The article, which is part of a doctoral thesis that investigated participation and social control in the financial management of Youth and Adult Education Centers (CEJA, in Portuguese), as it is an integral part of the public policy of financing education in the country, presents reflections on the state policy of financial decentralization to CEJA. The original research, a case study carried out in five CEJA in the state of Rio de Janeiro, aimed to understand how social control is exercised, and whether this exercise and the participation it requires contribute to the quality of public school management. A documentary survey and systematic observation of these spaces were carried out and, through questionnaires, the conceptions of students, teachers and employees were captured; in addition, managers were also interviewed, seeking to know how, why and for what purpose social control over decentralized financial resources to CEJA is exercised and participated in. Evidence found in the content and in some of the practices observed in the empirical field supports the validity of the hypothesis formulated, broadening the understanding of the theoretical framework adopted, not without realizing the limits that reality imposes on this exercise, which compromises the effectiveness of the practices, specifically with regard to financial management, which remains the challenge to be faced.
Tâmara Feitosa Oliveira, Joelma Cristina Lima Cortez Amorim, Jairo de Carvalho Guimarães
O objetivo deste artigo é analisar o processo de descentralização da Assistência Social no Brasil desde a aprovação da Lei Orgânica que a instituiu como política pública na década 1990 até os tempos atuais. Para tanto, a análise se baseou, prioritariamente, nos estudos de Marta Arretche. A abordagem da pesquisa é qualitativa e utilizou-se de pesquisa documental e de estudos bibliográficos para verificar se a descentralização, como uma diretriz estruturante do Sistema Único de Assistência Social (SUAS), está sendo atendida ou se apenas desconcentra responsabilidades. Os resultados da pesquisa indicaram que apesar de identificados muitos avanços, constatou-se que o processo está marcado, de um lado, por evolução de natureza institucional, observados no exame da extensa legislação que norteia a política; por outro lado, percebem-se entraves de natureza estrutural, os quais foram evidenciados quando se analisou a direção dos gastos realizados pelo Governo Federal no Fundo Nacional de Assistência Social na série de 2017 a 2021. Palavras-Chave : Assistência Social. Descentralização. Financiamento. Subfinanciamento. ABSTRACT The objective of this article is to analyze the process of decentralization of Social Assistance in Brazil since the approval of the Organic Law that instituted it as a public policy in the 1990s until the present time. For this purpose, the analysis was primarily based on Marta Arretche's studies. The research approach is qualitative and used documentary research and bibliographical studies to verify if decentralization as a structuring guideline of the Unified Social Assistance System (SUAS) is being met or if it just deconcentrates responsibilities. The results of the research indicated that despite the identification of many advances, it was verified that the process is marked, on the one hand, by evolution of an institutional nature, observed in the examination of the extensive legislation that guides the policy and, on the other hand, it is perceived barriers of a structural nature, which were evidenced when analyzing the direction of expenditures made by the Federal Government in the National Social Assistance Fund in the series from 2017 to 2021. Keywords : Social Assistance. Decentralization. Financing. Underfunding.
Taking the financing of education in Brazil as an object of analysis, this study aims to present a brief contextualization of the PDDE as a direct transfer of financial resources from the Union to basic education schools. It was decided to expose the program's data in the city of Paranaguá/PR. To meet the proposed objective, the methodological procedure used was document analysis on official websites made available by government spheres. The work is divided into three stages. The first presents educational financing in Brazil, legal frameworks, as well as a brief historical context for educational policy. The second moment addresses decentralization in the context of the National State Reform undertaken in the country in the 1990s. Afterwards, a brief presentation is made about the FNDE and its role in educational financing in the country, as well as the PDDE and some information about the Program in the city of Paranaguá/PR.
The last few years have been ones of intense debate in the Brazilian National Congress about the Basic Education Fund (Fundeb) seeking ways for this temporary mechanism to become permanent and improved. Debates on privatization of education and on tax justice are key elements in these discussions. This article sets out to analyze discussions around the amount of financing for Fundeb, funding sources, federal decentralization, and privatization proposals, presenting the active interest groups advocating on different sides of the agenda.
