Blockchain Papers

Amrendra Singh Yadav, Vincent Charles, Dharen Kumar Pandey, Somya Gupta · 6 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

Hiren Dutta, Saurabh Nagesh, Jawahar Talluri, Parama Bhaumik

Traditional insurance policies pay the insurer according to the actual loss or damage to a tangible object that is insured. Due to the numerous parties involved, the settlement procedure is usually highly drawn out. Comparatively, parametric insurance protects a policyholder from the occurrence of a particular event by disbursing a predetermined sum dependent on the severity of the event. In the transportation sector, supply chain disruptions caused by delays are precisely the kind of event that parametric insurance may be able to cover. Transportation delays can happen for several reasons. Events like adverse weather, heavy traffic, and poor road conditions can all slow down the logistics supply chain. An occurrence triggers parametric insurance claims. Unfavorable scenarios can be insured, and claims can be automatically processed depending on policy criteria and conditions. The standard centralized database technique can be utilized to build parametric insurance schemes; however, the data is open to manipulation. This article examines how to create parametric transport insurance using blockchain. It discusses user journey, technology solutions, design and implementation problems, and parametric service insurance. The blueprint for transportation parametric insurance can be used in other fields including Agriculture (Crop Insurance) (Jha et al, 2021), Disaster Insurance (Parametric disaster insurance, Feb. 2023), Aviation, Travel, and manufacturing industry.

Aparna Kumari, Sudeep Tanwar

Electric Vehicles (EVs) have emerged in smart cities as one of the prominent solutions to improve environmental protection and reduce carbon gas emissions. However, with limited charging stations and battery life, EV owners are not inclined to cover long distances. So, Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) has been introduced lately for energy sharing among EVs through the wireless power transfer (WPT) mechanism in the Internet of EVs (IoEV) environment. But the existing approaches suffered from security and privacy issues along with single-point-of-failure with energy trading between EVs. So, in this paper, we propose a blockchain-based V2V wireless energy sharing scheme, i.e., V2V-ES, to ensure secure transactions among EVs in the WPT process. First, the energy sharing is executed in a clustered IoEV environment, where block generation, validator selection, and PoA consensus processes are performed in every cluster. Next, the Bayesian game-based mechanism is adopted for optimal energy price in the IoEV environment. Here, a linear equilibrium strategy is obtained for optimal pricing that maximizes the utilities of both energy buyer and seller in the energy sharing process and increases social welfare. The game-based pricing is achieved through dedicated smart contracts (SCs) to guarantee trustworthiness, reliability, and security. Finally, the simulation results show the proposed V2V-ES scheme reduces the buyer's costs by 16% and increases the seller's utility by 19%. Moreover, the effectiveness of V2V-ES scheme is compared with benchmark approaches based on various parameters like network latency, system throughput, and optimal transaction price.

Debashis Das, Sourav Banerjee, Pushpita Chatterjee, Uttam Ghosh · 5 authors

Blockchain technology has the potential to revolutionize the way intelligent transportation systems (ITSs) operate in smart cities. By providing a secure and decentralized platform for data exchange and storage, blockchain can enhance the security, privacy, and interoperability of ITS systems. Blockchain technology can be used for various applications in ITS, including secure data exchange between vehicles, infrastructure, and service providers, smart contracts for autonomous vehicles, and decentralized marketplaces for transportation services. However, implementing blockchain in ITS comes with its own set of challenges, including scalability and high computational power requirements. Despite the challenges, blockchain technology offers significant opportunities for ITS in smart cities, enabling new business models and promoting innovation in transportation services. In this article, we study existing challenges, applications, and future requirements for ITS. We discuss the challenges of the ITS and their impact on smart cities. Blockchain-enabled applications are provided with performance analysis based on the critical parameters of ITS. We also derive the security requirements for future ITS. Finally, we provide some opportunities and possible research areas within the ITS to develop smart cities.

