Daniel Calé, João C. Ferreira, Ana Mafalda Madureira, Carlos Coutinho
Web3 technologies, representing the next generation of a decentralised and user-centric Internet, offer innovative solutions to enhance adaptability, sustainability, and resilience in logistics systems aligned with the principles of Logistics 5.0. This study conducts a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology, analysing peer-reviewed journal articles published between 2018 and 2024 and retrieved from Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection, IEEE Xplore, and ACM Digital Library. The review specifically focuses on trucking logistics, a sector characterised by high fossil-fuel dependency, operational fragmentation, and significant environmental impact. The findings reveal that Artificial Intelligence and Internet of Things technologies dominate current implementations, mainly supporting fleet management, route optimisation, accident prevention, and risk assessment. In contrast, blockchain applications remain limited, and metaverse-based solutions are largely exploratory and confined to training scenarios. Key research gaps include the scarcity of integrated Web3 solutions, the limited consideration of human-centric Logistics 5.0 dimensions, and the lack of large-scale empirical validation in real-world trucking operations. Based on the analysis, this paper proposes a conceptual framework that maps Web3 technologies to trucking logistics areas, investment priorities, and Logistics 5.0 objectives, offering actionable guidance for Logistics Service Providers transitioning from Logistics 4.0 to Logistics 5.0.
Sreekanth Vp, Ronny Sebastian Roy, Surya Gopalakrishnan, Thanmaya S Krishna
The proliferation of cyber threats and the increasing digital vulnerability of students necessitate innovative educational approaches to cybersecurity awareness. Traditional methods of teaching cybersecurity often fail to engage learners effectively, resulting in poor knowledge retention and limited practical skills. This paper introduces Zyberix, an interactive educational game that leverages Web3 technologies to teach cybersecurity concepts through immersive gameplay and blockchain-based incentives. By integrating Unity game engine with Ethereum smart contracts, IPFS decentralized storage, and NFT rewards, Zyberix creates an engaging learning environment that simulates realistic cyber threats including phishing, malware, and social engineering attacks. The system rewards successful challenge completion with verifiable Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs), providing both motivation and an introduction to blockchain technology. This research demonstrates how gamified experiential learning combined with Web3 technologies can significantly enhance cybersecurity education, addressing the critical gap between theoretical knowledge and practical application while fostering digital literacy among students.
This Handbook presents Execution Governance as a unified cross-domain discipline for autonomous and execution-bound systems. It is not a collection of previously published white papers, but a foundational corpus that reorganizes and systematizes the author’s Execution Governance research into a single canonical reference framework. The Handbook is aligned with EG 2.0 v1.4 and treats structural admissibility, continuity preservation, commit validation, and constraint invariance during candidate formation as core governance requirements. It distinguishes structural continuity from present legitimacy and extends governance analysis from the execution boundary to the full formation-to-commit path. Organized into Foundations, Structural Architecture, Cross-Domain Applications, and Toward Standardization, the Handbook covers governance semantics, responsibility models, verifiable execution, maturity models, policy language primitives, and domain profiles across autonomous systems, Agentic AI, Physical AI, Smart City, Digital Nation, NetZero & ESG, Elderly Care Technology, Genuine News, Industry 6.0, and Web3. The application chapters are presented as domain profiles of a single governance doctrine rather than separate theories. This work is intended as a scholarly and professional reference for structural governance, pre-standardization discussion, academic curricula, industry adoption, regulatory alignment, and cross-domain execution-bound system design.