Lays Diniz dos SANTOS, Ednéa do Nascimento Carvalho
The theme of development has undergone several transformations over time, which resulted in the breaking of conceptual paradigms and the construction of public policies, disseminating new theoretical and methodological perceptions. With this, due to the redemocratization and the political-administrative decentralization, the territorial development policy is established in Brazil and, with it, spaces of social concertation are implemented. This dissertation highlights the Low Amazonas Territorial Development Collegiate, in the State of Pará, with the intention of analyzing its role as a deliberation space, as well as its importance in the strengthening of public policies focused on territorial development, considering mainly the political scenario. -economic recent. and the weakening of territorial policy. For this, we use the methodological look of historical and dialectical materialism, bibliographic research, research documentary, and non-directive interviews applied to the members of this Board, providing results treated according to content analysis. The contributions of this research will be to the academic literature, constituting in reference to the greater discernment of public authorities and civil society, organized or not, regarding the role of the Collegiate, the characterization of its historical process of construction and implementation, diagnosis of the difficulties and challenges faced in the conduct of their actions, verification of policies implemented, and contextualize the territorial development strategy in the articulation of these policies. Based on this orientation, theory and analysis, it was verified the lack of formalized legal competence of this collegiate body to deliberate on government policies, therefore, its decision-making role is restricted to the social attributions and organization of territorial demands, among the main problems and difficulties that pervade its operation, stand out those related to project implementation and financial dependence. But it is still a tool of great importance in strengthening public policies aimed at this perspective, presenting as its main positivity or progress, its constitution as a participatory space for debate and listening, exchange of information and protagonism of the actors. Several challenges, therefore, must be surpassed for CODETER BAM to continue in full exercise of its functions, observing that from 2017 onwards it stops to perform activities, showing incapable or perhaps unwilling to proceed autonomously, about the issues and specific demands of the territory, its component entities, in general, proceed in an individualized way, to the detriment of the collective perspective of territorial development.
The process of implementing a Geographical Indication is slow and complex and requires an institutional arrangement formed by several institutions, which is efficient in the articulation of all actors involved and the decentralization of information, reaching/covering more than the institutions and technicians who are effectively involved in creation process. The state of Ceará has great potential to implement the Geographical Indication, as it presents differentiated products in some regions, such as rennet cheese, whose production chain is responsible for generating employment and income in the municipality of Jaguaribe. However, the GI recognition process for this product has not advanced, despite the efforts of the local agents involved. In this sense, this work aims to analyze the implementation process of the Geographical Indication of rennet cheese from Jaguaribe-CE, to determine the role of the agents involved, the obstacles and the challenges that prevent the progress of its implementation. A research of a descriptive and exploratory nature was carried out, with a qualitative approach, of the type of case study, mediated by documentary research and semi-structured interview with agents involved in the process. The results were several obstacles, among them the lack of legislation, the high cost of implementation and the lack of financing, in addition to a greater articulation of the producers and agents involved. A research of a descriptive and exploratory nature was carried out, with a qualitative approach, of the type of case study, mediated by documentary research and semi-structured interview with agents involved in the process. The results were several obstacles, among them the lack of legislation, the high cost of implementation and the lack of financing, in addition to a greater articulation of the producers and agents involved. A research of a descriptive and exploratory nature was carried out, with a qualitative approach, of the type of case study, mediated by documentary research and semi-structured interview with agents involved in the process. The results were several obstacles, among them the lack of legislation, the high cost of implementation and the lack of financing, in addition to a greater articulation of the producers and agents involved.
Tatiana Silveira Camacho, Guilherme Jonas Costa da Silva
O objetivo do artigo é especificar e detalhar os fatores que influenciam o preço de mercado de cripotativos usando o exemplo específico do bitcoin. Devido à popularidade e apelo mercadológico crescente dos criptoativos, compreender a formação do preço destes ativos financeiros ganhou relevância no debate acadêmico. As evidências sugerem que os preços dos criptoativos estão relacionados aos fatores internos, em particular, à mineração, enquanto que os externos estão relacionados aos aspectos mercadológicos.
