The purpose of this paper is to identify the industry-specific and geographic patterns that shape the adoption of Web 3.0 technologies among Fortune Global 500 companies. The study addresses a gap in the existing literature by shifting attention from isolated technological applications such as blockchain, decentralized finance, artificial intelligence, and immersive environments toward a broader comparative analysis of how large multinational corporations adopt Web 3.0 across sectors and countries. Methodology. The paper is based on an empirical classification of Fortune Global 500 companies for 2024 into adopters and non-adopters of Web 3.0 technologies. The dataset includes 500 firms and covers sector affiliation, country of origin, employee counts, selected financial indicators, company characteristics, and a binary indicator of adoption status. The analysis applies descriptive statistics, comparative analysis, and cross-tabulations using publicly available data from annual reports, strategic plans, press releases, marketing materials, news coverage, and business databases. Results. The findings show that Web 3.0 adoption is significant but uneven: 216 companies are identified as adopters, while 284 are classified as non-adopters, indicating that Web 3.0 remains in a transitional stage of corporate diffusion. Adoption is concentrated in digitally intensive sectors such as Information Technology Services, Computer Software, Entertainment, Apparel, and selected Health Care activities, whereas sectors such as Transportation and Logistics, Real Estate, Homebuilders, and Medical Products and Equipment demonstrate limited or no adoption in the dataset. Geographic differences are also substantial, with adoption present in 25 out of 35 countries represented in the sample, although the intensity of adoption varies across national contexts. The results confirm that Web 3.0 diffusion is shaped by the interaction of sectoral structure, strategic fit, and geographic environment rather than by a uniform technological trajectory. Practical implications. The paper suggests that managers should approach Web 3.0 as a strategic option whose relevance depends on alignment with the firmâs business model, customer value proposition, governance needs, and innovation capabilities. Value/originality. The originality of the study lies in its cross-sectoral and cross-national perspective on Web 3.0 adoption among the worldâs largest corporations, offering a more nuanced understanding of digital transformation in the Web 3.0 era and demonstrating that adoption is patterned, selective, and contingent rather than universal.
The evolution from Web 2.0 to Web 3.0 represents a paradigm shift in internet technology, with a focus on decentralization, user control, and improved security. While Web 2.0 facilitated social networking, cloud computing, and engaging content, it came at the cost of data privacy issues, central control, and digital monopolies. Web 3.0 is based on blockchain, artificial intelligence, smart contracts, and decentralized finance (DeFi) to build a trustless, peer-to-peer digital world that is focused on user ownership and security. This research assesses the fundamental features of Web 3.0, such as decentralized applications (dApps), digital identity systems, and interoperability solutions, in addition to analyzing the adoption challenges, such as scalability, regulatory ambiguity, and usability obstacles. Through decentralized finance case studies, social media, gaming, and data storage, the paper showcases the advantages and challenges of Web 3.0 integration with current digital infrastructures. Future directions point toward developments in Layer 2 scaling, privacy technologies, and cross-chain interoperability to make Web 3.0 more mainstream and sustainable. Though there are challenges, Web 3.0 can reshape finance, governance, and online interactions, leading to a decentralized, user-owned internet.
Read, Write, Own: Building the Next Era of the Internet by Chris Dixon (Cornerstone, 2024) provides a compelling intellectual foundation that helps a skeptical reader understand the potential social, commercial and technological relevance of blockchain, cryptocurrencies, and related decentralized internet (âWeb3â) technologies.
The first conversations about the potential of blockchain technology began with the rise of cryptocurrencies. The first attempts at applying blockchain were focused on storing and transferring value, with cryptocurrencies being used exclusively as a means of payment. Recently the use of blockchain entered a new stage of development â the generation of Web3. The logic behind distributed ledger technologies opened up opportunities for various sectors, from financial services and DeFi to new formats of digital value â tokenization of physical assets and decentralized autonomous organizations. Web3 is a term that describes new models for building digital businesses, applications, and economic relationships between different participants based on distributed ledger technology. Where do the boundaries of Web3 lie? What role does Web3 play in the world, and what place does Russia has in it? Sber's Blockchain Laboratory, in collaboration with the SKOLKOVO School of Management, prepared an analytical report. This research aims to shed light on the basic aspects and risks of the Web3 market and predict changes that will impact existing traditional market business models.