O presente artigo analisa a gestão de estado em blockchains públicas, com foco em técnicas de pruning e estratégias de arquivamento eficiente, diante do crescimento contínuo de dados e da necessidade de equilibrar segurança, disponibilidade histórica e custos de infraestrutura. Em redes baseadas em máquinas de estado, como aquelas compatíveis com a Ethereum Virtual Machine, o estado global – composto por contas, contratos e dados de armazenamento – é mantido em estruturas de dados do tipo árvore de Merkle-Patricia (MPT), que crescem monotonicamente à medida que novas transações modificam o estado, levando nós completos e de arquivo a consumirem dezenas de terabytes após alguns anos de operação em produção. Essa dinâmica impõe desafios estruturais a operadores de nós, que precisam escolher entre manter histórico completo, realizar pruning de blocos e estados antigos ou recorrer a nós especializados para consultas históricas, afetando diretamente o grau de descentralização e o custo de participação na rede. A metodologia adotada combina revisão bibliográfica de pesquisas em bancos de dados para blockchains, documentação técnica de clientes de nós – entre os quais Geth, Erigon e equivalentes em outras redes – e estudos recentes sobre statelessness, expiração de estado (state expiry), árvores de Verkle e bancos de dados forkless, discutindo as implicações dessas abordagens para a gestão de estado de longo prazo. Os resultados indicam que estratégias de pruning ao nível de blocos e de estado, combinadas a modelos de nós diferenciados (full, pruned, archive, light) e a técnicas de instantâneos (snapshotting) e arquivamento externo, permitem reduzir significativamente o volume de armazenamento exigido de nós validadores sem sacrificar a capacidade de validação e a segurança da cadeia. Por outro lado, a dependência crescente de archive nodes e de infraestruturas especializadas para consultas históricas levanta questões relevantes acerca de centralização e do custo de reconstrução do estado em cenários adversos, estimulando pesquisa em modelos de clientes sem estado (stateless clients), provas compactas de estado e bancos de dados desenhados especificamente para as cargas de trabalho de blockchains. Conclui-se que a gestão eficiente de estado constitui componente crítico da sustentabilidade de longo prazo da Web3, demandando abordagens integradas que combinem técnicas de pruning, desenho criterioso de estruturas de dados, políticas explícitas de retenção histórica e modelos econômicos que incentivem a operação de nós com diferentes perfis de armazenamento.
O presente artigo examina técnicas de compressão de dados em blocos de blockchain e sua relação com a redução de custos de armazenamento on-chain, considerando tanto o consumo de espaço em disco pelos nós da rede quanto o custo econômico de inclusão de dados em transações. Em plataformas como o Ethereum, parcela significativa do custo de transações – especialmente para rollups e aplicações que utilizam calldata de maneira extensiva – está associada ao armazenamento e à propagação de bytes de dados na camada base, o que tem motivado a adoção de estratégias de compressão de calldata, ajuste de parâmetros de gas e a introdução de novas formas de armazenamento temporário, a exemplo de blobs de dados. A metodologia empregada baseia-se em revisão bibliográfica de trabalhos sobre estratégias de armazenamento on-chain, análise de propostas de melhoria do ecossistema (Ethereum Improvement Proposals – EIPs) voltadas à redução de custos de calldata, exame de relatórios técnicos sobre compressão de dados em soluções de camada 2 e análise recente do impacto de mecanismos como o EIP-4844 (proto-danksharding) sobre a estrutura de custos de rollups. As evidências levantadas indicam que técnicas de compressão aplicadas ao payload de transações podem reduzir da ordem de cinco vezes o tamanho efetivo dos dados enviados, traduzindo-se em economias de aproximadamente 50% no gasto de gas para determinadas operações em redes de segunda camada, sem exigir mudanças disruptivas no protocolo subjacente. Paralelamente, abordagens estruturais – entre as quais a separação de dados de disponibilidade em blobs não permanentes e o emprego de rollups que publicam apenas provas e raízes de estado, em vez de dados completos – contribuem para reduzir a pressão de armazenamento permanente sobre os nós da camada 1. Conclui-se que a compressão de dados em blocos, combinada a ajustes de modelo de dados (blobs, rollups, off-chain storage) e a técnicas de compressão clássicas (run-length, delta, dicionário, entropia), constitui peça central na estratégia de escalabilidade e sustentabilidade econômica da Web3, não obstante levante desafios relevantes quanto à complexidade de implementação, compatibilidade entre clientes e preservação da verificabilidade de longo prazo.