This thesis analyzed the Single Social Assistance System ( SUAS ) in the municipality of Paracatu, Minas Gerais, with cut in the period 2006-2015 , with the difficulties that the municipality has found to consolidate this system, considering the co-financing of social assistance in the context of fiscal adjustment underway in the country .Therefore, the legal bases were considered that institutionalized social assistance as a public policy, as well as historical contexts and budget expenditures of the three levels of the federation, in the period studied, dedicated to an approach on the financial management of social assistance in Paracatu-MG. The need for recognition of social care as a social right and ensuring access to social assistance services for those who need it signal to a reality that tends to move away from historically constructed conceptions. Decided by the Fourth National Conference on Social Assistance 2003, the implementation of SUAS is guided by principles established by the Organic Law of Social Assistance (LOAS) , considered the National Social Assistance Policy (PNAS) and is organized by the Basic Operational Norm (NOB / SUAS). The SUAS must have the management of actions based on the political and administrative decentralization, participation and co-financing. Thus, under the co-financing, it was found that among all the entities of the federation, the states have shown little improvement in the share of funding for social assistance. O. It was also considered the debate surrounding the public fund, seeking to understand its functionality, especially in prioritizing times of economic policies, with strategies of fiscal adjustments. The results were identified that in Paracatu-MG, the main difficulties SUAS consolidation are most technical references teams are not complete; significant supply socioassitencias services by entities; lack of CRAS Volante to meet the population living in rural areas and lack of proper headquarters for the Specialized Reference Centers of Social Assistance (CRAS), Reference Center for Specialized Social Assistance (CREAS) and the Municipal Development and Social Action (SEDAS).
In the past thirty years, a series of plans have been developed by successive Brazilian governments in a continuing effort to maximize the nation's resources for economic and social growth. This planning history has been quantitatively rich but qualitatively poor. The disjunction has stimulated Professor Mello e Souza to address himself to the problem of national planning and to offer some criticisms of Brazilian planning experience. Though political instability has obviously been a factor promoting discontinuity, his criticisms are aimed at the attitudes and strategic concepts which have sought to link planning to national goals and administration. He criticizes the fascination with techniques and plans to the exclusion of proper diagnosis of the socio-political reality, developing instruments to coordinate and carry out objectives, and creating an administrative structure centralized enough to make national decisions and decentralized enough to perform on the basis of those decisions. Thus, fixed, quantified objectives abound while the problem of functioning mechanisms for the coordinated, rational use of resources has been left unattended. Although his interest and criticism are focused on the process and experience of national planning, he recognized variation in the level and results of Brazilian planning. National plans have failed due to faulty conception of the function of planning. Sectorial plans, save in the sector of the petroleum industry under government responsibility, ha e not succeeded in overcoming the problems of formulation and execution thereby repeating old technical errors. Planning for the private sector has a somewhat brighter history due to the use of Grupos Executivos which has enabled the planning process to transcend the formalism and tradition-bound attitudes of the regular bureaucracy. Regional planning offers two relatively successful experiences, Sudene and the strategy of the regionally oriented autarchy. Thus, planning history in Brazil is not entirely black but a certain shade of grey. The major part of the article, however, is devoted to a descriptive analysis of the national planning experience. The plans included in this analysis are: The Works and Equipment Plan (POE); The Health, Food, Transportation and Energy Plan (Salte); The Program of Goals; The Trienal Plan