This study proposes a mobility control architecture that replaces conventional physical distance-based autonomous driving with a network-based logical spatiotemporal occupancy reservation system. Instead of relying solely on onboard sensors, vehicles reserve future movement regions as packetized occupancy rights across a communication infrastructure. A multi-layer consensus mechanism—combining efficiency, safety, and legal validation algorithms—determines vehicle behavior, while smart contracts and distributed ledgers record risk evaluation and liability allocation in real time. This approach enables high-density traffic flow beyond traditional braking constraints, improves road utilization efficiency, and enhances legal accountability in autonomous mobility networks. The framework also integrates infrastructure routing and fail-safe fallback mechanisms and relies on the Quantum Thought Circuit OS ASI architecture for deterministic decision control.
The presence of shared micro-vehicles, such as bicycles and e-scooters, has become increasingly common in modern urban environments, enhancing citizens’ access to public transportation by providing an efficient solution to the last-mile problem. In recent years, shared mobility has expanded to include larger vehicles, such as cars and sea vessels, facilitating transportation over longer distances and offering an alternative to private and public modes of transport. However, the seamless integration of these different transportation modes remains a significant challenge, as each type of vehicle has its own advantages and limitations. Furthermore, these transport services are often operated by different organizations that use distinct platforms and ticketing systems, further complicating coordination among them. In this work, we present the proposed approach and the developed system designed to facilitate the adoption and integration of different types of vehicles using AI and blockchain technologies. The system enables users to identify and utilize the most appropriate means of transport through a unified, blockchain-based mechanism. Preliminary evaluation results, based on simulated data, indicate that the system can significantly benefit citizens in a smart city environment and, when combined with appropriate investments in urban infrastructure, can substantially improve daily mobility.
A mobilidade urbana representa um dos maiores desafios das cidades contemporâneas, sendo a imprevisibilidade do transporte público um fator crítico que impacta milhões de cidadãos e turistas. Atrasos decorrentes de congestionamentos, acidentes e outros eventos inesperados, somados à complexidade das rotas, comprometem significativamente a experiência do usuário. Este artigo apresenta o SIGRÔ (Sistema Inteligente de Gerenciamento de Rotas de Ônibus), uma solução inovadora para o rastreamento e previsão em tempo real da localização de ônibus coletivos. A arquitetura do sistema baseia-se em uma rede descentralizada Web3, na qual cada veículo atua como um nó comunicante em uma malha peer-to-peer (p2p), utilizando GSM LTE-M e, de forma redundante, LoRa, para mitigar falhas de cobertura. Cada ônibus é equipado com sistemas embarcados dotados de Unidades de Processamento Neural (NPUs), que aplicam Inteligência Artificial para corrigir perdas de sinal de GPS e aprimorar estimativas de chegada, integrando dados históricos e em tempo real. O ecossistema é complementado por um aplicativo multiplataforma (iOS, Android, WebApp e sistema embarcado), que oferece planejamento de rotas, visualização em tempo real, informações sobre paradas e uma interface de gestão para operadores, permitindo o reporte de incidentes. O projeto tem como objetivo aprimorar a pontualidade percebida, otimizar a experiência do usuário e fornecer dados estratégicos para a gestão inteligente do transporte público urbano.
The global shift towards sustainable transportation necessitates efficient and secure payment systems for electric vehicle (EV) charging on electrified roads. Current blockchain-based payment infrastructures face high transaction costs, inefficiencies, and security vulnerabilities, impeding EV adoption. To address these challenges, we propose a blockchain-based Vehicle Payment System (VPS) tailored for electrified roads. VPS integrates a hybrid consensus mechanism combining Proof of Stake (PoS) and Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) for secure, decentralized, and efficient transaction validation. Scalability is enhanced through sharding, which distributes transaction load, while Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs) ensure transaction confidentiality, and multi-signature transactions provide additional security. State channels further optimize performance by enabling off-chain transactions, reducing congestion, and increasing throughput. Unlike prior research, which often neglects scalability, privacy, and real-time performance holistically, VPS achieves under 3000 ms latency for invoke transactions, under 450 ms for queries with 1000 users, and a throughput of approximately 1100 transactions per second (TPS) at a send rate of 1300. These advancements establish VPS as a scalable, efficient payment solution for EV charging, supporting the transition to green mobility and informing sustainable infrastructure policies.