O presente artigo examina as distinções entre finalidade probabilística e finalidade absoluta em sistemas blockchain, bem como suas implicações para o desenho e a operação de aplicações financeiras que visam a replicar ou substituir infraestruturas tradicionais de liquidação. Em cadeias que operam sob finalidade probabilística – modelo historicamente associado a protocolos baseados em Prova de Trabalho (Proof-of-Work) – o grau de irreversibilidade de uma transação cresce à medida que novos blocos são adicionados sobre o bloco que a contém, de modo que a probabilidade de reversão tende assintoticamente a zero sem, contudo, alcançar garantia determinística, o que justifica a prática de mercado de aguardar múltiplas confirmações antes de considerar a liquidação efetivamente concluída. Em contrapartida, cadeias dotadas de finalidade absoluta – também denominada finalidade instantânea – usualmente implementadas sobre protocolos de tolerância a falhas bizantinas (BFT) ou em arquiteturas híbridas que combinam Prova de Participação (PoS) e BFT, oferecem irreversibilidade assim que um bloco é atestado por um superconjunto qualificado de validadores, aproximando-se das expectativas de definitividade inerentes a sistemas de liquidação financeira tradicionais. A metodologia adotada combina revisão conceitual das diferentes acepções de finality em mecanismos de consenso, análise de documentação técnica de protocolos BFT – a exemplo de Tendermint, IBFT e QBFT – e discussão de relatórios recentes sobre risco de liquidação e finality aplicáveis à tokenização de ativos do mundo real (Real World Assets – RWA) em infraestruturas on-chain. Os resultados obtidos sinalizam que, embora a finalidade probabilística se mostre adequada a pagamentos de varejo e transferências de valor moderado, aplicações financeiras de maior montante, processos de tokenização de ativos e infraestruturas de mercado requerem, na prática, garantias mais robustas de irreversibilidade, com frequência combinando finalidade técnica e mecanismos jurídicos de mitigação de risco de liquidação. Conclui-se que a opção entre os dois modelos de finalidade encerra trade-offs relevantes entre segurança, velocidade de confirmação, complexidade de protocolo e conformidade regulatória, e que o desenho de aplicações financeiras em ambiente Web3 deve considerar explicitamente essas diferenças ao definir janelas de liquidação, políticas de gerenciamento de risco e estratégias de integração com o sistema financeiro tradicional.
Este artigo analisa o custo‑benefício energético de três mecanismos de consenso centrais no ecossistema de criptoativos: Proof‑of‑Work (PoW), Proof‑of‑Stake (PoS) e Proof‑of‑History (PoH) combinado a PoS, examinando como diferenças de consumo de energia se relacionam a segurança, desempenho e sustentabilidade econômica. A partir de dados recentes sobre consumo energético de redes públicas como Bitcoin, Ethereum antes e depois da transição para PoS e Solana, discute‑se em que medida a evolução dos mecanismos de consenso permite reduzir ordens de grandeza de uso de eletricidade por transação, sem necessariamente comprometer a segurança e a descentralização. A metodologia baseia‑se em revisão bibliográfica de estudos acadêmicos e relatórios técnicos sobre consumo de energia em blockchains, análise de estimativas consolidadas de uso anual de eletricidade e de energia por transação e discussão conceitual de trade‑offs entre eficiência energética, robustez criptográfica, requisitos de hardware e impactos regulatórios. Evidências indicam que o Bitcoin, ancorado em PoW, mantém consumo anual estimado em torno de 120–130 TWh, enquanto o Ethereum, após migrar para PoS em 2022, reduziu seu consumo em mais de 99%, passando a operar com menos de 0,01 TWh por ano. Relatórios de eficiência energética mostram que redes que combinam PoH e PoS, como a Solana, apresentam consumo de energia por transação da ordem de centenas de joules, inferior tanto a redes PoW quanto a muitas redes PoS, embora existam ressalvas metodológicas e discussões sobre centralização de infraestrutura. Conclui‑se que PoS e esquemas híbridos com PoH oferecem vantagens substanciais em termos de eficiência energética, mas a avaliação de custo‑benefício precisa incorporar conjuntamente segurança econômica, distribuição de poder, maturidade de ecossistema e alinhamento com agendas de sustentabilidade e descarbonização que tendem a moldar a evolução da infraestrutura Web3.<br>
