This study aims to determine the legal status of smart contracts from the perspective of Indonesian law and Islamic law through a comprehensive literature review. The revolution of the internet and smartphones has changed human life, as happens in smart contracts. This difference in character between smart and conventional contracts has not been fully anticipated by applicable law. That is why the urgency of fiqh renewal or reform of the law in the cyberspace era. Although smart contracts are still in their infancy, and there are still many critical issues that need to be resolved, the results of the literature research show that the smart contract has fulfilled the principles in the agreement/contract in Islamic law . According to the ITE Law, a smart contract can be interpreted as an agreement referred to in Article 1313 of the Civil Code, "an act where one person binds himself to one or more other people". Although this study is not sufficient, this needs to be elaborated from the perspective of Indonesian law. The most important things in smart contracts to comply with the Islamic law are: the sequence of processes in the smart contract must comply with Islamic law, the object being transacted must be halal, the perpetrators have complied with the provisions of the Islamic law, fixed price during the contract period and the number of parties involved in the contract may increase over time.
Nur Rizqi Febriandika, Fadli Fadli, Denizar Abdurrahman Mi’raj
In the current digitalization era, many people are motivated to increase economic income in many ways, one of which is using digital technology NFT (Non-Fungible Token). The use of technology contained in NFT has a positive impact on people who have expertise in digital art; this is used to significantly increase economic income. This study discusses the history of NFT, the mechanism of buying and selling NFT, the characteristics of NFT and the view of Islamic law on buying and selling NFT transactions. The purpose of this study is to find out what is meant by NFT, the history of NFT, characteristics of NFT, how the mechanism of NFT sales is, and to find out how Islamic law views NFT buying and selling transactions. This research is a type of qualitative research; the author uses a descriptive-analytical approach which is classified as a qualitative research type by searching through library data or library research. The results of this study found that the history of NFT began in the BC era (Before Cryptokittes) 2012-2016, Cryptokitties and Cyptopunks (2017-2021), and the Decentraland Era (Metaverse) (2021-present). The law of buying and selling NFT is not found in the Koran or Hadith specifically but can be studied based on the pillars and conditions of buying and selling that have been regulated in Islamic law. According to Islamic law, transactions in the sale and purchase of NFT are included in the permissible sale and purchase; the transaction of buying and selling NFT is considered valid as a form of buying and selling in Islam because of the terms and pillars of the sale and purchase have been fulfilled.
Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan dan menganalisis karya cipta Non Fungitable Token (NFT) dalam kerangka Hak Kekayaan Intelektual. Perkembangan teknologi di bidang perdagangan menjadikan seniman lebih mudah untuk mempublikasikan karya untuk dijadikan karya yang memiliki nilai jual yang menghasilkan. Non-Fungible Token (NFT) merupakan salah satu media untuk digunakan dan sangat membantu seniman untuk berkembang. Meskipun NFT ini sudah ada sejak tahun 2014, namun masih banyak orang yang belum memahami seperti apa sistem kerja NFT ini. Keadaan ini dapat menimbulkan kebingungan terkait siapa yang menjadi pemegang hak cipta dan hak milik ketika karya tersebut sudah berkali-kali dipindahtangankan atau diperjualbelikan. Artikel ini memfokuskan diri pada karya cipta non fungible token dalam sudut pandang hukum hak kekayaan intelektual. Problem dalam artikel ini yaitu: yaitu hambatan dalam melakukan perlindungan hukum pada karya cipta non fungible token dalam kerangka hukum hak kekayaan intelektual. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif dengan studi pustaka dimana menggunakan teknik deskripsi. Data yang terkumpul akan diolah dan dianalisis. Hasil dari pembahasan ini yaitu Hak cipta hanya diberikan kepada pembuat karya tersebut sedangkan hak milik dapat diberikan kepada setiap pihak yang membeli karya tersebut. Kemudian adanya NFT yang masih minim regulasi maka membutuhkan perlindungan hukum terhadap karyanya dan disini yang menjadi payung hukum adalah hak kekayaan intelektual. Setiap karya yang ada pada NFT akan tercatat dan terdaftar secara HKI agar setiap karya terlindungi secara hukum.