In traditional stock market, the global processing framework shares the data to various mediators like financial and government institutions. The institutional firms needs to handle with large number of data in the system and cooperates with others to provide the trades on the stock exchange platform, and consistently buy-sell orders pass through various parties before settlement. It involves a complex chain of intermediaries, has several drawbacks like weak transparency, long lead times for financial settlements, and a single point of failure. Blockchain (BC) computer node network securely shares the common ledger without intermediaries. This paper uses a deep learning-based Smart contract in the private ethereum consortium blockchain (PEC-BC) to provide financial security. First, the data is collected. Then it is given to the next stage. The Dynamic Butterfly-Billiards Optimization Algorithm (DB-BOA) is used to choose the leader block. Further, the selected new leader block is used in the Adaptive Deep Temporal Context Networks (ADTCN) with a consensus algorithm to make secured smart contracts. Here, the parameters are optimized by DB-BOA. The developed ADTCN-based financial security system was compared with other conventional methods, and algorithms performed well.
The imbalance between parking availability and demand has led to a rise in traffic challenges in many cities. The adoption of technologies like the Internet of Things and deep learning algorithms has been extensively explored to build automated smart parking systems in urban environments. Non-human-mediated, scalable smart parking systems that are built on decentralized blockchain systems will further enhance transparency and trust in this domain. The presented work, PARKTag, is an integration of a blockchain-based system and computer vision models to detect on-field free parking slots, efficiently navigate vehicles to those slots, and automate the computation of parking fees. This innovative approach aims to enhance the efficiency, scalability, and convenience of parking management by leveraging and integrating advanced technologies for real-time slot detection, navigation, and secure, transparent fee calculation with blockchain smart contracts. PARKTag was evaluated through implementation and emulation in selected areas of the MIT Art Design Technology University campus, with a customized built-in dataset of over 2000 images collected on-field in different conditions. The fine-tuned parking slot detection model leverages pre-trained algorithms and achieves significant performance metrics with a validation accuracy of 92.9% in free slot detection. With the Solidity smart contract deployed on the Ethereum test network, PARKTag achieved a significant throughput of 10 user requests per second in peak traffic hours. PARKTag is implemented as a mobile application and deployed in the mobile application store. Its beta version has undergone user validation for feedback and acceptance, marking a significant step toward the development of the final product.
O mercado de veículos conectados cresceu substancialmente nos últimos anos, fortale- cendo a Internet dos Veículos (IoV). Esse ecossistema viabiliza a conectividade entre veículos, infraestrutura dos sistemas de transporte inteligentes (ITS) e dispositivos de pedestres, além de permitir acesso a serviços de Internet e recursos de nuvens computacionais. Entretanto, a adoção mais ampla da IoV, com todo o seu potencial inovador para as cidades inteligentes, depende de estratégias eficazes de segurança e privacidade. Um dos pilares fundamentais para garantir segurança na IoV é o processo de autenticação. Por um lado, a autenticação deve assegurar que apenas veículos autorizados obtenham conectividade, armazenamento e proces- samento na IoV. Por outro lado, este processo não deve comprometer a qualidade de serviço (QoS) de aplicações críticas, como streaming de vídeo dos passageiros e atualizações remotas de software automotivas, conhecidas como over-the-air (OTA). O desafio desta pesquisa é equilibrar a necessidade de segurança com a manutenção da QoS em um ambiente de alta mobilidade e densidade variável de veículos. O estudo avaliou estratégias de autenticação para veículos em redes móveis 5G-V2X, comparando abordagens centralizadas, baseadas em auto- ridades de confiança (TA), e soluções distribuídas com suporte de blockchain, utilizando os algoritmos de consenso PoW (Proof of Work) e PoS (Proof of Stake). Foi proposta uma ar- quitetura em camadas para IoV, incorporando os dois métodos de autenticação em ambientes de computação de borda (edge) e nevoeiro (fog). Os mecanismos foram implementados utili- zando os simuladores OMNeT++, Veins, SIMU5G, INET e SUMO, com dados de tráfego da Avenida Agamenon Magalhães, Recife-PE, Brasil, para capturar a variabilidade do ambiente real. O objetivo foi desenvolver um arcabouço inteligente para a tomada de decisão ciente de contexto na escolha do método de autenticação mais adequado para a IoV, utilizando otimização bayesiana para melhorar a segurança e a eficiência operacional dos sistemas de transporte inteligente. A solução proposta, SIMA-IoV, seleciona dinamicamente o método de autenticação (centralizado ou descentralizado) mais adequado com base nos dados coletados. Os resultados das simulações indicam que a computação de borda distribuída entre as esta- ções rádio base 5G garantiu tempos de autenticação na ordem de milissegundos, mantendo a continuidade dos serviços em ambientes de alta mobilidade. O SIMA-IoV demonstrou que a autenticação baseada em blockchain com PoS é mais estável para cenários de alta densidade de veículos, enquanto a TA apresentou melhor desempenho em cenários de baixa densidade. Já o PoW mostrou instabilidade, destacando suas limitações em ambientes IoV de alta demanda. Os resultados obtidos foram inovadores, mostrando um avanço significativo na otimização do serviço de autenticação em redes móveis veiculares.