The report finds that Web3 protocols lost an estimated $3.3 billion to exploits in 2025, underscoring systemic challenges in how smart contract security is approached. Notably, nearly half of the exploited protocols had previously undergone security audits, raising concerns about the effectiveness of audits as a primary line of defense. In addition, the report estimates that more than 80% of deployed smart contracts have never been audited, leaving a significant portion of the ecosystem exposed to vulnerabilities. "Web3 didn't fail because of bad code - it failed because of a broken security model," said Ian Kane, Co-Founder of Firepan. "Smart contracts are dynamic systems, but audits are static. That mismatch is being exploited at scale." Key Findings $3.3 billion lost to Web3 exploits in 2025 80%+ of smart contracts have never been audited Nearly 50% of exploited protocols had previously undergone audits Rapid growth in AI-assisted attack methodologies Audits and the Rise of AI-Driven Attacks According to the report, the industry's reliance on point-in-time audits is increasingly misaligned with how modern attacks are executed. While audits provide valuable insights at a specific moment, smart contracts continue to evolve after deployment, creating new potential vulnerabilities. At the same time, attackers are leveraging automation and AI to identify and exploit weaknesses more quickly and at greater scale than ever before. "Attackers are already using AI to identify vulnerabilities in minutes," Co-founder Gerrit Hall added. "Meanwhile, most teams rely on audits that were completed weeks or months earlier." Proprietary Analysis Highlights Persistent Risk The report also includes findings from Firepan's internal analysis using its HOUND scanning engine. In a sample of previously audited smart contracts, Firepan identified 17 exploitable vulnerabilities in contracts labeled as "safe" by third-party auditors. In several cases, these contracts had undergone multiple audits prior to analysis. These findings suggest that while audits remain an important component of security, they may be insufficient as a standalone solution in rapidly changing environments. Toward Continuous, AI-Driven Security Firepan's report concludes that Web3 security must evolve from static assessments to continuous monitoring and detection. Rather than replacing audits, the report recommends supplementing them with systems that: Continuously scan codebases and deployed contracts Integrate directly into developer workflows Detect vulnerabilities prior to deployment Adapt to emerging attack patterns in real time "Audits are not going away," said Gerrit Hall. "But treating them as the primary layer of defense is no longer sufficient in an environment where threats are continuous."
The rising frequency of cyber threats increases the need for incident reporting that is transparent, efficient, and privacy-preserving. This study designs and implements a hybrid Web2-Web3 cyber incident reporting prototype that anchors report references on a blockchain while storing full incident details off-chain, and explores non-fungible token (NFT) recognition incentives for reporters. Using an SDLC-based iterative prototyping approach, we built a React single-page application integrated with a Laravel REST API and MySQL for off-chain storage, and deployed Solidity smart contract modules on the Arbitrum Sepolia testnet to record report identifiers and UUID pointers (dataPointer) and to mint NFTs after administrative validation. We conducted black-box functional testing across core scenarios (submission, storage, pointer anchoring, validation, and minting) and a user acceptance study with 25 participants (15 cybersecurity students and 10 IT practitioners) using a 5-point Likert questionnaire. All tested scenarios executed as expected in the test environment, and on-chain events were traceable to corresponding backend records via transaction receipts and logged identifiers. The acceptance evaluation yielded an overall mean score of 3.4/5 (about 68%), indicating moderate acceptance and supporting the work as a prototype feasibility study rather than organizational-level generalization. The prototype demonstrates a practical workflow for hybrid incident reporting with transaction-level traceability and recognition incentives; future work should strengthen cryptographic binding (e.g., content hashing) and validate the approach with CSIRT stakeholders in operational settings.
