direct system model is the most attractive for its simplicity. This model eliminates the dependence of the Central bank on any financial and payment intermediaries. Models of synthetic and hybrid R-CBDC systems are characterized by reliability and speed in processing multiple transactions which makes them the most promising for implementation. Among the models of CBDC systems for wholesale payments (W-CBDC) the model of the system with a universal digital currency (U-W-CBDC) may be the most suitable for eliminating the main disadvantages of modern cross-border payment systems. However, a large number of technological and financial changes as well as the high operating costs of the U-W-CBDC can make such systems difficult to implement for non-developed financial market infrastructure countries. National financial regulators have different motivations for issuing digital currencies. The main advantages of digital currencies for retail payments may consist in providing users with highly liquid, low-risk, universally available means of payment. The main advantages of wholesale digital currencies are that they offer faster, safer, cheaper cross-border payments. The most advanced projects for issuing R-CBDC can be considered DCEP (People’s Bank of China) E-krona (Central Bank of Sweden). The most successful pilot projects for issuing W-CBDC are the projects Jasper (Central Bank of Canada) and Ubin (Monetary Authority of Singapore), which were able to achieve interoperability in conducting cross-border payments. Currently most CBDC are retail based on the use of distributed ledger technology and implemented in the form of DLT-tokens. Countries that develop digital currency systems can be divided into three groups. The first group is countries where the introduction of CBDC can be designed to support the national demand for central bank money (Sweden, Norway, Singapore, etc.). The second group – countries for which the adoption of digital currencies can afford to keep the place of national currencies in international settlements (USA and EU) or expanding the use of national currencies at the international level (China). The third group represents countries for which the introduction of digital currencies may be associated with the control of national monetary circulation and de-dollarization of the financial system (Uruguay, South Africa, Cambodia, etc.).
The authors analyzed the market of cryptocurrency goods, considered the essence of cryptocurrency and proposed the definition of their legal status, studied the experience of some jurisdictions regarding the possibilities and threats of the use and regulation of cryptocurrency.In the process of analyzing the experience of regulating cryptocurrency, we have found similar and distinctive features in some jurisdictions.First, each country, in view of the great potential of the blockchain technology, is trying in one way or another to create a favorable climate for its development.Secondly, the use of cryptocurrency goods is rapidly developing, and their impact on economic processes, both at the international and national levels is increasing, while states are faced with the problem of adapting their tax legislation to the current challenges of the digital economy, since the definition of the status of cryptocurrency does not directly lead to lack of funds to the state budget from operations with these assets.Thirdly, today there are more than 2,000 cryptocurrency is traded through various trading platforms -stock exchanges and can be used to launder proceeds from crime.Thus, it is necessary to develop common standards for the regulation of cryptocurrency and the requirements for such crypto exchange counterparts, through the licensing of operations with cryptocurrencies.At the same time, the important question is what government bodies should exercise such control.
Today, everything in the world is changing rapidly; businesses that ten years ago may not have existed at all now exist and bring with them a significant income. Change in almost every field has one key feature: it is digitalisation. There are innovations in payment methods as well; the most high-profile issue in recent years in this regard is the emergence of cryptocurrencies. Within a few years of its appearance, it has become popular not even locally but worldwide. The method of data processing and analysis, quantitative and qualitative research methods, statistical-economic analysis methods are mainly used when working on the paper. The research aims to identify the main directions of cryptocurrency development in globalisation threats and challenges. Most cryptocurrencies are built on blockchain technology. The technology of the future is designed to securely store information, expedite transactions, reduce international transaction costs, replace cb-money with e-money and eliminate intermediary circles.
The article is devoted to the development of a methodology for using distributed ledger technology to identify unscrupulous counterparties of companies in the digital economy. In order to identify unscrupulous counterparties of companies, it is proposed to use the latest modern technology of distributed registries, namely, blockchain technology. The scheme of the "blockchain" operation at the conclusion of a transaction by companies and an example of identifying an unscrupulous counterparty on the example of four companies are presented. The advantages of using blockchain technology are the security and confidentiality of access to information, the guarantee of the correct reflection of the results of transactions for all participants of the distributed registry; automation of many processes of concluding transactions using an electronic digital signature.
Economic and Technological Systems Analysis
Economic and Technological Developments in Russia
Digitalization and Economic Development in Agriculture
Seryozha E. Melkonyan, Natali A. Galoyan, Anna Norkina, Pavel Y. Leonov
The article reveals problems in the trade between EAEU countries, proposing the solution. Such processes as globalization and digitalization are caused by the technological advance influencing trade among EAEU countries. Some of the problems have been identified relatively recently, and some have been discovered long time ago, however, they have not found a proper solution. The existing shortcomings in the activities of the EAEU pose a significant threat to the security of the member States. The authors of the article stress the solution to the current problems faced by members of EAEU, offering the implementation of blockchain technologies. New model of trading platform, from the authors’ stand point, will allow member States to solve current problems and to prevent illegal actions.
The article considers the state of household finances as one of the significant elements of decentralized state finances. The key observable indicators are real disposable income, actual expenses and income, and the balance of income. Based on the data of the Federal State Statistics Service, a number of negative trends in the development of decentralized finance have been studied. It is concluded that it is necessary to improve methods and tools for regulating income and savings of the population in order to create an effective mechanism for transforming household savings into investment resources.