Penggunaan internet yang semakin masif kini mempengaruhi dunia perekonomian yang ditandai dengan lahirnya E-Commerce. Mekanisme E-Commerce yang tidak mempertemukan penjual dan pembeli secara langsung ini memunculkan berbagai permasalahan atas syarat subjektif dan objektif perjanjian jual beli. Oleh karena itu, artikel bertujuan untuk menganalisis urgensi penggunaan konsep perjanjian berbasis teknologi Smart Contract dalam transaksi jual beli di E-Commerce. Hasil yang diperoleh adalah penggunaan Smart Contract dalam transaksi jual beli di E-Commerce dinilai sangat penting melihat keunggulan dari segi keamanan, verifikasi, perubahan isi perjanjian, dan kekuatan pembuktian.
Tindak pidana pencucian uang sebagai salah satu extraordinary crime mengalami perubahan dikarenakan adanya perkembangan dan kemajuan teknologi. Uang virtual atau cryptocurrency sebagai bentuk alat transaksi digital yang beredar di dunia siber berpotensi menjadi sasaran bagi para pelaku tindak pidana pencucian uang. Terjadinya kejahatan pencucian uang melalui cryptocurrency berpotensi mempersulit proses penyidikan, penuntutan, dan eksekusi terhadap perkara Tindak Pidana Pencucian Uang sehingga perlu perhatian khusus oleh pemerintah dan seluruh lapisan masyarakat. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui potensi pemanfaatan cryptocurrency sebagai sarana tindak pidana pencucian uang serta mengetahui urgensi regulasi dan penanganan tindak pidana pencucian uang menggunakan cryptocurrency. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif. Hasil penelitian ini menilai bahwa pemanfaatan cryptocurrency sebagai sarana tindak pidana pencucian uang memerlukan pengawasan yang ketat oleh aparat penegak hukum serta dasar hukum yang mengikat terkait pemanfaatan cryptocurrency sebagai salah satu alat pembayaran di Indonesia sehingga dapat meminimalisir terjadinya suatu tindak pidana terutama tindak pidana pencucian uang yang dilakukan oleh pihak yang tidak bertanggung jawab.
Muhammad Rizqon Baihaiqi, Siti Ummu Adillah, Dahniarti Hasana
Apart from the problems in terms of data security in the midst of blockchain-based business development in Indonesia, it turns out that another problem in smart contracts is that the use of Smart Contracts in Indonesia is actually still a discourse among legal experts regarding the validity of smart contracts. The aims of this research are: a) To find out and analyzeimplementation of the use of smart contracts in Indonesia; b) To know and analyzeobstacles in implementing smart contracts in Indonesia and their solutions; c) To know and analyzelegal remedies that can be taken in the event of a dispute between the parties in the smart contract; d) To find out examples of deeds inthe use of smart contracts in Indonesia as a form of artificial intelligence development." Researchers used normative research specifications with secondary data sources. Stages to find the target, then used the approach through legislation (statute approach). The results were juridical review of the use of smart contracts in Indonesia based on Article 1320 of the Civil Code.Article 1338 of the Civil Code explains that “all agreements made legally valid as law for those who make them”. One of the uses of smart contracts on Ethereum. Thereuem's smart contract has the name ERC20.Article 3 Regulation of the Commodity Futures Trading Supervisory Agency Number 5 of 2019 concerning Technical Provisions for the Implementation of the Physical Market of Crypto Assets on the Futures Exchange, Bitcoin which can be traded on the Futures Exchange.Barriers to implementing Smart Contracts in Indonesia and their solutionsimplementing ISO-based Information Security Management or the simplest following the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) framework. ISO 27001:2013 is the latest ISO 27000 series released in 2013. ISO 27001:2013.Article 30 Paragraph (3) in conjunction with Article 40 Paragraph (3) of Act No. 1 of 2008 concerning Information and Electronic Transactions.
The purpose of this study is to analyze: first, the form and legal consequences that occur in Non-Fungible Tokens (NFT) transactions. Second, the role of legal development in dealing with NFT transactions in the era of the digital revolution. This is an empirical legal research as it examines NFT transactions that exist in the community with the approach to laws, legal principles, legal norms and existing legal theories. First, there are still obstacles in NFT transactions from a legal perspective, such as smart contracts executed in the blockchain system that have left several important elements of the agreement. Besides this, NFT itself has the potential to become a ground for cyber money laundering crimes because in blockchain technology it is possible to use anonymous and assets that are in the NFT have a high value as money laundering crimes that have taken place, money laundering often uses valuable assets. And the self-assessment tax reporting system allows individuals not to make tax payments. Second, the development of national law in dealing with NFT must prioritize efficiency as in the economic approach to Posner's law, in addition to the development of laws that create public order, laws that reflect values in society. It also requires the political will of the government in the law making process and law enforcement process in cyberspace, in order to present effective and efficient laws and regulations and law enforcement processes.