Dincy R. Arikkat, Mert Cihangiroglu, Mauro Conti, Rafidha Rehiman K. A. · 7 authors
The rise of IT-dependent operations in modern organizations has heightened their vulnerability to cyberattacks. Organizations are inadvertently enlarging their vulnerability to cyber threats by integrating more interconnected devices into their operations, which makes these threats both more sophisticated and more common. Consequently, organizations have been compelled to seek innovative approaches to mitigate the menaces inherent in their infrastructure. In response, considerable research efforts have been directed towards creating effective solutions for sharing Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI). Current information-sharing methods lack privacy safeguards, leaving organizations vulnerable to proprietary and confidential data leaks. To tackle this problem, we designed a novel framework called SeCTIS (Secure Cyber Threat Intelligence Sharing), integrating Swarm Learning and Blockchain technologies to enable businesses to collaborate, preserving the privacy of their CTI data. Moreover, our approach provides a way to assess the data and model quality and the trustworthiness of all the participants leveraging some validators through Zero Knowledge Proofs. Extensive experimentation has confirmed the accuracy and performance of our framework. Furthermore, our detailed attack model analyzes its resistance to attacks that could impact data and model quality. âą Definition of a Swarm Learning approach for collaborative CTI. âą Definition of a Blockchain-based solution for privacy preservation in CTI sharing. âą Secure CTI validation using a consensus mechanism and Zero-Knowledge Proof.
This paper presents a comprehensive statistical analysis of the Web3 ecosystem, comparing various Web3 tokens with traditional financial assets across multiple time scales. We examine probability distributions, tail behaviors, and other key stylized facts of the returns for a diverse range of tokens, including decentralized exchanges, liquidity pools, and centralized exchanges. Despite functional differences, most tokens exhibit well-established empirical facts, including unconditional probability density of returns with heavy tails gradually becoming Gaussian and volatility clustering. Furthermore, we compare assets traded on centralized (CEX) and decentralized (DEX) exchanges, finding that DEXs exhibit similar stylized facts despite different trading mechanisms and often divergent long-term performance. We propose that this similarity is attributable to arbitrageurs striving to maintain similar centralized and decentralized prices. Our study contributes to a better understanding of the dynamics of Web3 tokens and the relationship between CEX and DEX markets, with important implications for risk management, pricing models, and portfolio construction in the rapidly evolving DeFi landscape. These results add to the growing body of literature on cryptocurrency markets and provide insights that can guide the development of more accurate models for DeFi markets.
Amit Kumar Singh Yadav, Abhijeet Choudhary, Preeti Sharma
This research paper provides a concise overview of Web 3 and the technologies based on it.Web 3, the decentralized web, integrates decentralization and block chain technology into internet architectures.Key components, such as decentralized data storage, smart contracts, decentralized identity, and decentralized finance, are explored.Practical applications in data security, automation, privacy, and finance are discussed.The paper highlights challenges such as scalability and regulatory frameworks while emphasizing on-going efforts to address them.Web 3 represents a transformative shift in internet architecture, enabling enhanced user empowerment and redefining traditional online systems.
Web 3.0, commonly referred to as the semantic web or the decentralized web.The article presents a summary of Web 3.0's current state, including its background, evolution, and important technologies including blockchain, artificial intelligence (AI), and decentralized apps (DApps).The evaluation of the decentralized web is also covered in the study, along with improvements to data privacy and security, the removal of middlemen, and more effective and transparent processes.The study concludes by discussing Web 3.0's future and its potential effects on several sectors, including ecommerce, social media, finance, and healthcare.The paper concludes that while there are still challenges that need to be addressed, the decentralized web is likely to continue to evolve and play an increasingly important role in the future of the internet.
The Internet has undergone numerous changes since its emergence in 1969 and has now become an indispensable aspect of modern life. With the introduction of the World Wide Web by Tim Berners-Lee, the Internet has transformed into a tool for sharing and accessing vast amounts of information. As the Internet evolves towards its third iteration, Web3+ offers a decentralized solution that empowers users and returns control over the Internet to them. With the rise of cryptocurrency and blockchain, Web3+ focuses on data ownership and protection, making the Internet more secure and fair for everyone. In this article, we will explore the differences between Web 1.0, Web 2.0, Web 3.0, Web3, and Web3+ and how they shape the future of the Internet.