ABSTRACT This article explores the application of demurrage money, a concept developed by Silvio Gesell, into Web3. Demurrage money, designed to discourage the hoarding of currency and prevent economic stagnation and concentrations in wealth, offers a potential remedy for the problems of traditional fiat and gold‐backed monetary systems. The article presents an overview of Web3, highlighting its core principles such as being decentralized, permissionless, community governed, and programmable. It critiques the limitations of current Web3 cryptocurrencies, particularly Bitcoin and other networks that have emerged since. By design these networks enable excessive asset storage and face sustainability challenges such as governance centralization and inadequate ecosystem funding. The article proposes that the implementation of a network coin tax, as a form of demurrage, would help to incentivize productive economic activity, decentralize coin ownership, provide reliable funding for node operators and ecosystem development and create opportunities for large‐scale public goods funding. Various monetary supply models are discussed, evaluating their compatibility with demurrage systems. The article concludes that demurrage based economic systems could lead to more resilient, equitable and sustainable Web3 ecosystems that have significant potential for making a global societal impact.
Cloud storage systems have become an integral part of modern data management by enabling users to store and access data remotely.However, traditional cloud storage architectures rely on centralized servers, which introduce several critical challenges such as single-point failure, redundant data storage, increased storage costs, and security vulnerabilities.In earlier systems, data was stored in centralized data centers where duplicate files were repeatedly maintained, leading to inefficient utilization of storage resources.Although basic deduplication methods were implemented, they often compromised data confidentiality and lacked transparency in metadata management.Furthermore, failure of the central server could result in permanent data loss.To overcome these issues, this research proposes the Blockchain-enabled Heuristic Optimized Deduplication Model (BHODM), which integrates blockchain technology, InterPlanetary File System (IPFS), Convergent Encryption (CE), and heuristic-based chunking techniques.In this model, files are divided into optimized chunks based on file size using a heuristic approach.Each chunk is encrypted using CE, where the encryption key is derived from the hash of the data itself, allowing secure deduplication without exposing plaintext data.Duplicate chunks are identified through hash comparison, ensuring that only unique data is stored.The encrypted chunks are stored in IPFS, a decentralized peer-to-peer storage network, while metadata such as file names, block numbers, and hash values are securely maintained in an Ethereum blockchain smart contract, ensuring immutability and transparency.The system is implemented using Django, Web3, IPFS API, and AES-CTR encryption.Experimental results based on storage utilization and computation time demonstrate improved efficiency over traditional approaches.
P Praveen Kumar, Dudimetla Pravalika, B. S. Dileep Kumar, Gattu Akshitha · 5 authors
The rapid advancement of blockchain technology has introduced new possibilities for secure digital ownership and transparent fundraising through Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs).However, most existing charity platforms remain centralized, limiting transparency, accountability, and verifiable proof of donations.Donors often lack visibility into how funds are utilized, while reliance on intermediaries increases risks such as data manipulation, reduced auditability, and decreased trust.To address these issues, this work proposes a decentralized charity auction framework that leverages blockchain technology and NFT-based asset representation.The system is developed using the Django web framework integrated with Web3 infrastructure and smart contracts.In this model, each auction item is tokenized as a unique NFT, ensuring authenticity, traceability, and immutable ownership.The platform allows users to act as donors or auctioneers, enabling participation in NFT-based charity auctions.Users can place bids or contribute funds, with all transactions securely recorded on a blockchain ledger.At the end of each auction, NFT ownership is automatically transferred to the highest bidder or contributor, providing verifiable proof of participation.By removing intermediaries and incorporating a transparent, incentive-driven mechanism, the proposed system enhances donor trust and engagement.It ensures tamper-proof record-keeping and clear fund flow, strengthening accountability within charitable ecosystems.This framework demonstrates a scalable and efficient approach to modern fundraising, showcasing the potential of blockchain and NFTs in improving trust and transparency in charity applications.