Bio Bintang Gidete, Muhamad Amirulloh, Tasya Safiranita Ramli
Perkembangan teknologi yang ada saat ini telah memberikan suatu kemudahan bagi masyarakat dalam mengakses internet untuk dimanfaatkan dalam berbagai bidang salah satunya di bidang perekonomian. Dalam kegiatan perekenomian melalui media digital dikenal istilah ekonomi digital. Kegiatan ekonomi digital tidak dapat terlepas terhadap objek-objek Hak Cipta yang menjadi barang yang diperjualbelikan. Melihat bahwa mengkaji masalah Hak Cipta yang pada akhirnya akan bermuara kepada konsep hukum itu sendiri, terutama menyangkut upaya pelindungan terhadap hasil karya seni dua dimensi dalam bentuk Non Fungible Token (NFT). Kegiatan jual beli karya seni NFT dalam media digital membawa angin segar bagi para seniman, Namun hal ini juga menghadirkan permasalahan bagi beberapa pihak dalam melindugi karya ciptanya dari perbuatan-perbuatan yang merugikan pencipta. Maka penelitian ini dimaksudkan guna memahami pelindungan hukum bagi pencipta terhadap karya seni dua dimensi dalam media digital, memperlancar kegiatan perkenomian serta untuk mengetahui tindakan hukum yang tepat bagi pencipta atas pelanggaran hak cipta di dalam media digital. Pada penelitian ini, penulis menggunakan metode penelitian normatif yakni penelitian terhadap bahan pustaka serta dengan data sekunder melalui pendekatan yuridis normatif yang bersifat deskriptif analitis, sehingga pada penelitian ini akan ditinjau dan dianalisis regulasi yang berkaitan dengan pokok permasalahan. Terhadap hasil penelitian ini telah jelas menunjukkan bahwa sejatinya Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 28 Tahun 2014 tentang Hak Cipta dan Undang-Undang Nomor 19 Tahun 2016 tentang Perubahan atas Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik belum mengatur secara komperhensif terhadap karya seni dua dimensi dalam media digital. Dalam menyelesaikan masalah yang muncul pencipta dapat melakukan tindakan hukum berupa gugatan ganti rugi di pengadilan niaga atau mengajukan laporan pidana serta membuat laporan penutupan konten dan/atau hak akses ke Direktorat Jenderal Kekayaan Intelektual apabila dirasa terjadi pelanggaran hak cipta pada karya seni pencipta dalam media digital.
Ida Ayu Samhita Chanda Thistanti, I Nyoman Gede Sugiartha, I Wayan Arthanaya
Technological advances in the world are very helpful in payment systems that are safe, fast and confidential. Currently, it has also given birth to a rapidly growing currency, namely cryptocurrency, but Indonesia still does not have definite regulations regarding the use of cryptocurrencies. The purposes of this research are to examine the regulation of cryptocurrency legality based on the Indonesian Positive Law and to examine the legal sanctions in the event of a criminal use of cryptocurrency in Indonesia. The method used is normative legal research with a statutory approach. The legal materials used are primary and secondary legal materials that have authoritative properties. To obtain valid data in the field, the researcher uses library techniques, recording techniques, and combines it with normative legal research and makes a law that is both inductive and deductive. The data were analyzed by legal argumentation and descriptive analysis to obtain a systematic comprehensive picture. The results of the study reveal that the regulation of the legality of using cryptocurrencies in Indonesia is no longer referred to as “digital money”, but “commodities” regulated by the Commodity Futures Trading Regulatory Agency in CoFTRA rules No. 3 of 2019 and CoFTRA No. 5 of 2019. It is expected that policy holders will issue strict regulations and sanctions related to the use of crypto currency for crimes against the use of cryptocurrencies for the public and investors as users of Crypto Assets in Indonesia.