Tsan‐Ming Choi, Jiuh‐Biing Sheu

Today, ride-hailing platform operations are popular. Facing pandemics (e.g., COVID-19) some customers feel unsafe for the ride-hailing service and possess a “safety risk-averse” (SRA) attitude. The proportion of this type of SRA customers is unfortunately unknown, which makes it difficult for the ride-hailing platform to decide its optimal service price. In this article, understanding that blockchain technology (BT) based systems can help improve market estimation for the proportion of SRA customers, we conduct a theoretical study to explore the impacts that the BT-based system can bring to the platform, customers, and drivers. We consider the case in which the platform is risk-averse (in profit) and serves a market with both SRA and non-SRA customers. We analytically prove that using BT, the optimal service price will be increased and BT is especially helpful for the case with a more risk-averse ride-hailing platform. However, whether it is more or less significant for the more risk-averse SRA customers depends on their degree of risk aversion. We uncover that when the use of BT is beneficial to the customers, it will also be beneficial to the drivers, and vice versa. We derive in closed-form the analytical conditions under which the use of BT can be beneficial to the ride-hailing platform, customers, and drivers (i.e., achieving “all-win”). When all-win cannot be achieved automatically, we explore how governments can provide sponsors to help. We further extend the analysis to consider the general case in which BT incurs both a fixed cost as well as a cost increasing in demand. We prove that the main conclusion remains robust. In addition, we reveal that the required amount of government sponsor to achieve all-win is the same between the two different costing models explored in this article.

Bo Lü, Hongman Lu, Huipo Wang

Time-consuming ocean transportation for international trades requires enterprises to advance payments for goods, which can be fatal for small and medium enterprises with insufficient self-owned capital. Logistics finance is an effective solution for tackling this problem. However, traditional logistics finance has long been plagued by information asymmetry, tremendous paperwork, and long financing cycles. As a distributed database with characteristics of transparency, traceability, and immutability, blockchain technology shows good potential in addressing pain points on traditional logistics financing platforms. This paper focuses on the operational mechanism and value analysis of the blockchain-based port logistics finance platform. The conceptual architecture of the blockchain-based port logistics finance platform is constructed, and a value analysis model based on the Newsboy Model is established for quantitatively analysing the platform’s value. The results revealed that the introduction of the blockchain into port logistics financing can significantly improve small to medium-sized enterprises’ profitability by providing reliable financing channels. The results also indicate that participants’ profit on the blockchain-based platform may be influenced by the speed of market expansion, initial capital size, and financing cost. This paper also discusses theoretical and managerial implications by providing insights into the participants’ decision-making on the platform under different constraints.

Joshua S. Gans, Richard Holden

Blockchain front-running involves multiple agents, other than the legitimate agent, claiming a payment from performing a contract. It arises because of the public nature of blockchain transactions and potential network congestion. This paper notes that disputes over payments are similar to classic ownership disputes (such as King Solomon's dilemma). We propose a simultaneous report mechanism that eliminates blockchain front-running. In each case, the mechanism relies on threats to remove ownership from all claimants and preferences from the legitimate claimant over allocations to other agents.

Bhawana, Sushil Kumar, Rajkumar Singh Rathore, Upasana Dohare · 7 authors

Renewable Energy Sources (RESs) are gaining considerable attention to reduce human dependence on fossil fuels and minimize harmful gases in our surroundings. Existing literature on energy trading focused on providing renewable energy to smart homes, smart buildings, and smart offices to fulfill their daily energy demands obtained from RESs. Besides, Electric Vehicles (EVs) use either power grid energy or a battery exchange mechanism to recharge their low EV batteries. The continuous use of power grids to recharge low EV batteries causes a significant load on power grids. Due to this, power grids are inadequate to fulfill the ever-increasing demands of EVs in the future. In this context, we propose a Blockchain Enabled Energy Trading (BEET) framework oriented EV charging. A system architecture of the BEET framework is presented to describe the functioning of each layer and its associated entities. We formulate an optimization problem that maximizes the revenue in the energy trading process using a knapsack optimization. Smart contracts are designed on the consortium blockchain network to sell and buy renewable energy to aggregators and from producers, respectively. Moreover, an EV charging mechanism is designed to intelligently allocate renewable energy to consumers at a low price. A comparative analysis is performed with state-of-the-art works in terms of charging price, revenue, throughput, and latency. The results indicate that the BEET framework outperforms compared to state-of-the-art works to address the renewable energy demand problem to realize E-mobility. It is clarified that the data considered in the experimental analysis were obtained from statistical simulations in realistic E-Mobility environment settings.

