The incorporation of the territorial perspective into the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP), through the delimitation of fishing areas and the creation of Fishery Local Action Groups (FLAGs), has allowed the decentralized management Axis 4 of the European Fisheries Fund (EFF) through the application of the LEADER method in this sectoral policy. The present study brings together the research of five case study regions (including Portugal) and their FLAGs in the period 2007-2013. Based on the analysis of each participatory local development strategy (LDS) and measures financed, there are different responses to the experience: misalignment and lack of cohesion between projects, excessive dependence on local power, and, in contrast, very meritorious actions and impact both in the fisheries sector and in the sustainable development of the coastal communities.
The incorporation of the territorial perspective into the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP), through the delimitation of fishing areas and the creation of Fishery Local Action Groups (FLAGs), has allowed the decentralized management Axis 4 of the European Fisheries Fund (EFF) through the application of the LEADER method in this sectoral policy. The present study brings together the research of five case study regions (including Portugal) and their FLAGs in the period 2007-2013. Based on the analysis of each participatory local development strategy (LDS) and measures financed, there are different responses to the experience: misalignment and lack of cohesion between projects, excessive dependence on local power, and, in contrast, very meritorious actions and impact both in the fisheries sector and in the sustainable development of the coastal communities.
In recent years, sponge city construction has aroused widespread concern; the financing mode of the sponge city also has the discussion value due to its important safeguard function to smoothly carry on the construction of sponge city. The financing mode of the sponge city is divided into two parts in this paper, including the financing mode in Japan and America with the developed capital market, and the financing mode & experience in Germany whose capital market is less developed but has the complete market economy system, and introduces significance to our country brought by the successful experiences of the financing mode of the overseas -the decentralization of the local government bond issuance right, the establishment of the effective supervision mechanism; the flexible use of bank loans, supported by the preferential fiscal policy; the establishment of the government credit rating system, perfect the credit information publicity system; charge to the residents of the installation fee of the sponge city, relief the cost to who build the devices by themselves.
Decentralization of welfare policy for the elderly in recent Japan made local municipalities have responsibility to provide services. This means, however, the varieties in the quantity and the quality of services between municipalities. It is difficult to obtain the land for institutions especially in urban municipalities because of the high price of land. Therefore, the shortage of provision is serious problem in urban administration. Furthermore, the demand for services can not be satisfied in own municipality and affects neighborhood municipalities.From these problems, the present paper aims to clarify how the institutional care services were provided and the needs for services were satisfied in and out of one municipality. Nagoya City, the study area, is one of the major metropolitan city in Japan, with over two million population and it is divided into 16 wards. The object of this study is nursing home for the elderly, which is the most major service in institutional care in Japan.The results of the study can be summarized as follows:1) The locations of nursing homes are remarkable in peripheral than central wards of the city relatively. The capacity of beds by wards is not proportional to the population 65 and above.2) Each nursing homes bases on a variety of types of the organizations; public, welfare facilities, hospital, religious group, private person and so on. Since 1994, the outer organization of the administration, which had financed half by the administration, had built many homes remarkably. Consequently, the location of homes proceeded also in the central wards, where there were no homes so far. This means that unless positive policy for the provision of homes by the administration is adopted it is not easy to increase homes in urban region, where the availability of land is low.3) Regarding use of nursing homes, many of migrations to enter homes leave for own or neighbor wards. There are more immigrations from other wards where the degree of congestion of homes (the number of beds per 100 people aged 65 years and over) is relatively loose.4) Correlation coefficient between the provision of nursing homes (the number of persons entered in homes) and the demand (the number of entered and waiting lists) was not significantly different from zero at the 0.05 level. Therefore, the level of territorial justice on nursing homes in Nagoya City is not high.5) As a result of the principal component analysis on the migrations to enter homes in Nagoya City, six components (cumulative percentage of the total variance; 73.3%) were extracted. By the interpretation of the components, major patterns of immigrants were to“northeast wards”, “southwest wards”and“eastern wards”.6) Although immigrations to other municipalities leave for the whole of Aichi Prefecture, municipalities in western region of the prefecture had accepted many people from Nagoya City. Immigrations to the municipalities in the next region, policy for provision of services for the elderly, of Nagoya City is surpassing from the peripheral ward which locates on a line from the central of Nagoya City toward to a municipality of destination.7) Although by municipalities in the prefecture the degree of congestion of homes doesn't have relations with the number of persons from Nagoya City, by the policy district it was obviously proportional to ones. Consequently, most of eleven cities with populated above 100 thousand people had so congested that immigrations from Nagoya City were not so many, except for Toyohashi and Toyokawa where the degree of congestion of homes were loose.8) Finally, horizontal intergovernmental relations between Nagoya City and its next municipalities were evaluated through the comparison the number of immigrations from Nagoya City and each of their own demand for homes.