ONU 2.0 is a next-generation global governance platform designed to coordinate publicpolicy, development projects, and multilateral philanthropy across BRICS+ member statesand international observer partners. Built on a hybrid architecture that combines traditionale-government systems with Web3 infrastructure and distributed artificial intelligence, itimplements a complete workflow of submission → GPS jurisdictional validation → multi-levelapproval pipeline → audited execution → on-chain anchoring.At the technical level, the platform is structured around seven architectural layers: GPSjurisdictional control, multi-level approval state machines, asynchronous message routing (AOprotocol), cryptographically chained audit ledgers, BRICS+ policy exchange, BitcoinOP_RETURN anchoring via Arkhe-Chain (Chain ID 2140), and Kuramoto oscillator-basednetwork coherence consensus. The AI module is implemented as a Bittensor fork — the ONU2.0 Subnet — with six specialized sub-networks for data validation, policy enforcement, auditsurveillance, subnet mining, sovereign identity, and ethical oversight.Philosophically, ONU 2.0 is grounded in the C/Z duality of the Arkhe(n) framework:governance as the projection of the field of possibility (C-domain: policy intent, legal norms,stakeholder consensus) into the field of actuality (Z-domain: executed transactions,immutable audit records, on-chain commitments). The Kuramoto coherence layeroperationalizes this philosophical premise — network governance achieves legitimacy whenthe synchronization of operator nodes crosses the critical threshold phi_c = 0.618.
Traditional digital card games rely on centralized servers, introducing catastrophic single points of failure, while decentralized Web3 alternatives fail to achieve real-time viability due to prohibitive block latency. This paper introduces Panoptes, an optimized, hybrid cryptographic engine that enforces low-latency decentralized consensus for peer-to-peer state channels. Assuming a highly hostile user-space environment, Panoptes treats the host application space and its underlying managed runtime as fundamentally compromised.A bifurcated architecture is detailed utilizing a hardened native airgap and direct OS-level memory mapping to process ciphertexts, bypassing standard and predictable libc allocators. To mitigate automated memory scrapers and frustrate asynchronous Direct Memory Access (DMA) attacks, Panoptes implements a multiplexed decoy memory topology (The Vault). This architecture relies on strict virtual page guarding, offline decryption, and temporal starvation via millisecond-scale execution windows. The protocol replaces commutative encryption with a deterministic Hand Commitment Payload, utilizing X25519 KEM, XOR- based Secret Sharing, and ChaCha20-Poly1305 to enforce Strict Zero-Trust Consensus.
Traditional digital card games rely on centralized servers, introducing catastrophic single points of failure, while decentralized Web3 alternatives fail to achieve real-time viability due to prohibitive block latency. This paper introduces Panoptes, a highly optimized, hybrid Zero-Trust cryptographic engine that enforces microsecond-latency decentralized consensus for the CoronaPoker peer-to-peer network. Assuming a strict Ring-0 adversary model, Panoptes treats the host operating system and the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) as fundamentally compromised. We detail a bifurcated architecture utilizing a hardened native airgap that leverages OS-level stealth allocators to process ciphertexts without leaving plaintext residue in the managed heap. To mitigate OS-level memory scrapers and hardware-based Direct Memory Access (DMA) attacks, Panoptes implements a multiplexed decoy memory topology (The Vault). It is secured by strict virtual page guarding against software introspection, and heavily relies on offline decryption with immediate sub-millisecond zeroization to temporally starve asynchronous hardware-level carving. The protocol entirely replaces traditional commutative encryption with the deterministic Hand Commitment Megapacket, a flat-buffer payload leveraging X25519 KEM, Additive Secret Sharing, and ChaCha20-Poly1305 to ensure Byzantine fault tolerance without majority voting. We present formal implementations of our micro-architectural defenses, including Mixed Boolean-Arithmetic (MBA) for constant-time execution, direct cross-platform syscalls bypassing libc, OS-level DACL lockdowns, PEB cloaking, and asynchronous SipHash-2-4 binary attestation. Furthermore, we introduce a multithreaded Deadman Switch to detect CPU cycle drift via RDTSC. Evaluated under an exhaustive 42-point "Total Siege" adversarial framework, the engine demonstrates unparalleled resilience against hardware breakpoints, kernel introspection, inline hooking, and temporal drift attacks.