Luoyi Sun, Guowei Hua, Ruud Teunter, T.C.E. Cheng · 5 authors

The rapid development of blockchain has inspired many traditional centralized intermediaries to transform their transaction models, especially for the peer‐to‐peer market. Lately, the token‐based (blockchain) system (with cryptocurrency) is gaining popularity. However, little is known about the (comparative) performance of different operating types. In this study, we build an analytical framework to find the optimal strategies for the token‐based and non‐token‐based blockchain (as a special application scenario) platforms and derive the essential model properties and characteristics. We analytically show how the optimal mining bonus depends on the fraction of reserved tokens sold to customers and on the price‐to‐sales ratio. Furthermore, we obtain several actionable findings for choosing suitable platform types under different scenarios. The shift from the non‐token‐based platform to the token‐based platform may yield greater social welfare unless the non‐token‐based system operates with a much larger ride price, which we show to be unrealistic for the considered Beijing case through numerical studies. Moreover, we find that the matching probability for the token‐based platform is predominantly higher than that for the non‐token‐based one. Besides, government interventions may encourage a path toward a fair consensus mechanism or a high decentralization level in order to enhance social welfare. One unanticipated finding is that a higher decentralization level may lead to a lower mining capacity shortage and so to a more efficient system, indicating that the combination of blockchain and the sharing economy has much potential.

Aasha Kantekar

This project proposes a blockchain-based framework from the existing centralized framework for a ride- sharing service and implements the same as a decentralized application based on smart contracts on Polygon Blockchain. A ridesharing system helps riders to reach a particular destination driven by the owner of the ride. Most services available in the market are centralized and hosted by a third party which gives them the authority to monitor features like fare calculation, user data, etc. Privacy and trust are major concerns in such a system. The purpose of our project is to make a decentralized application for ride sharing where all transactions, fare calculation, matching and information is stored on a Distributed Ledger. The ledger will be accessible to all the peers in the network. This will match users with rides in a decentralized way without relying on third parties of any centralized network which makes the system transparent and reliable. The data on blockchain is immutable. Hence, this technology is used to store rides and user information to maintain security and ensure user privacy. Finally, this project provides guidance for future research with the promising and important directions in blockchain-based ride-sharing services. Key Words: Blockchain; Peer to peer network; Security; Transactions; Ridesharing; Smart Contract; Polygon.

Brandon Brooks-Patton, Shahid Noor

The emergence of marketplaces, such as Airbnb, Uber, and Facebook-Marketplace, enables significant restructuring of economic activities by facilitating transactions between independent supply and demand-side parties. However, in a traditional marketplace, gaining customers’ trust remains a persistent obstacle as it does not provide any purchase protection for buyers or sellers, needs more potential product verification, and relies upon third parties for the secure transference of products. Therefore, blockchain marketplaces are a new paradigm of peer-to-peer systems that eliminate the need for intermediaries by leveraging the transparency and trustworthiness of distributed ledger technology. However, all the Blockchain-based existing marketplaces, such as Origami and OpenSea, only provide support for digital products. Hence, this paper presents BlockPlace, a blockchain-based marketplace framework that supports both digital and physical products. IoT devices that serve as gateways between buyers and sellers ensure the authenticity of the products and increase security in the transference of goods. In addition, lockers rely upon the security of blockchain technology. We provide a detailed operational model for token generation, data management, governance, and our reputation system to illustrate that designing such a physical marketplace is sound, safe, and viable.

Md Moniruzzaman, Abdulsalam Yassine, Rachid Benlamri

The proliferation of electric vehicles (EVs) and the advancement of vehicle-to-everything energy trading systems are expected to play a crucial role in alleviating the stress on the electric grid during peak hours. However, the wide adoption of these paradigms requires intelligent mechanisms that protect the security and privacy of EV users. This article proposes a novel federated reinforcement learning system combined with blockchain technology to maximize EV users' utility while preserving the security and privacy of trading transactions. Furthermore, we develop the concept of proof of state of charge as a consensus mechanism to determine the winning EVs and reward them as block miners in the blockchain. The proposed system is validated through comprehensive simulation experiments utilizing a real-world dataset. The model is implemented on the Avalanche blockchain platform to demonstrate its real-world feasibility. The test results show that the proposed scheme improves EV users' utility significantly compared to the existing studies. The obtained simulation results indicate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed system.