of Economic and Social Development; and the Plan of Governmental Economic Action (Paeg). Using these five plans for his historical experience the author sets out a series of errors of formulation and execution by which he analyzes that experience. With respect to formulation, he speaks of a lack of elaboration of programs and projects, of coordination among diverse goals, and of provision of qualified staff and techniques. He mentions the absence of the definition of resources necessary to the financing of the plan and the inadequate quantification of sectorial and national goals due to the lack of reliable statistical information. Finally, he notes the failure to coordinate the annual budget with the multi-year plans. He sees the problems of execution as beginning in the absence of coordination between the various sectors of the public administration, the failure to develop an operative system of decentralization, the absence of any system of financial and fiscal control over execution, the difficulties imposed by the system of public accounting, and the absence of an adequate program of allocation for the liberation of resources. He ends by pointing to the failure to develop and use an integrated system of political economic tools in a mode compatible with the objective of the plans. The body of the article analyzes national planning experience in Brazil using these lists of errors as rough model of criticism. Several conclusions emerge from this analysis with regard to planning in Brazil and in developing countries, in general. Plans have generally been of little avail in Brazil because of the lack of a continuous, bureaucratized (in the Weberian sense) planning organization set in an instrumentally suitable administrative structure and based on thorough diagnoses of socio-economic conditions and problems. Plans have become the justification for planning. Planning has come to be conceived as a rational method of orienting the process of decisions through the establishment of a precise and quantified relation between means and ends. But this conception has led to a planning history rimmed with frustration, and failure, because of its rigidity in the face of flexible and changing reality. Rather, he suggests a conception of planning which understands it "as a rational process of formulating decisions about the policy, economy, and society whose only demand is that of managing the instrumentarium in a harmonious and integrated form in order to reach explicit, but not quantified ends". He calls this "planning without plans": the establishment of broad-scale tendencies through diagnosis whose implementation is carried out through an adjustable, coherent instrumentarium of political-economic tools. Administration according to a plan of multiple, integrated goals is a sound procedure if the nation's administrative machinery contains the technical development needed to control the multiple variables linked to any situation of socio-economic change. Brazil does not possess this level of refinement and any strategy of planning relevant to its problems must recognize this. The reforms which have been attempted fail to make this recognition as is true of the conception of planning informing the Brazilian experience. Therefore, unworkable plans, ill-diagnosed with little or no supportive instrumentarium or flexibility have been Brazil's legacy. This legacy seems likely to continue until the conception of planning comes to live in the reality of Brazil.
The education financing in Brazil is conditioned by its federalist political organization which involves three autonomous spheres of government: the Union, the States and the Municipalities. Due to the diversity of economical, political and social conditions of regions and states, the Union takes over, according to the Federal Constitution of, the supplying and redistributing functions in relation to the other federal units. Nevertheless, in the sit was observed a growing centralization in the process for the definition of education financing policies by the federal government, resulting in decentralization of responsibilities, in a context facing the advance of the minimalist conceptions of State. This article considers the education financing policies in the scope of the federative relations in Brazil, taking into consideration the scenery where the educational policies have been developed after the and the contradictions which have resulted from the country’s political organization model.