В статье изучается, как технологические прорывы, в частности блокчейн и искусственный интел-лект, трансформируют краудфандинг в контексте цифровой перестройки финансовых рынков. Особое вниманиеуделяется тому, как эти технологии формируют современную краудфандинговую среду. Исследование демонстри-рует, что применение смарт-контрактов, инструментов анализа больших данных и систем цифровой идентифи-кации повышает прозрачность, минимизирует риски для инвесторов и укрепляет доверие между пользователямиплатформ. Рассматривается эволюция краудфандинга от классического коллективного финансирования к децен-трализованным финансовым моделям, таким как Web3, DeFi, токенизация активов и DAO. Подчеркивается, чтоинтеграция финтех-решений создает новую парадигму инвестирования, основанную на автоматизации, децентра-лизации и цифровой инфраструктуре. В заключение делается вывод, что дальнейшее развитие краудфандингабудет напрямую зависеть от технологических достижений и их интеграции в финансовые экосистемы
Yuqin Wang, Zhengkang Du, Jiannong Cao, Shan Jiang
The proliferation of web3 has underscored the need for robust and efficient decentralized data infrastructure. However, prominent decentralized storage systems like IPFS suffer from poor data availability and the risk of cold data loss, while incentive-based solutions like Filecoin and Storj employ uniform replication strategies that are often inefficient and costly. These systems fail to distinguish between frequently accessed ("hot") and infrequently accessed ("cold") data, leading to a suboptimal allocation of storage resources. This paper introduces TRep, a novel Temperature-aware Data Replication strategy designed to address these challenges. TRep implements a dynamic replication policy by classifying data based on its access temperature. The system is built on three key innovations: (1) a highly accurate data classification algorithm using double exponential smoothing to analyze access frequency and trends; (2) an intelligent data distribution strategy that selects optimal backup nodes based on storage availability, online stability, and network proximity; and (3) a dynamic backup regulation mechanism, managed by a regulator node, to globally control replica counts for hot and cold data. Our performance evaluation demonstrates that TRep's classification algorithm significantly reduces prediction errors compared to traditional methods. Furthermore, TRep achieves speeds up to four times faster than IPFS for large files while effectively managing storage overhead. TRep thus provides a flexible and performant framework for data replication, enhancing the durability and efficiency of web3 data infrastructure.
This study presents an ontology-driven framework, EthOn, aimed at enhancing the operational efficiency of the Ethereum blockchain. Despite Ethereum’s prominence as a decentralized platform for executing smart contracts, it still faces significant limitations such as high gas fees, low throughput, and limited semantic processing capabilities. These challenges primarily stem from the platform's reliance on syntactic data structures and the absence of context-aware mechanisms in smart contracts. The proposed framework integrates semantic ontologies to structure blockchain data and enhance smart contract logic through context-driven reasoning. By embedding domain-specific ontologies into the Ethereum layer, EthOn enables intelligent data interpretation, optimized contract execution, and improved interoperability for decentralized applications (dApps). A prototype developed using Protégé, Node.js, Web3.js, Ganache Network and Apache Jena demonstrated notable advancements in both execution speed and gas efficiency. The results demonstrated remarkable improvements: Ethereum required an average block creation time of 10–15 seconds with gas consumption fluctuating between 9.6 million and 44.4 million units, while EthOn achieved block generation within 1–2 seconds and maintained gas usage between 423,630 and 3.7 million units. This represents an overall gas reduction of nearly 90% and a substantial improvement in execution speed.These results highlight the transformative potential of semantic technologies in reshaping blockchain infrastructure, paving the way for more scalable, efficient, and intelligent decentralized systems.