Land registration is a important process that involves the felony recording of land possession, rights, and transactions. The current land registration structures in many nations frequently face demanding situations including corruption, inefficiency, and lack of transparency. Land Registration is a use case which entails lot of middlemen and critical authorities within the method which then puts trust within the gadget. keeping traces of who owns which part of land is challenging when there are hundreds or lots of land information to maintain. the use of Blockchain will take away the middlemen within the system and also will reduce corruption and increase pace of the process. Land Registration is a easy decentralized application which is build the usage of the Ethereum Blockchain principals. we will use this registration system as a replacement to bypass the present machine flaws. here the user who owns the land registers his land information and additionally enters marketplace value of the land with the aid of presenting all the important proofs. A central authority who traditionally looks into land registry is assigned as a land inspector can do the registration technique. Lands coming underneath a selected village can be registered to the gadget best via the inspector who's assigned to that village. The smart contract used here is written in this type of manner that the owner has to transfer his belongings completely to the buyer and no transaction of the land can be partial. Even we allow a government authority is involved in registration system, the complete manner is obvious and the transaction takes place most effective among the two customers.
In this paper we present the design for a smart-mask to mitigate the impact of an airborne virus such as COVID-19. The design utilises recent results from feedback control theory over a distributed ledger that have been developed to enforce compliance in a pseudo-anonymous manner. The design is based on the use of the IOTA distributed ledger. A hardware-in-the-loop simulation based on indoor positioning, paired with Monte-Carlo simulations, is developed to demonstrate the efficacy of the designed prototype.
Electronic voting system is the process of polling votes and counting votes. In most of the countries voting may now be done electronically, there are still several difficulties involved, including the expense of paper, how ballots are organized, the possibility of varying results when tallying the votes, and others. Duplicate votes pose a significant concern as they can be fraudulently cast by individuals. To focus on this issue, Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) is employed to enhance the voting procedure in a secured manner. A directed acyclic graph is used by the Internet of Things Application (IOTA), a promising distributed ledger system. Faster transaction confirmation, high scalability and zero transaction fees are achieved via the Directed Acyclic Graph structure. In both IOTA tangle and blockchain technology, the public cast duplicate votes. The unauthorized user can create duplicate votes in the blockchain as well as IOTA tangle. This can be focused in this proposed method. The double spending problem can be solved by using Crow Search Algorithm (CSA). This Optimization problem produces an improved result for resolving double spending in e-voting systems.
Open access
Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
The implementation of blockchain technology in integrated IoT networks for constructing scalable Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) in India has the potential to revolutionize the way we approach transportation. By leveraging the power of IoT and blockchain, we can create a highly secure, transparent, and efficient system that can transform the way we move people and goods. India, one of the world's most populous countries, has a highly congested and inefficient transportation system that often leads to delays, accidents, and waste of time and resources. The integration of IoT and blockchain can help address these issues by enabling real-time monitoring, tracking, and optimization of traffic flows, thereby reducing congestion, improving safety, and increasing the overall efficiency of the transportation system. This paper explores the potential of blockchain technology in the context of integrated IoT networks for constructing scalable ITS systems in India. The methodology followed is to develop a proof-of-concept blockchain-based application for ITS, Implement the blockchain solution into the existing ITS infrastructure, and ensure proper integration and compatibility with other systems. Conduct thorough research and maintenance to ensure the reliability and sustainability of such blockchain-based systems. Research discusses the various benefits and challenges of this approach and the various applications of this technology in the transportation sector, including the Green Sustainability concept. Results find various ways in which such implementations of blockchain and IoT-ML can revolutionize transportation systems.