In mid-July 2020, the social media site Twitter had over 100 of its most prominent user accounts start to tweet requests to send Bitcoin to specified Bitcoin wallets. The requests promised that the Bitcoin senders would receive their money back doubled, as a gesture of charity amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. The attack appears to have been carried out by a small group of hackers, leveraging social engineering to get access to internal Twitter support tools. These tools allowed the hackers to gain full control of the high-profile user accounts and post messages on their behalf. The attack provides many paths for investigation into the prevention, response, and impacts of cybersecurity breaches.
Pod koniec 2021 roku szacowano, ĆŒe 300 milionĂłw osĂłb na caĆym Ćwiecie posiadaĆo jakÄ Ć formÄ kryptowaluty. Dwie najwiÄksze dĆșwignie popularnoĆci kryptowalut to DeFi i NFT. Gdy na poczÄ tku 2021 roku NFT, czyli niewymienialne tokeny, wzbudziĆy lawinÄ transakcji detalicznych, duĆŒe marki zaczÄĆy zwracaÄ na to uwagÄ. NFT dajÄ moĆŒliwoĆÄ zachowania cyfrowego IP i aktywowania spoĆecznoĆci internetowych w sposĂłb, ktĂłry nigdy wczeĆniej nie byĆ osiÄ galny. JednakĆŒe, jak dotÄ d, nie obserwuje siÄ "web3-natywnego" podejĆcia do NFT ze strony duĆŒych marek. Oznacza to, ĆŒe ĆŒadna marka nie zmieniĆa swojej architektury Web 2.0 i nie zastÄ piĆa jej caĆkowicie strukturÄ Web 3.0. Zamiast tego, globalne firmy przyjÄĆy bardziej ostroĆŒne podejĆcie, udostÄpniajÄ c kolekcje NFT jako odrÄbne czĆony swojej oferty, a zarazem stymulujÄ c rozwĂłj skupionych wokĂłĆ nich spoĆecznoĆci. TÄ fazÄ, ktĂłrÄ moĆŒna okreĆliÄ mianem Web 2.5, cechuje stopniowe wdraĆŒanie nowych technologii, takich jak NFT, z korzyĆciÄ zarĂłwno do samej lansujÄ cej je marki, jak i dla konsumentĂłw. Producenci poĆÄ czyli to, co najlepsze w Web 3.0, ze sprawdzonymi modelami rozwoju i promocji Web 2.0. Zasadniczo tym wĆaĆnie jest Web 2.5: stapianiem innowacyjnych technologii web3, m.in. NFT, z infrastrukturÄ Web 2.0 i tworzeniem Ćrodowiska, ktĂłre zapewnia odbiorcom silne immersyjne doĆwiadczenia ksztaĆtujÄ ce wiÄĆș z markÄ . Procesy te przedstawiam w artykule na przykĆadzie marek z sektora mody i sztuki.
Piotr Stolarski, WĆodzimierz Lewoniewski, Witold Abramowicz
In this research we presented different approaches to investigate the possible relationships between the largest crowd-based knowledge source and the market potential of particular cryptocurrencies. Identification of such relations is crucial because their existence may be used to create a broad spectrum of analyses and reports about cryptocurrency projects and to obtain a comprehensive outlook of the blockchain domain. The activities on the blockchain reach different levels of anonymity which renders them hard objects of studies. In particular, the standard tools used to characterize social trends and variables that describe cryptocurrenciesâ situations are unsuitable to be used in the environment that extensively employs cryptographic techniques to hide real users. The employment of Wikipedia to trace crypto assets value need examination because the portal allows gathering of different opinionsâcontent of the articles is edited by a group of people. Consequently, the information can be more attractive and useful for the readers than in case of non-collaborative sources of information. Wikipedia Articles often appears in the premium position of such search engines as Google, Bing, Yahoo and others. One may expect different demand on information about particular cryptocurrency depending on the different events (e.g., sharp fluctuations of price). Wikipedia offers only information about cryptocurrencies that are important from the point of view of language community of the users in Wikipedia. This âfilterâ helps to better identify those cryptocurrencies that have a significant influence on the regional markets. The models encompass linkages between different variables and properties. In one model cryptocurrency projects are ranked with the means of articles sentiment and quality. In another model, Wikipedia visits are linked to cryptocurrenciesâ popularity. Additionally, the interactions between information demand in different Wikipedia language versions are elaborated. They are used to assess the geographical esteem of certain crypto coins. The information about the legal status of cryptocurrency technologies in different states that are offered by Wikipedia is used in another proposed model. It allows assessment of the adoption of cryptocurrencies in a given legislature. Finally, a model is developed that joins Wikipedia articles editions and deletions with the social sentiment towards particular cryptocurrency projects. The mentioned analytical purposes that permit assessment of the popularity of blockchain technologies in different local communities are not the only results of the paper. The models can show which country has the biggest demand on particular cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin, Ethereum, Ripple, Bitcoin Cash, Monero, Litecoin, Dogecoin and others.