Social media has become a transformative force for entrepreneurship, enabling startups to access global markets, engage directly with customers, and build brands with limited resources. This study explores the role of social media in entrepreneurial success, focusing on platform-specific strategies, consumer engagement, and challenges faced by startups. Using qualitative methods, including thematic analysis of interviews and case studies, the study identifies key themes such as data-driven decision-making, authenticity, and leveraging influencer partnerships. Findings suggest that social media acts as a critical resource for startups, offering opportunities for growth while requiring adaptability to navigate challenges like algorithm changes and content saturation. The study integrates theoretical frameworks such as the Resource-Based View (RBV) and Dynamic Capabilities Framework to contextualize the findings and provide actionable insights for entrepreneurs. Future research directions include examining emerging platforms like Web3 and AI-driven social media strategies to further advance the understanding of digital entrepreneurship.
В статье рассматривается парадигмальный сдвиг от централизованной платформенной модели экономики («надзорный капитализм») к децентрализованной пост-платформенной архитектуре, базирующейся на протоколах Web3, децентрализованных автономных организациях (DAO) и одноранговых (P2P) сетях. На основе статистических данных DeepDAO, Dune Analytics и отчетов Messari за 2024–2026 гг. обосновывается исчерпание потенциала масштабирования супер-приложений. Анализируются механизмы токеномики, меритократического голосования и снижения транзакционных издержек как ключевые факторы формирования новой экономической реальности. Особое внимание уделяется вызовам институциональной адаптации и необходимости формирования «алгоритмического права».
The emergence of decentralized Web3 architectures fundamentally disrupts traditional territorial monetary sovereignty, thereby challenging the constitutional mandate of state-controlled currency. This study examines the normative collision between algorithmic decentralization and state-centric monetary frameworks under the Indonesian Constitution. Employing a doctrinal legal methodology through statutory, conceptual, and functional comparative approaches, this research analyzes the central bank digital currency as a critical constitutional defense mechanism. The findings indicate that the Financial Sector Omnibus Law positions the digital fiat as a sovereign instrument to restore macroeconomic control against transnational private stablecoins. Furthermore, balancing anti-money laundering obligations with constitutional privacy rights explicitly requires a regulation-by-design architecture, specifically implementing tiered anonymity. The institutionalization of digital fiat necessitates precise legal agency attribution within permissioned smart contracts to prevent algorithmic immunity. Ultimately, this regulatory integration represents a manifestation of digital constitutionalism, renegotiating the cyberspace social contract to ensure monetary stability while proportionally protecting all fundamental civic rights.
This paper presents SAYMAN, a production-architected educational blockchain framework designed to enable controlled decentralization for learning ecosystems and digital academic infrastructure. Traditional blockchain systems prioritize full decentralization, often introducing scalability, governance, and usability challenges that limit adoption in education-focused environments. SAYMAN proposes a hybrid architectural model combining permissioned governance layers with selectively decentralized components to balance transparency, institutional control, and operational efficiency. The framework introduces modular consensus orchestration, identity-anchored participation, and configurable trust boundaries, allowing institutions, developers, and learners to interact within a verifiable yet manageable distributed system. Unlike conventional public chains, SAYMAN emphasizes educational deployment readiness, low operational overhead, and adaptable governance policies suitable for academic credentialing, collaborative research environments, and decentralized learning platforms. This work outlines the architectural principles, system design considerations, and implementation roadmap of the SAYMAN blockchain, positioning it as a practical foundation for next-generation educational Web3 infrastructure. The proposed model demonstrates how hybrid blockchain architectures can bridge centralized institutional requirements with decentralized innovation, enabling scalable and secure digital education ecosystems.