Liam Scholte, Rui Wang, Kwok K. Chung, Michał Aibin
Condominiums and similar properties use a stratum to manage daily operations, and owners fund it through strata fees. While existing strata fee management systems may be able to handle such funds, such systems could be more inherently transparent. It is possible to leverage the digital ledger from blockchain networks and smart contracts to build a fully transparent strata fee management system. This paper proposes designing a strata fee management system based on a smart contract in the Ethereum network. Both strata corporations and homeowners can interact with the smart contract to execute common procedures such as paying strata fees and handling expenses. Using smart contracts for strata fee management, it is believed that the chance of fraud by strata corporations is lowered compared to other systems.
Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Many existing anonymous parking payment schemes lack high efficiency and flexibility. For instance, the calculation and communication costs involved in payment may linearly increase with the payment amount. In this paper, we propose an anonymous payment system (dubbed AnoPay) for vehicle parking, which leverages updatable attribute-based anonymous credentials and efficient zero-knowledge proof (ZKP) to achieve user anonymity and constant overhead for parking fee payment. To further improve the efficiency, we design a secure parking fee aggregation protocol based on linear homomorphic encryption to aggregate parking transactions, where the amount of each parking transaction is hidden and the privacy of the parking lot in terms of its revenue is guaranteed. AnoPay achieves both unlinkability and accountability, malicious payments can be efficiently traced when it is necessary. We provide a security model and rigorous proof for each security property of AnoPay. Extensive experiments and comparisons demonstrate the efficiency and practicality of the system.
Nowadays with the rising number of personal vehicles, finding a parking space has become an issue for many residents.Advancements in technologies like Internet of Things (IoT) have helped to maximize the productivity and reliability of urban infrastructure.In this paper, we propose an online parking rent system to reserve a parking space for the residents and other users, via a blockchain on the Ethereum platform which uses a non-fungible token as currency and a barcode for ease of use.A barcode will be provided while reserving the parking space, and is used when unlocking the bollards.This will help residents to save time by knowing their parking spot.
As technology continues to evolve, our society is becoming enriched with more intelligent devices that help us perform our daily activities more efficiently and effectively. One of the most significant technological advancements of our time is the Internet of Things (IoT), which interconnects various smart devices (such as smart mobiles, intelligent refrigerators, smartwatches, smart fire alarms, smart door locks, and many more) allowing them to communicate with each other and exchange data seamlessly. We now use IoT technology to carry out our daily activities, for example, transportation. In particular, the field of smart transportation has intrigued researchers due to its potential to revolutionize the way we move people and goods. IoT provides drivers in a smart city with many benefits, including traffic management, improved logistics, efficient parking systems, and enhanced safety measures. Smart transportation is the integration of all these benefits into applications for transportation systems. However, as a way of further improving the benefits provided by smart transportation, other technologies have been explored, such as machine learning, big data, and distributed ledgers. Some examples of their application are the optimization of routes, parking, street lighting, accident prevention, detection of abnormal traffic conditions, and maintenance of roads. In this paper, we aim to provide a detailed understanding of the developments in the applications mentioned earlier and examine current researches that base their applications on these sectors. We aim to conduct a self-contained review of the different technologies used in smart transportation today and their respective challenges. Our methodology encompassed identifying and screening articles on smart transportation technologies and its applications. To identify articles addressing our topic of review, we searched for articles in the four significant databases: IEEE Xplore, ACM Digital Library, Science Direct, and Springer. Consequently, we examined the communication mechanisms, architectures, and frameworks that enable these smart transportation applications and systems. We also explored the communication protocols enabling smart transportation, including Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and cellular networks, and how they contribute to seamless data exchange. We delved into the different architectures and frameworks used in smart transportation, including cloud computing, edge computing, and fog computing. Lastly, we outlined current challenges in the smart transportation field and suggested potential future research directions. We will examine data privacy and security issues, network scalability, and interoperability between different IoT devices.
This project proposes a blockchain-based framework from the existing centralized framework for a ride- sharing service and implements the same as a decentralized application based on smart contracts on Polygon Blockchain. A ridesharing system helps riders to reach a particular destination driven by the owner of the ride. Most services available in the market are centralized and hosted by a third party which gives them the authority to monitor features like fare calculation, user data, etc. Privacy and trust are major concerns in such a system. The purpose of our project is to make a decentralized application for ride sharing where all transactions, fare calculation, matching and information is stored on a Distributed Ledger. The ledger will be accessible to all the peers in the network. This will match users with rides in a decentralized way without relying on third parties of any centralized network which makes the system transparent and reliable. The data on blockchain is immutable. Hence, this technology is used to store rides and user information to maintain security and ensure user privacy. Finally, this project provides guidance for future research with the promising and important directions in blockchain-based ride-sharing services. Key Words: Blockchain; Peer to peer network; Security; Transactions; Ridesharing; Smart Contract; Polygon.