The Blockchain technology was initially adopted to implement various cryptocurrencies. Currently, Blockchain is foreseen as a general purpose technology with a huge potential in many areas. Blockchain-based applications have inherent characteristics like authenticity, immutability and consensus. Beyond that, records stored on Blockchain ledger can be accessed any time and from any location. Blockchain has a great potential for managing and maintaining educational records. This paper presents a Blockchain-based Educational Record Repository (BcER2) that manages and distributes educational assets for academic and industry professionals. The BcER2 system allows educational records like e-diplomas and e-certificates to be securely and seamless transferred, shared and distributed by parties.
The 2008 debut of Bitcoin marked the first large-scale implementation of blockchain technology, and its decentralized approach to monetary systems has since been abstracted to more generalized purposes like distributed computing. Platforms like Ethereum, which function as a global, decentralized computing and data storage system, promise to bring the cost of decentralized knowledge production in line with the efficiencies afforded by the centralized, integrated computing systems that currently dominate the knowledge economy. Blockchain technologies have been investigated for a wide range of information management purposes, but their exploration within the realm of library and information studies has largely been nascent. Though many applications within the field have been envisioned, few have been explored in depth. Among the many functions performed in the field of librarianship, the work of cataloguersâwhich has always been performed in a decentralized mannerârepresents an intriguing use case. A review of current shared-cataloguing practices reveals that catalogues have become largely-centralized, divorced from public participation, dominated by an ethos of efficiency at the cost of quality, and essentially unaltered since the shift from physical to electronic catalogue storage more than 40 years ago. The evolution of blockchain technologies, paired with an intentional approach to shared catalogues that is open for use, transparency, and public participation, is explored in a conceptual framework and design based on the Ethereum platform. A theoretical design scheme grounded in the affordances of Ethereum, shaped by the principles of open source software development, and guided by the best practices of existing social information production systems results in a proposal for Catagora: an open source, open-for-use, transparent and participatory shared-cataloguing platform that reverses the trend towards architectural and political centralization and promises novel catalogue features such as complete revision history and distributed collaboration on the content and quality of catalogue entries. Blockchain technology, alone, cannot disrupt shared cataloguing practices; such a shift involves the voluntary and eager participation of cataloguers and members of the public in order to sustain and grow the system. The Catagora design concept presented in this thesis incorporates accessibility, collaboration and reputational systems that are intended to foster open participation, but these alone cannot guarantee a thriving, shared-cataloguing alternative to existing systems. Further exploration, in the form of a live implementation, is warranted; and lessons from existing large-scale library technology projects suggest that a centrally-coordinated implementation, targeting key cataloguing partners and driven by a passionate project champion, may provide a more complete picture of the blockchainâs potential to support open, shared cataloguing for the benefit of information seekers.