Investasi kripto (Cryptocurrency) sangat berkembang saat ini baik secara global maupun di indonesia, Cryptocurrency dapat digunakan sebagai alat pembayaran atau mata uang yang merupakan tujuan pertama diciptakannya mata uang tersebut, dan sisi lainnya adalah sebagai komoditas atau sebagai aset digital yang lazimnya disebut sebagai Aset Kripto atau Crypto Asset. Sebagai alat pembayaran, cryptocurrency dilarang di Indonesia tetapi sebagai aset di perbolehkan untuk diperdagangkan. Penelitian ini membahas bagaimana tata kelola pembentukan regulasi terkait perdagangan mata uang kripto (cryptocurrency) sebagai aset kripto (crypto asset) saat ini? dan Bagaimana pengaturan yang dibutuhkan untuk membangun tata kelola regulasi yang lebih komprehensif terkait aset kripto (crypto asset)?, dari hasil penelitian terdapat pengaturan terkait dengan Aset Kripto yang dikeluarkan berdasarkan Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 10 Tahun 2011 Tentang Perubahan Atas Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 1997 Tentang Perdagangan Berjangka Komoditi, dan Peraturan Menteri perdagangan serta peraturan Bappebti. Tetapi beberapa aspek pengaturan masih belum diatur seperti terkait dengan perlindungan investor/pelanggan aset kripto dalam Bursa/ Pasar Fisik Aset Kripto.
The latest technological advancement resulted in the creation of innovations, such as cryptocurrency, namely virtual money that functions as a tool of exchange as well as a form of investment. A popular form of cryptocurrency is bitcoin. Bitcoin prices often fluctuate, which opens the risk for price manipulation that may bring loss to others. This paper aims to analyze the legal protection of bitcoin price manipulation. This descriptive research uses the doctrinal or the normative approach. The data of this research is obtained from secondary data, i.e., literary legal materials. Results show that the price manipulation in bitcoins happened due to the ‘pump and dump’ activity. ‘Pump and dump’ is the most dangerous crime in the cryptocurrency market, as the crypto assets are bought in large amounts (‘pump’), thus causing the price to steeply increase. Then, it is sold in large amounts (‘dump’) so the price falls drastically and it returns to the point before the pump. This is categorized as a cybercrime. All the parties that experience loss from this crime have the right to obtain legal protection and to undergo legal efforts. Then, the legal effort includes the litigation method through the court or the non-litigation method by resolving disputes outside of the court.
Smart contract lahir dari pemanfaatan tekonologi blockchain yang terdiri dari susuan algoritma komputer. Smart contract diciptakan oleh Nick Szabo pada tahun 1994 sebagai kegiatan transaksi menggunakan komputerisasi untuk menjalankan ketentuan-ketentuan yang telah diatur di dalam kontrak. Salah satu sifat dari smart contract adalah adanya self executing yang mampu memberikan keamanan para pihak. Dirancang dengan menggunakan kriptografi yang memberikan efisiensi dalam pelaksanaan kontraknya. Dengan menggunaan tekonologi blockchain di dalam smart contract dapat memberikan manfaat bagi perkembangan bisnis. KarakteristIk dalam teknologi blockchain adalah desentralisasi yang tidak begantung dengan pihak ketiga, transparan dalam perekaman transaksi yang ada, terbuka untuk umum dan dapat dimanfaatkan oleh semua orang, mandiri, tetap dan kerahasiaan. Smart contract mampu membawa perubahaan dalam pelaksanaan kontrak yang diikuti dengan perkembangan teknologi saat ini. Dalam pelaksanaanya di Indonesia smart contract harus dapat memenuhi syarat sahnya suatu perjanjian agar dapat diakui sebagai suatu kontrak yang sah serta dapat memberikan perlindungan bagi para pihak. Selain itu dalam UU ITE smart contract yang dikategorikan sebagai salah satu kontrak elektronik. Pemanfaatan smart contract telah diaplikasikan kedalam beberapa sektor, salah satunya sektor pertanian. Dengan pemanfaatannya disektor pertanian akan mampu memberikan manfaat kepada berbagai pihak seperti petani, lembaga perbankan/ finansial, perusahaan asuransi pertanian, industri pangan, dan industri teknologi dan manufaktur melalui pertukaran data yang dilakuakaan.