Vehicle based logistics are hinged on their ability to timely deliver goods, services, and people. The classical expression of “time is money” comes alive in the logistics industry yielding potentially huge financial and health consequences in case of missing deadlines. This is especially the case for time sensitive pharmaceuticals, delivery of perishable goods, delivery of people travelling, delivery of services in fault fixing/recovery sector. All these use cases motivate the need for an immutable, secure, and immortalized process of tracking time. To solve this challenge, this paper presents prototype-based research that integrates the 4th industrial revolution technologies of vision Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based Optical Character Recognition (OCR) and blockchain. The developed prototype features a Raspberry-PI board embedding a camera, an Artificial Intelligence (AI) model to recognize plate letters from the image and a crypto wallet to sign the logging of plate number and time events on the NEAR blockchain, an emerging sharded, proof-of-stake, layer-one blockchain that is simple to use, secure and scalable. The effective operation of the developed prototype has been validated inside a campus parking and shows an accuracy of 80%. The benefits of transparency, security, and immutability of the blockchain combined with the intelligence, data capture, and processing of IoT will enable to develop accountability solutions trusted by all different logistic stakeholders.
In crowded cities, searching for the availability of parking lots is a herculean task as it results in the wastage of drivers’ time, increases air pollution, and traffic congestion. Smart parking systems facilitate the drivers to determine the information about the parking lot in real time and book them depending on the requirement. But the existing smart parking systems necessitate the drivers to reveal their sensitive information that includes their mobile number, personal identity, and desired destination. This disclosure of sensitive information makes the existing centralized smart parking systems more vulnerable to service providers’ security breaches, single points of failure, and bottlenecks. In this paper, an Improved Asymmetric Consortium Blockchain and Homomorphically Computing Univariate Polynomial-based private information retrieval (IACB-HCUPPIR) scheme is proposed to ensure parking lots’ availability with transparency security in a privacy-preserving smart parking system. In specific, an improved Asymmetric Consortium Blockchain is used for achieving secure transactions between different parties interacting in the smart parking environment. It further adopted the method of Homomorphically Computing Univariate Polynomial-based private information retrieval (HCUPPIR) scheme for preserving the location privacy of drivers. The results of IACB-HCUPPIR confirmed better results in terms of minimized computation and communication overload with throughput, latency, and response time with maximized drivers’ privacy preservation. Moreover, the proposed fully homomorphic algorithm (FHE) was compared against partial-homomorphic encryption (PHE) and technique without encryption and found that the proposed model has quick communication in allocating the parking slots starting with 24.3 s, whereas PHE starts allocating from 24.7 s and the technique without encryption starts at 27.4 s. Thus, we ensure the proposed model performs well in allocating parking slots with less time and high security with privacy preservation.
T. Manikandan, Shajahan Basheer, Shitharth Selvarajan, Sara A. Althubiti · 7 authors
There can be many inherent issues in the process of managing cloud infrastructure and the platform of the cloud. The platform of the cloud manages cloud software and legality issues in making contracts. The platform also handles the process of managing cloud software services and legal contract-based segmentation. In this paper, we tackle these issues directly with some feasible solutions. For these constraints, the Averaged One-Dependence Estimators (AODE) classifier and the SELECT Applicable Only to Parallel Server (SELECT-APSL ASA) method are proposed to separate the data related to the place. ASA is made up of the AODE and SELECT Applicable Only to Parallel Server. The AODE classifier is used to separate the data from smart city data based on the hybrid data obfuscation technique. The data from the hybrid data obfuscation technique manages 50% of the raw data, and 50% of hospital data is masked using the proposed transmission. The analysis of energy consumption before the cryptosystem shows the total packet delivered by about 71.66% compared with existing algorithms. The analysis of energy consumption after cryptosystem assumption shows 47.34% consumption, compared to existing state-of-the-art algorithms. The average energy consumption before data obfuscation decreased by 2.47%, and the average energy consumption after data obfuscation was reduced by 9.90%. The analysis of the makespan time before data obfuscation decreased by 33.71%. Compared to existing state-of-the-art algorithms, the study of makespan time after data obfuscation decreased by 1.3%. These impressive results show the strength of our methodology.