Marumbo Sichinga, Jimmy Nsenga, Eric Nizeyimana

Vehicle based logistics are hinged on their ability to timely deliver goods, services, and people. The classical expression of “time is money” comes alive in the logistics industry yielding potentially huge financial and health consequences in case of missing deadlines. This is especially the case for time sensitive pharmaceuticals, delivery of perishable goods, delivery of people travelling, delivery of services in fault fixing/recovery sector. All these use cases motivate the need for an immutable, secure, and immortalized process of tracking time. To solve this challenge, this paper presents prototype-based research that integrates the 4th industrial revolution technologies of vision Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based Optical Character Recognition (OCR) and blockchain. The developed prototype features a Raspberry-PI board embedding a camera, an Artificial Intelligence (AI) model to recognize plate letters from the image and a crypto wallet to sign the logging of plate number and time events on the NEAR blockchain, an emerging sharded, proof-of-stake, layer-one blockchain that is simple to use, secure and scalable. The effective operation of the developed prototype has been validated inside a campus parking and shows an accuracy of 80%. The benefits of transparency, security, and immutability of the blockchain combined with the intelligence, data capture, and processing of IoT will enable to develop accountability solutions trusted by all different logistic stakeholders.

William Downing, Dalton Harvey, Dennis Wagura, Yong Shi

Blockchain is a technology that has taken the business world by storm. The worldwide spending on blockchain solutions is expected to grow from 1.5 billion in 2018 to an estimated 15.9 billion by 2023. According to a recent study by LinkedIn, it is found that Blockchain tops the list of most in-demand hard skills for 2020. Colaboratory, or “Colab” for short, is a product from Google Research, that allows anybody to write and execute arbitrary python code through the browser. This paper will begin with the concept and discussion of Blockchain and Colab followed by developing an Ethereum-based project that creates smart contracts within Colab for bicycle registry that will communicate with a Database system.

Rim Abdallah, Jérôme Besancenot, Cyrille Bertelle, Claude Duvallet · 5 authors

The maritime industry is moving towards a digital ecosystem to achieve substantial mutual profits. To achieve this, there have been attempts to combine existing, disjointed systems into more efficient, standardized platforms that can be scaled up. However, this transition has faced challenges. To address these issues, it is suggested that innovative technologies such as blockchain be utilized due to their alignment with the sector’s needs. This study uses a triangulation approach by examining a mix of literature, web-based data, applications, and projects to showcase the contribution of blockchain and its potential use cases. We also explore its potential use cases based on other sectors using projection and parallelism. Additionally, the study delves into limitations and possible solutions. This research acts as a preliminary study for the implementation of blockchain in the maritime industry, and advocates for its use as a revolutionary approach. The findings will be beneficial for scholars, policy makers, and practitioners in the maritime industry.

Dawei Li, Ruonan Chen, Qinjun Wan, Zhenyu Guan · 8 authors

The emergence of electric vehicles promotes the development of Internet of Vehicle (IoV). However, there are a series of security problems to be solved in the IoV. Firstly, how to allow vehicle users to find the nearest non-queuing charging pile without detours is a challenge. Secondly, applications in the IoV are delay-sensitive, while high communication delays caused by security mechanisms would bring serious consequences to vehicles. Thirdly, the verifiability and fairness between charging and payment are difficult to be guaranteed. Aiming at the efficiency and security problems of the charging service in the IoV, this paper proposes a blockchain-based intelligent and fair IoV charging service system. According to the multi-factor constraints between vehicles and charging piles, a multi-factor IoV branch and bound algorithm is proposed to intelligently recommend charging piles for vehicles and maximize the overall energy saving. We propose the cross-area consensus protocol to achieve low latency in vehicle communication. In addition, we ensure the fairness between charging and payment through a payment channel protocol based on verifiable encrypted signatures. Finally, we implement the proposed scheme, and we put the project prototype on an open source platform is available at:https://github.com/chenruonan/blockchain-based-intelligent-and-fair-IoV-charging-service-protocol. The experimental results demonstrate the low latency and energy-saving advantages of our proposal. When the payment is executed 250 times, the delay of our proposal is only 1.54% of the normal on-chain payment time.