The institutional environment of elementary education funding in Brazil suffered several modifications in the last decades, mainly during the 1990's. In order to join the prioritization of elementary education to the decentralization of educational public policies – leading it to local level – the federal government promoted a deep reform in the legal framework, even through constitutional amendments that became important rules for education funding. One of the major changes was the creation of the 'Elementary Education Development and Maintenance and Teachers Valorization Fund' (Fundo de Manutenção e Desenvolvimento do Ensino Fundamental e Valorização do Magistério – FUNDEF) destined to the financing of elementary education in Brazil. Despite these reforms, the situation of elementary education in Brazil is still extremely precarious: neither does it fulfills the needs of its people, nor is compatible with Brazilian State economical capacities. From the analytical standpoint, with basis on the 'New Institutional Economy' theoretical reference, the creation of earmarked revenues for education policies is considered the main financing rule for elementary education, and served to reduce several transaction costs. These costs are associated to the discontinuity of actions and to the opportunistic behavior of the players involved in the public policies’ scenario. Among these players are representatives of the executive, legislative and public powers, state bureaucracy and civil society. This thesis seeks to evaluate if this set of education financing strategies - created by earmarked revenues mainly for elementary education - is sufficient condition to achieve the efficiency required to carry out those education policies, or if other effects, linked to the strategy or not, contribute to the maintenance of inefficiencies. This thesis uses as theoretical reference the 'New Institutional Economy', which is mainly based in the works by North (1988 and 1990), Williamson (1985) and Miller (1992). This reference focuses on the central role of institutions in the evaluation of social-economical problems. Thus, the first session of the thesis aims at describing the core elements of this theory, such as the concepts of formal and informal rules, transaction costs and governance structures. Based on this initial structure, the theoretical model used in the thesis is built and can be considered as an adaptation of the New Institution Economy approach for organizations in the public sector. This model takes into consideration important elements and characteristics of institutions, players and governance structures that should be accounted for when analyzing public organizations. Under the light of this theoretical model, the institutional array developed for elementary education financing in Brazilian cities is analyzed into further detail; comprehending the institutional scenario, that is, the rules of the game, and the behavior of the players face to these rules. In order to empirically test the theoretical assumptions of this thesis, a case study is carried out in the city of São Paulo. The present thesis aims at contributing to the discussions on the necessary changes on education policies, with special emphasis in the institutional adequacy between the formal rules established to the policies and the characteristics, values and skills of the players involved in the implementation of these rules. The very institutional theory anticipates that the disregard of these factors implies the possibility of occurring transaction costs associated to public manager control costs and to the opportunistic behavior of the players involved in the public policies’ scenario. Therefore, even in the existence of earmarked revenues, the efficient conduction of public education policies will not be guarantied.
O sistema de financiamento da educação no Brasil se caracteriza por uma estrutura complexa, com problemas de eficiência, eficácia e eqüidade, ao tempo em que se apresentam algumas iniciativas novas como possíveis soluções para as dificuldades enfrentadas. Estas características têm sido objeto de interesse crescente por parte de estudiosos e formuladores de políticas, tanto pela percepção das limitações do sistema vigente como pelas mudanças administrativas e fiscais promovidas pela Constituição de 1988 e, mais recentemente, por alguns governos estaduais e municipais. Este artigo analisa o referido sistema, examinando cada um dos aspectos acima mencionados. O texto inicia descrevendo a organização e estrutura do sistema, fornecendo, a seguir, um panorama das despesas em educação; identifica os problemas principais e descreve algumas experiências recentes que, de forma ainda parcial, tentam solucioná-los. Na sua conclusão, os autores argumentam que, para que se efetive as recentes mudanças, há necessidade de implementar-se procedimentos de avaliação e acompanhamento de forma a saber em que medida os remédios combatem as doenças ou os primeiros podem ser aperfeiçoados. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: educação; finanças públicas; sistema educacional; despesas em educação; municipalização; descentralização. Financing public education in Brazil: A political-economical perspective The system of financing education in Brazil is characterized by a complex structure, with efficiency, efficacy and equity problems, while presenting some new initiatives as possible solutions for the difficulties that are being faced. These characteristics have been the object of growing interest on the part scholars and policy makers, in terms of the perceived limitations of the system, as well as by the fiscal and administrative changes promoted by the 1988 Constitution, and more recently by some state and municipal governments. This article analyses the system, beginning with its organization and structure, and then provides an overview of education expenditures. It identifies the major problems and describes some recent experiences, trying to solve them in a partial way. In its conclusion the authors discuss that to put the recent changes into practice it is necessary to implement evaluation and assessment procedures that enable the identification and improvement of the most effective initiatives. KEY WORDS: education; public finances; educational system; expenses on education; municipality issues; decentralization. Publicação Online do Caderno CRH: http://www.cadernocrh.ufba.br