With the advent of modern technologies, including the IoT and blockchain, smart-parking (SP) systems are becoming smarter and smarter. Similar to other automated systems, and particularly those that require automation or minimal interaction with humans, the SP system is heuristic in delivering performances, such as throughput in terms of latency, efficiency, privacy, and security, and it is considered a long-term cost-effective solution. This study looks ahead to future trends and developments in SP systems and presents an inclusive, long-term, effective, and well-performing smart autonomous vehicle parking (SAVP) system that explores and employs the emerging fog-computing and blockchain technologies as robust solutions to strengthen the existing collaborative IoT-cloud platform to build and manage SP systems for autonomous vehicles (AVs). In other words, the proposed SAVP system offers a smart-parking solution, both indoors and outdoors, and mainly for AVs looking for vacant parking, wherein the fog nodes act as a middleware layer that provides various parking operations closer to IoT-enabled edge devices. To address the challenges of privacy and security, a lightweight integrated blockchain and cryptography (LIBC) module is deployed, which is functional at each fog node, to authorize and grant access to the AVs in every phase of parking (e.g., from the parking entrance to the parking slot to the parking exit). A proof-of-concept implementation was conducted, wherein the overall computed results, such as the average response time, efficiency, privacy, and security, were examined as highly efficient to enable a proven SAVP system. This study also examined an innovative pace, with careful considerations to combatting the existing SP-system challenges and, therefore, to building and managing future scalable SP systems.
Parking problem has become a bottle neck of urban traffic management. On one hand, there is no effective way to get timely information of available parking lots. On the other hand, owners of private parking spaces are less willing to share their spare lots. To deal with the parking problem, a new parking sharing network named ParkChain is firstly proposed using blockchain to build a decentralized but trustworthy network. Herein, ParkChain provides a distributed autonomous infrastructure for both vehicle drivers and park granters, which can promote the extensive parking resource sharing and relieve the parking problem. A new blockchain consensus protocol named Proof-of-Planned-Behavior (PoPB) is proposed. It builds the model of the autonomous consensus process based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB), derives a computable threshold for qualification of block data authorizers, and then develops a dynamic authorizer group mechanism for creditability and decentrality considerations. Furthermore, various smart contracts are developed to carry out the parking services transparently. Finally, the prototype has been successfully implemented in a university campus setting to demonstrate the effectiveness of ParkChain.
Blockchain has been found of great use in various sectors and this technology promises much more because of the high level of security it provides and blockchain provides us trade without the need of any mediators so Land holding system seems to be a very promising area of interest. All the countries around the world are now implementing blockchain in the area of land registrations in India, we should also consider it as a viable option. The blockchain has provided major security benefits in diverse fields. Therefore, this land holding system is implemented using a blockchain architecture. In India main problems in traditional land holding system include space constraints, fraud in land registry, lack of uniformity and poor maintenance of land records, lack of single window title verification and investigation system, fear of destruction of records by force majeure events. Therefore, a blockchain is prepared to aid these problems in order to solve these problems we have analyzed, identified and developed an application with the help of blockchain smart contracts. In this paper we are developing a land holding System to encounter the problems in traditional systems.
Riya Kakkar, Jafar A. Alzubi, Amit Dua, Smita Agrawal · 9 authors
In most countries, traffic congestion has reached a level where managing traffic is tedious for regulatory bodies. The traffic management faced many issues such as route routing based on congestion, delivery of messages/emails to end-users, and real-time allocation of parking slots. There have been many works on predicting parking prices for traffic management, but most favor users or owners and are not secure. To address these issues, a blockchain and Interplanetary File System (IPFS)-based parking price prediction scheme (PADaaV) is proposed to facilitate the users to reserve a parking slot securely and efficiently. It mainly focuses on ensuring security, privacy, and transparency for parking slot owners and users. Furthermore, we employ a second price auction model to optimize the parking price for users, and parking slot owners can also get benefit from it. The performance of the PADaaV has been simulated for 100 users with 40 parking slots based on different auction models. The various performance parameters considered are profit for users, profit for parking slot owners, overall revenue of the system, scalability, computation time, and data storage cost. The performance results show that the PADaaV is secure and beneficial for users and parking slot owners.