Soumya Choudhury, Parvathi Jayaprakash, S. Srinivas, S. Sowmya · 6 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

Angelin Florence, Narendra Choudhary, Sarvesh Rane, Raj Kothari · 5 authors

Flight insurance has always been an element of air travel because the aviation sector has always been vulnerable to risks and uncertainties. There is a chance to upgrade aviation insurance processes and make them more secure, transparent, and effective with the development of blockchain technology. In this paper, potential of blockchain technology in flight industry is explored, including its advantages and challenges, and how it can be applied to create a decentralized and secure system for flight insurance. The application will allow users to purchase Insurance on the go and will make claim procedures hassle-free with less documentation. The service can be accessible to users by visiting the website.

Charles Tim Batista Garrocho, Frederico Luiz Martins de Sousa, Mateus Silva, Ricardo Oliveira

Mining exploration is a common use case in Industry 4.0, which requires robots to work collaboratively to achieve desired goals. In this context, creating and orchestrating software for robotics is often a difficult task.

Yue Fu, Shangping Wang, Qian Zhang, Duo Zhang

With the rapid development of the Internet of Vehicles (IoV), vehicle networks will generate large amounts of data. Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) data sharing can improve driving experience and quality of service, and Vehicle-to-Roadside unit (V2R) communication can improve road transport efficiency. A certain amount of bandwidth is consumed in the process of data sharing between V2V and V2R, and when multiple vehicles request data from the RSU at the same time, there may be network delay or congestion. Therefore, the vehicle obtains data faster by requesting high bandwidth from the RSU. However, since the bandwidth resources of RSUs are limited, optimal bandwidth service strategies need to be investigated. In addition, in order to ensure the safety, efficiency and traceability of data sharing between V2V and V2R, a blockchain-supported IoV needs to be established. Therefore, we design a blockchain-based framework for V2V and V2R transaction framework that integrates DAG blockchain and modern cryptography. The framework ensures security and scalability during the execution of data exchange and completion of bandwidth transactions, improves the service quality of vehicles and realizes decentralized payment. In this work, a two-stage Stackelberg game is established under two pricing schemes of uniform pricing and discriminatory pricing to jointly maximize the benefits of vehicles and RSUs. In Stage I, the RSU sets the corresponding bandwidth service and pricing strategy. In Stage II, the vehicle decides the service demand according to the observed pricing strategy. The optimal bandwidth allocation and pricing strategy between the RSU and the vehicle is determined through the game of both parties, and the existence and uniqueness of the two-stage subgame Nash equilibrium is analyzed by applying backward induction. The correctness of the model is verified by experiments, and the comparative analysis shows that the proposed model has high throughput.

Ming Li, Jianghong Feng, Su Xiu Xu

No abstract is available for this record.

Xiaoping Xu, Ping He, Li Zhou, T.C.E. Cheng

No abstract is available for this record.

Dong-Hoon Son

No abstract is available for this record.

Hemani, Daya Shankar Singh, Rajendra Kumar Dwivedi

Blockchain technology is gaining its popularity in many areas with huge success which ultimately attracts all researchers to study this technology. And the result of that shows more and more research to be conducted. Which makes blockchain technology relevant in the field of transportation systems. It is expected that in near future their integration will achieve greater heights, as compared to other technology blockchain is still new and many more unknown things still need to be found out. The aim of this study is to find out how blockchain benefits in Autonomous vehicles. We have compared the blockchain integrated autonomous vehicle systems to get the picture of the present environment and the challenge of the future for this integration. AV's or we say intelligent transportation is the future. We are going to study the potential application of the blockchain which will help in improving this particular section of industry. Finally their limitations and challenges associated with this integration.