Jan 1, 2022·Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Law, Social Science, Economics, and Education, ICLSSEE 2022, 16 April 2022, Semarang, Indonesia
Cryptocurrency is a digital currency system where the user uses digital payments for business activities carried out that function as a standard currency. A statutory method as well as a conceptual approach were used in this study carried out in a normative juridical manner based on statutory regula
Muhammad Syahri Ramadhan, Theta Murty, Adrian Nugraha, Muhammad Zainul Arifin
Cryptocurrency sudah banyak diminati oleh kalangan masyarakat di dunia, tidak terkecuali di Indonesia. Cryptocurrency merupakan mata uang digital yang dapat dijadikan salah satu alternatif investasi selain investasi abstrak lainnya seperti saham. Para pemilik usaha tentunya harus mulai memikirkan bahwa ketika perusahaannya fokus kepada kegiatan usaha yang berbasis e-commerce, maka perusahaan memikirkan bahwa aset Cryptocurrency ini baik dari aspek ekonomi maupun hukum, untuk ditentukan sebagai aset perusahaan. Rumusan masalah yang akan dianalisis yaitu Bagaimana legitimasi dari pemanfaatan mata uang digital ( Cryptocurrency) Perseroan Terbatas sebagai aset Perusahaan. Tantangan dan solusi dalam mengimplementasikan regulasi terkait mata uang digital ( Cryptocurrency) Perseroan Terbatas sebagai aset Perusahaan. Pada saat ini mata uang digital masih diakui sebagai aset komoditas dalam aspek yuridis. Cryptocurrency belum dapat diakui oleh pemerintah sebagai mata uang selayaknya seperti rupiah dikarenakan adanya peraturan perundang – undangan yang melarangnya tersebut. Legitimasi bahwa aset kripto dapat dikategorikan sebagai aset perusahaan dapat dilihat pada Peraturan Menteri Perdagangan Republik Indonesia Nomor 99 Tahun 2018 Tentang Kebijakan Umum Penyelenggaraan Perdagangan Berjangka Aset Kripto dan Peraturan BAPPEBTI Nomor 5 Tahun 2019 Tentang Ketentuan Teknis Penyelenggaraan Pasar Fisik Aset Kripto di Bursa Berjangka. Tantangan dan solusi dalam mengimplementasikan ialah Kultur untuk menjadikan aset kripto sebagai aset penting dalam perusahaan harus ditingkatkan, hal ini dapat dimulai dengan membenahi sarana prasarana terkait digitalisasi seperti internet, gawai dan sejenisnya. Tindakan pemerintah juga tidak hanya berhenti menjadikan Cryptocurrrency (mata uang digital) sebagai aset komoditas saja akan tetapi dibutuhkan adanya aturan khusus bahwa mata uang digital dijadikan sebagai alat pembayaran sebagaimana mata uang rupiah seperti dalam wacana Bank Indonesia yaitu merancang Rupiah Digital atau Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC).
<em>Blockchain has functioned as a ledger that decentralizes controls with immutable and irreversible character and have the potential to overcome the deficiency of traditional contracts, especially in today’s digital era such as the e-commerce industry. Unfortunately, although famous to be used for blockchain and smart contracts have not been applied widely in Indonesia and there is no regulation that specifically regulates the use of blockchain technology and smart contracts. This article will analyze the application of smart contracts to escalate consumer rights in e-commerce services. This research showed that the self-executory characteristic of smart contracts helps the consumer to have an equal bargaining position with businesses actors in determining the contents of the contract. In response to those curative efforts, the smart contract will be advantageous as a preventive scheme for PIL cases. The self-executory character of the smart contract will prevent many PIL cases which are potentially occurred. The immutable nature of blockchain records will also be helpful for any dispute settlement scheme. This might be led to the tendency that international e-commerce cases should not be litigated or to be set for an arbitration tribunal. Those international e-commerce cases might not require settlement of judicative branch and may be settled at the administrative level. Consequently, this would create a more effective and efficient settlement, both in time and money. Those advantages have made blockchain-based smart contracts will be prospective in Indonesia, in the upcoming future</em>
Arsip digital memiliki karakteristik mudah disalin, sehingga selama ini sulit atau bahkan tidak mungkin menjual karya dalam bentuk digital layaknya menjual karya, lukis misalnya, dalam bentuk konvensional. Perkembangan blockchain dan mata uang kripto kini menjadikan hal tersebut menjadi mungkin. NFT(non-fungible token) memungkinkan arsip digital dijual melalui jaringan blockchain. Artikel ini membahas bagaimana konsep dan cara kerja NFT dan kaitannya dengan dunia kearsipan. Adapun metodologi yang digunakan adalah dengan studi literatur dan observasi, dikarenakan isu NFT pada dunia arsip masih sangat terbatas dibahas. Diketahui terdapat beberapa peluang penggunaan NFT dalam pengelolaan arsip, seperti penggunaan sertifikat kepemilikan berupa kumpulan kode yang dijalankan pada platform blockchain yang pada aplikasinya bisa diterapkan diberbagai aspek dan bidang kehidupan. Selain itu juga NFT membuka peluang usaha bagi pegiat karya digital. Namun demikian, ditemukan pula beberapa hambatan atau kesulitan yang mungkin menjadikan NFT bukan solusi yang berkelanjutan karena butuhnya tenaga komputasi dan listrik yang besar serta nilainya yang sangat volatil.