All is not well for nursing in the new world. The use of social media to share research, access information and build professional networks â although gaining in popularity â has been met mostly with a slow response from those in nursing and its research (Ferguson 2013). Twitter is used by over 550 million people, with 135,000 new users every day (Statistics Brain 2012). Approximately 11% of nurses use Twitter compared with 20% of adults â which places nurses a year behind the general population's usage (Robinson 2013). This inertia is curious, given that reputable health organizations, such as the World Health Organization, now use Twitter (Redfern 2013). Do nurses understand the potential benefits of Twitter? With mainstream popularity and increasing reliance in daily social life, Twitter can allow nurse researchers to connect directly, rapidly and cheaply with communities, disseminate information, and promote translation of research into practice and policy. It has also been found to be effective in engaging with and recruiting potentially hard-to-reach populations (O'Connor et al. 2014). This provides huge potential for methods and dissemination and broadens our understanding of change. Academic institutions now have to consider the merits of âvirtual impactâ alongside traditional metrics of evaluation, such as publications. As Ferguson lamented in JAN: âit is time for the nursing profession to leverage social mediaâ (2013, p. 745). However, identifying this need does nothing to address how nurses can use Twitter better. Diffusion of Innovations Theory can help. Proposed by sociologist Everett Rogers in 1962, Diffusion of Innovations Theory has become a commonly applied theory for understanding how and at what rate innovations are adopted in different settings. Five characteristics of innovations influence this rate (Rogers 1962/2003): âą Relative advantage: ââŠthe degree to which an innovation is perceived as being better than the idea it supersedesâ. (Rogers 1962/2003, p.229) The purpose of Twitter may not be apparent to nurse researchers. Is Twitter a social networking site; a venue to confer and communicate celebrity status; a networking platform; a venue to disseminate research findings; a site for recruiting participants; or all of the above? This versatility of Twitter actually reduces its perceived relative advantage because it is unclear what Twitter can and should be compared to. Most of these appraisals of Twitter occur in an evidence vacuum. While other widely used forms of media â such as textbooks, television and the internet â are not subject to a similar burden of proof, academics focused on evidence and value may well bemoan the lack of evaluation measures available for Twitter. Given the lack of previous comparable social media platforms, the added value of Twitter to busy professional lives may be unclear. Twitter can create a new world that is highly responsive to each member's needs and interests. Because only tweets (messages of 140 characters or fewer) from followers are viewed, twitter âfeedsâ tend to reflect common themes. Hashtags can be used to categorize tweets and organize twitter feeds. Based on these tailored preferences, papers, blogs and news stories come to one's attention that would not otherwise have done so. This ability to both benefit from and contribute to tailored twitter feeds is a reciprocal advantage that is very useful. The relative advantage of innovations such as Twitter can be expressed through economic gains and social visibility. Academics can âtweetâ at zero cost. Other cost investments such as buying open access for publications can be leveraged through Twitter by tweeting links to online papers and web profiles. Academics may conflate social visibility with social prestige â reflecting a lingering perception of Twitter as a celebrity-oriented/pop culture social platform. However, as high-profile organizations such as the Canadian Nurses Association and leading journal editors in nursing harness Twitter, the social status draw of Twitter may gain appeal for nursing academics. Using Twitter may come to symbolize contemporary thinking and innovation. âą Compatibility: âThe degree to which an innovation is perceived as consistent with existing values, past experiences and needs of potential adoptersâ. (Rogers 1962/2003, p. 229). (Rogers 1962/2003, p. 240) Twitter's predecessors, particularly Facebook, also influence perceptions of Twitter. Largely a social platform, Facebook's infamous âstatus updatesâ contributed to perceptions of Twitter as a social site for quick quips and celebrity updates. Although researchers may not distinguish between such forms of social media, in reality, different platforms can serve distinct purposes (Ferguson 2013). This perception of Twitter as another social media site means that it has come to be seen as being part of a âtechnology clusterâ â a âset of distinguishable elements of technology that are perceived by individuals as being interrelatedâ (Rogers 1962/2003, p. 249). The implication of the technology cluster is the tendency for users to group otherwise distinguishable technological innovations together (e.g. Twitter, Facebook, LinkedIn) without recognizing their distinctive nature and merits. When the blurring of boundaries occurs for adopters, the potential benefits of specific platforms may not be recognized. That said, introducing innovations as part of a technology cluster may increase uptake and harness synergies between innovations. Twitter can be used with LinkedIn (a professional networking profile site) through which strategic use of a tweet can refer followers to