Este é um trabalho sobre desenhos institucionais e seus resultados redistributivos, que toma como objeto de análise a política de saúde no Brasil. O modelo de descentralização do Sistema Único de Saúde – SUS –caracteriza-se por concentrar autoridade no governo federal, assim como financiar a política de saúde através de um sistema abrangente de transferências interregionais. Este sistema pretendeu, em período recente, acentuar seus objetivos redistributivos com a introdução do Piso da Atenção Básica – PAB, na Norma de Operação Básica – NOB98. Este trabalho pretende examinar a extensão em que um sistema descentralizado, cujo desenho institucional concentra autoridade no governo central para implementar políticas com finalidades redistributivas, logra reduzir as diferenças regionais no acesso aos serviços públicos. Para isto, testaremos inicialmente a extensão do processo de descentralização da política de saúde no Brasil, para em seguida analisarmos a extensão da equalização na provisão de serviços de saúde. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: política de saúde, descentralização, federalismo, desenhos institucionais, Brasil LOCAL CONDITIONANTS OF DECENTRALIZATION OF HEALTH POLICIES This paper is about institutional designs and ist redistributive results, and has as its object of analysis the Brazilian Health Policy. The decentralization model of the SUS – United Health System has as its characteristics to concentrate authority on the Federal governmet and financing the health policy through an ample system of interregional transferences. This system intended, in recent times, to increase its redistributive objectives with the intriduction of the PAB – Basic Attention Floor int the NOB98 – Basic Operation Procedure. This paper intends to examine the extension to which a decentralized system, which institutional design concentrates authority on the central government to enforce policies with redistributive intentions, achieves reduction of the regional differences in access to public services. To do this, we will initially test the extent of the decentralization process in Brazilian health policy, and after that we will analyse the extent of equalization on providing health services. KEY WORD: health policy; decentralization; federalism; institutional designs; Brazil. CONDITIONS LOCALES DE LA DECENTRALISATION DES POLITIQUES DE SANTE Cet article sur les schémas institutionnels et les résultas de leur redistribution a pour objet l’analyse de la politique de santé au Brésil. Le modèle de décentralisation du SUS est caractérisé par la concentration de l’autorité dans le gouvernement fédéral, ainsi que par le financement de la politique de santé par un vaste système de transferts interrégionaux. Ce système prétendait récemment souligner ses objectifs de redistribution grâce à l’introduction du PAB, à la NOB98. Cet article prétend examiner jusqu’à quel point un système décentralisé, dont le schéma institutionnel concentre l’autorité dans le gouvernement central pour mettre en oeuvre des politiques à finalité de redistribution, réussit à réduire les différences régionales pour l’accès aux services publics. Pour cela, on examinera d’abord l’étendue du processus de décentralisation de la politique de santé au Brésil, pour analyser ensuite à quel point il est équitable lors de la fourniture des services de santé. MOTS-CLES: politique de santé, décentralisation, fédéralisme, schémas institutionnels, Brésil. Publicação Online do Caderno CRH: http://www.cadernocrh.ufba.br
During the last three decades the planning region "Amazônia Legal" with 5 million km2, the world's largest area of tropical forests, endured six phases of regional development programmes with far-reaching state and private activities: 1) National Integration, 2) Polamazônia, 3) Integrated rural development, 4) Grande Carajás, 5) Strategies of sustainable development in the Pilot Programme, 6) Avança Brasil. Consequence of all regional development programmes, with the exception of the Pilot Programme, has been an increasing destruction of tropical forests, comprising 14 % of the total forest area. The new Avança Brasil Mega-Programme, financed mostly by the government, with enormous expansion of infrastructure and complex economic activities, is provoking large environmental impacts, representing a major challenge for the future development of Amazonia. After the abolishment of SUDAM because of fraud and corruption, decentralized regional development will have to satisfy the basic needs of the regional population on the basis of sustainable management of forest resources and the preservation of biodiversity in Amazonia.
After the 1988 Constitution, as a consequence of an unplanned decentralization process, the increase of social expenditures by local governments has contributed to aggravate the financial situation of these governments. This aggravation poses a serious problem to the financing of social policies, thus threatening their future implementation and implying the worsening of social inequalities. This paper discusses the decentralization process of public policies and the federative equilibrium in Brazil.