Blockchain which includes smart contract and tokenization features is the latest technology in the world, especially Indonesia. Smart contracts and tokenization make it very easy for users and can maintain valid data security, but there are still many universities that have not implemented the system so they have to involve many parties and costs. The problem taken in this study is the payment process for transactions such as credit and data processing that is vulnerable to illegal data leakage. This study aims to develop a smart contract system and blockchain tokenization in universities in the payment transaction process. The method used in this research is literature review analysis and testing method. The implementation of smart contracts and tokenization can replace third parties as security guards of transaction data with all Blockchain users paying attention and ensuring the integrity of the entire process and activity. This of course can avoid problems that arise from the presence of third parties in the transaction process. So it can be concluded that the implementation of smart contracts and Blockchain tokenization in payment transactions is the right solution to be applied in the payment transaction process at universities.
The spread of digital technology currently faster and influence on all of human dimension, including to the financial sector. The presence of cryptocurrency using blockchain technology has changed the previously system that has been used for a long period and it come a pros and cons. The system built using peer-to-peer cause the system no longer need the 3rd party that control the financial system and since the system decentralized. The nature of cryptocurrency which made as the same with gold characteristic such as the limitation of quantity, process to get it must through the mining process, more resistance from inflation are making people and society interested and significantly increase time by time. The decentralized and anonymous blockchain working system for token holders and safe has presented as a new paradigm in the financial sector. But on other hand, there are many challenges and dynamics that arise due to the emergence of these cryptocurrency, one of which is risk from the legal perspective where there are cases of money laundering involving of crypto, losses to the investor asset due to ICO process that not run smoothly, the emergence losses from crypto exchanges that hacked due to not have a high security backup system that made the customer losses their digital wallet. Crypto value that tend to have high volatility and fluctuating rates with fast count also increase the risk. The readiness of countries and drafting laws related to the crypto was contribution for this research. One of the biggest interested from the public is the use of crypto as long asset investment, where the values increasing from year to year, even Bitcoin as one of the cryptocurrencies that previously worthless but currently has very fantastic values and become a favourite from the investor
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keabsahan hukum teknologi cryptocurrency Litecoin dalam investasi dan transaksi bisnis dari perspektif hukum Islam. Teori yang digunakan adalah teori taksonomi bisnis haram lidzatihi dan haram lighairihi dari sejumlah ulama yang direkonstruksi oleh Adiwarman Abdul Karim. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif yaitu penelitian kepustakaan yang bersumber dari Al-Quran dan Hadist serta melalui qiyas dari hukum-hukum fiqh yang telah qat'i. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa teknologi Litecoin memang dapat diakui sebagai teknologi revolusioner yang sangat baik. Namun penggunaannya sebagai instrumen investasi mengandung unsur maysir (taruhan) dan sebagai instrumen transaksi bisnis mengandung unsur gharar, dan tidak memiliki manfaat syariah, sehingga status hukumnya haram.
One of the potentials that can be done by smart contracts is the application of buying and selling business in e- commerce. In a study conducted by the British research institute Merchant Machine as reported in databoks.katadata.co.id states that, out of the 10 list of countries that have the fastest e-commerce growth, Indonesia leads the ranks of these countries with growth reaching 78% in the year 2018. As you know, blockchain not only develops cryptocurrency but also in financial services and smart contract payments. Legal arrangements that apply to smart contracts governed by contract and sale and purchase laws in Indonesia have not yet been found, and need to be explored in order to provide certainty regarding legal protection that can guarantee parties who use smart contracts to guarantee legal certainty and fairness in their application. The research that will be conducted in answering these questions uses a systematic review method, the researcher traces the legislation regarding consumer protection, as well as the principles of electronic contract law that can be applied. The results of the study concluded that with the regulations regarding electronic contracts, smart contracts are legal contracts that can be applied in Indonesia.