a full professional profile. As the introduction of technologies has been sequential, beginning with email, faculty websites, LinkedIn, Facebook and many more that have preceded Twitter, the âadded benefitâ of new social media innovations may not be recognized. It is natural to contrast the anticipated processes of Twitter to how academic dissemination has previously occurred â through longer formal academic journal articles that are read mostly by other academics. Twitter has been proposed as an alternative means to disseminate academic research; however, assuming that Twitter would be accepted readily as a supplementary form of dissemination risks committing the âempty vessels fallacyâ (Rogers 1962/2003, p. 256) wherein the previous knowledge and experiences of potential adopters are neglected. Compatibility with existing experiences is important and necessary for Twitter to âfitâ with nurse's existing knowledge related to academic dissemination. Developing links between Twitter and traditional avenues of dissemination can increase compatibility. For instance, integrating Twitter into conference activities by use of a conference hashtag, for example, may help. Indeed, Twitter's name alone could challenge many academics' values. Twitter is synonymous with chatter â the antithesis of academic discourse. Views of Twitter as a time-consuming platform not meritorious for academic career progression and promotion can further reduce its compatibility with extant values. As such, how Twitter is positioned within the nursing community, how it is incentivized as a knowledge translation tool and which of its benefits are emphasized influence its adoption. âą Complexity: âThe degree to which an innovation is perceived as relatively difficult to understand and useâ (Rogers 1962/2003, p. 257) As with any innovation, Twitter has a learning curve. New terminology (e.g. Tweet, Twittersphere, twitterites) and ostensibly mysterious abbreviations (e.g. RT, FFF, BFN, T/J etc.) abound and necessitate a âTwittonary (n.d)â of key definitions (see http://twittonary.com/ for an example). This learning is complex, especially for people less familiar with technology. Generally, different generations define and use social media in different ways (Cain et al. 2010, Taylor et al. 2010, Jones & Hayter 2013). Generational divides in the use of Twitter persist, but may diminish as technological literacy increases (Cresci et al. 2010). As such, the demographic characteristics and background of researchers in nursing also influence perceptions of complexity and use. âą Trialability: âdegree to which an innovation may be experimented with on a limited basisâ (Rogers 1962/2003, p. 258) Trialability is a mixed bag for Twitter. Twitter can be experimented with easily through establishing, trying and deleting a user account. However, it takes time and effort to establish followers, identify other users to follow and both read and produce tweets regularly. Time and efforts are needed to understand the potential benefits of Twitter, but these also reduce its perceived trialability. This trialability is also constrained by preconceptions. For many academics, tweeting is a formative risk â tweets can potentially be read by many people, cannot be retracted and have been subject to high-profile legal debate and litigation in some countries. For those who have experimented with or regularly use Twitter, perceptions of such risk are diminished as tweets are only shared with and read by one's followers. Trialability is greatly enhanced by personal trials â suggesting a potential avenue for institutions looking to facilitate the uptake of Twitter by academic staff â via peer presentations on social media or hands-on âTwitter-sessionsâ similar to library database search sessions. âą Observability: âThe degree to which the results of an innovation are visible to othersâ (Rogers 1962/2003, p. 258) Twitter is a virtual innovation that requires no new hardware and an internet connection. The platform itself is less observable. Aside from the occasional tweet showcased in print, radio or television, tweets are not visible to those not on Twitter. Promoting Twitter through educational sessions and generating awareness of communities of scholars who have adopted the innovation may enhance Twitter's observability. Finally, as researchers and academic institutions alike can be outcomes-driven, finding ways to qualify the impact and effectiveness of Twitter, and to communicate and value these measures within academic research communities are important. Diffusion of Innovations Theory promotes understanding of how academics use Twitter and offers some direction for developing strategies to increase its use in academic settings. Twitter's popularity is increasing and may soon reach a critical mass, tipping the balance in favour of further adoption (Toole et al. 2012). As the time for early adoption of Twitter has passed, waiting for this critical mass is not enough. Institutions can help by emphasizing the relative advantages of Twitter, such as its low cost, possible reach and high impact potentials. Highlighting parallels between Twitter and other dissemination strategies can promote compatibility with values and experiences. To minimize complexities, promote trialability and increase observability guidelines on Twitter, researchers should benefit from guidelines (e.g. Mollett et al. 2011), Twitter training opportunities and better integration of Twitter into professional conferences and meetings. M.A. acknowledges the Canadian Child Health Clinician Scientist Program and the Women and Children's Health Research Institute.
Are there differences between the sale of an unopened Super Mario Bros. computer game and of the digital collage of 5,000 images? Viewed from the perspective of the doctrine of exhaustion, we can easily conclude that the two transfers have significant differences. The auction of the tangible data carrier of the Super Marioâs 1986 edition (for $660,000) 1 fits well into the doctrine. The auction of the NFT (non-fungible token) representing Beepleâs âEverdays: the First 5000 Daysâ (for an equivalent of an astounding $69.3 million) 2 seems to be hype with a snowball effect rather than a modern encapsulation of digital exhaustion. Some commentators, 3 including the present author in collaboration with Alexandra Giannapoulou, JoĂŁo Pedro Quintais, and BalĂĄzs BodĂł, 4 have thoroughly introduced the incompatibility of the NFT mania with the existing copyright status quo, and so â in connection with the present bookâs topic â the sale of tokenized information, which is capable of representing information related to digital artworks, is practically excluded from the scope of the exhaustion of the right of distribution. At the same time, NFTs de facto offer a âcode-based digital ecosystem that has practical consequences for the copyright-relevant fields of creativeness.â 5 The sale and resale of NFTs is possible; an exchange of information and title to âownâ and âtradeâ information related to copyrightable subject matter is technologically guaranteed. In line with that, a quasi-exhaustion regime has also emerged. As such, the NFT mania can practically evidence the need for and modern technologyâs capability of offering digital marketplaces for artworks as well.
This paper describes how library operations can be integrated in a cross-platform programming It discusses the organizational and technical issues in planning and designing of macro applications from the technical services workstation. It then describes a variety of technical and public service macro applications. It shows the efficiency and ergonomic benefits of these customized programs. It concludes with an example of how PC-based macro-programs can populate Web-accessible server-side databases with ActiveX technologies. Programming Initiatives Background This article describes how library operations can be integrated, regardless of the systems in use, through what we call the environment. Two keys to a desktop-programmed are the technical services workstation and the macro, a computer program created either through recording series of keystrokes or--far better--through purpose-designed algorithms.(1) While such macros are commonly in use in many libraries within a single system, our article shows how these can be used to link and integrate systems to great functional advantage. At the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC) we began developing cross-system macros in the context of our migration away from a first-generation system known as LCS/FBR, which had been largely developed in-house and used by a consortium of Illinois libraries.(2) While long-range plans call for moving to a state-of-the-art client/server-centered system, interim arrangements required the implementation of a turnkey telnet-based system, DRA Classic. It quickly became evident that the introduction of new technology would have a profound effect on the library as an organization. Indeed, existing structures and entrenched technologies affected implementation of the system and were in turn highly affected themselves by what was implemented. For that reason, this article looks at the programmed environment not only as a desktop phenomenon, but also as an organizational phenomenon. To have a deep understanding of the real impact desktop computer programming can have in a library, we begin with some organizational and technical issues and how they affected systems and services. Local Organizational Structure The UIUC Library is highly decentralized, made up of some forty-five semi-autonomous departmental libraries. Original cataloging had been decentralized in the mid-1980s; much acquisitions and serials check-in work was also done in the departmental libraries. Serials cataloging and copy cataloging were the respective responsibilities of an Office of the Principal Cataloger unit and of an Automated Services unit. Catalog maintenance was entirely centralized for systems reasons: changes to the consortial catalog could only be performed using hardwired terminals running SuperWylbur or WLN text-editing software. Besides using LCS/FBR, UIUC also maintained a variety of other systems, including IBM for acquisitions accounting and Innopac for serials check-in. All original cataloging was done through OCLC. Hence, multiple input was an overall feature of the configuration. Many parts of the system were not automated; many card files were still in use, especially since retrospective conversion was incomplete. Catalog Maintenance in a Pre-Windows (DOS) Environment UIUC had long grappled with the problem of carrying out catalog maintenance using an inflexible line-editing system. This situation has been documented by Clark and Chan and by Henigman.(3) A variety of computer programs written in BASIC and operating under DOS had been developed to facilitate accuracy and productivity in cataloging maintenance. Essentially, these programs guided inputters in the formatting of data and made possible the interface between the separate LCS and FBR databases. In implementing the new system, however, these programs became obsolete, since SuperWylbur, LCS, and FBR were all being retired. âŠ