Disruption is a double-edged sword since, in addition to facilitating digitization, it also serves as a target for cybercriminals to conduct their schemes. Cryptocurrency is a type of virtual currency that uses cryptography technology to enable digital transactions in cyberspace. Ransomware is one type of crypto crime that has increased in 2020 occurrences. More over, ransomware is a way for cybercriminals to make money by threatening victims with access limitations, data deletion, and data dissemination in exchange for a ransom payment. Furthermore, the government hasn't provided recognition and protection for its inhabitants, the creation of a legal vacuum (rechtsvacuum) in Indonesia surrounding cryptocurrency regulation is seen to be damaging to digital users. In light of these issues, the goal of this research is to assist the Indonesian authorities in comprehending the fundamental issues surrounding crypto crimes such as ransomware. Then, to assess the prospects of cryptocurrency as a virtual currency in Indonesia, the research technique employed is a normative juridical research method with a conceptual approach and law. This paper demonstrates that the crime of ransomware will hinder cyber law enforcement in Indonesia, resulting in a detrimental impact on economic development and vulnerability to cyberattacks that harm national security. As a result, if cryptocurrency stays in a legal void or ‘gray area’, governments must be aware and prioritize preventive actions against ransomware attacks and their consequences. This preventative step could take the form of regulating cryptocurrency in Indonesia as virtual money and block ransomware activity.
Bukti digital yang disimpan dalam blok mengurangi kinerja blok, mengurangi kecepatan akses blok dan mengurangi kapasitas media penyimpanan data. Informasi-informasi metadata yang diambil dari bukti digital yang hanya berupa informasi dasar terkait bukti digital dapat mengurangi integritas bukti digital dan juga menyulitkan penyidik dalam mengidentifikasi bukti digital. Pengurangan integritas bukti digital menyebabkan bukti digital ditolak dalam persidangan. Penerapan multi smart contract dalam mengelola bukti digital dan chain of custody menjadi solusi untuk menyelesaikan permasalahan tersebut. Penerapan multi smart contract juga diharapkan mampu meningkatkan kinerja blok dan mengoptimalkan media penyimpanan bukti digital. Langkah-langkah untuk membuat sistem multi smart contract dimulai dengan melakukan identifikasi masalah, melakukan studi literatur, merancang dan membangun sebuah sistem multi-smart contract, pengujian terhadap implementasi, integritas, dan performa sistem multi smart contract , dan analisa terhadap implementasi multi-smart. Hasil dari penerapan multi smart contract ditemukan bahwa bukti digital memiliki karakteristik berbeda-beda dan detail informasi yang berbeda-beda antara satu jenis bukti digital gambar, audio, video, dan dokumen atau jenis bukti digital lainnya. Informasi yang detail mampu meningkatkan integritas bukti digital. Otomatisasi dalam membuat hash dan ekstraksi informasi dari suatu bukti digital dapat mengurangi waktu first responder dalam menginputkan form isian pada sistem multi smart contract. Penyimpanan bukti digital di luar blok dapat meningkatkan performa sistem multi smart contract. Penyimpanan bukti digital yang hanya berupa alat bukti persidangan mampu mengoptimalkan media penyimpanan bukti digital.
Countries in the world still do not have the same nature in compiling rules related to cryptocurrency, therfore it is very important to study the legality of using cryptocurrency as a means of payment in Indonesia. This paper aims to analyze the legal protection for the society related to the use of cryptocurrency as a payment. In particular cryptocurrency has two usability functions, namely as a medium of exchange and as a commodity. As a medium of exchange, cryptocurrency has currency characteristics because it can be accepted as a means of payment within a certain scope and its value is maintained because the number of issuance is limited. But the cryptocurrency is not a legitimate and official currency because it does not have the authority to issue and regulate, manage circulation and distribution, maintain its exchange value and all these functions are carried out by the computing system so that accountability is still doubtful.