Il contributo analizza il processo di piattaformizzazione della pubblica amministrazione, evidenziando come l’adozione di infrastrutture digitali avanzate rappresenti non soltanto una sfida tecnologica, ma anche un’occasione per ridefinire il rapporto tra Stato, cittadini e imprese. L’Autrice esamina il ruolo delle piattaforme pubbliche nella semplificazione dell’azione amministrativa, nella digitalizzazione dei servizi e nella costruzione di un’amministrazione più efficiente, accessibile e trasparente. Particolare attenzione è dedicata al concetto di fiducia digitale, intesa come dimensione ulteriore rispetto alla mera sicurezza informatica, fondata su trasparenza, protezione dei dati, responsabilità istituzionale e tutela dei diritti fondamentali. Il saggio approfondisce poi l’impatto delle piattaforme digitali nel settore degli appalti pubblici, con riferimento all’e-procurement, alla Banca Dati Nazionale dei Contratti Pubblici, alle Piattaforme di Approvvigionamento Digitale, al Fascicolo Virtuale dell’Operatore Economico e alla Piattaforma Unica della Trasparenza. Vengono inoltre esaminate le potenzialità del Web3, della blockchain e degli smart contracts nelle procedure di gara, con particolare riguardo alla tracciabilità, alla prevenzione della corruzione e alla verificabilità delle garanzie. Il contributo conclude evidenziando che la trasformazione digitale della pubblica amministrazione richiede ecosistemi resilienti, interoperabili e sicuri, capaci di rafforzare la fiducia dei cittadini nell’amministrazione digitale. The contribution analyses the platformisation of public administration, highlighting how the adoption of advanced digital infrastructures is not only a technological challenge, but also an opportunity to redefine the relationship between the State, citizens and businesses. The Author examines the role of public platforms in simplifying administrative action, digitising services and building a more efficient, accessible and transparent administration. Particular attention is devoted to the concept of digital trust, understood as a dimension that goes beyond cybersecurity, based on transparency, data protection, institutional responsibility and the safeguarding of fundamental rights. The essay then explores the impact of digital platforms in the field of public procurement, with reference to e-procurement, the National Public Contracts Database, Digital Procurement Platforms, the Virtual Company Dossier and the Single Transparency Platform. It also examines the potential of Web3, blockchain and smart contracts in tender procedures, particularly with regard to traceability, corruption prevention and the verification of guarantees. The contribution concludes by emphasizing that the digital transformation of public administration requires resilient, interoperable and secure ecosystems, capable of strengthening citizens’ trust in digital administration.
SOMMARIO: 1. Valore giuridico e politico del concetto di smart contract.-2.Ambiti applicativi.-3.Tentativi definitori e classificatori.-4.Smart contract e dogmatica del rapporto obbligatorio.-5.Riorientare il dibattito.1. -Nei tempi più recenti si è avvicendato un consistente novero di studi sul fenomeno accreditatosi -dapprima nelle scienze informatiche, quindi nella scienza giuridica -con il nome di "smart contract" 1 .Malgrado la curiosità degli operatori del diritto per le implicazioni derivanti dall'estensione dell'acquis informatico ai rapporti contrattuali, la figura dello smart contract rimane avviluppata in una nebbia concettuale che stenta a diradarsi, al punto di indurre a pensare che una certa forma di indeterminatezza le sia consustanziale.Tale indeterminatezza, quasi inevitabilmente, si riflette sulle categorie giuridiche in qualche misura toccate dal fenomeno.Non solo, dunque, la categoria immediatamente richiamata dal confronto con lo smart contract, cioè il contratto, ma in particolar modo -e in maniera più sottile -ne risentono anche le caratteristiche strutturali e funzionali del rapporto obbligatorio.Sviluppatosi nella zona di confine tra il dominio tradizionale del diritto e le nuove sfere di influen-1 Tra i saggi più significativi in letteratura sul tema si annoverano T.
This paper aims to analyze the principle of differentiation which, under the processes of federalism, identifies a relation of “adaequatio rei et iuris” chosen to allow policies linked on specific local situations. It is worth examining this perspective because the method used to differentiate autonomy, which dates back to the times when Italian Constitution was born, already including special status regions, is currently achieving a growing popularity. In particular, the discussion analyzes the broad doctrinal debate, in both its classical and recent forms, concerning regionalism and federalism, and the theoretical debate on the great principles of equality and autonomy; of uniformity and differentiation. Furthermore, it analyzes in-depth the laws enacted at both state and regional level, the identification of the Best Practices and the constitutional law steps taken in this regard (first part). In the following, the recent experiences of several European countries are taken into account, using the same comparative method: the German, Spanish and Scottish systems of differentiation are analyzed for their many analogies, which can be presented as a step needed for the development of the orientation of the Italian system (second part). The paper then examines the peculiar specialties which have always been in the Italian Constitution in order to verify if, even following the European integration process, the reasons and justifications of the historical specialties still exist (third part). We will show which legislative actions were made with regard to this, as well as the interpretation of the Constitutional Court and the main doctrinal acquisitions achieved during the scientific debate. More specifically, the first part aims to assess, in the first chapter, the constitutional principle of differentiation within the Italian legal system, by considering the theoretical and doctrinal development that accompanied Italian regionalism, and by improving this principle, starting from the of Law no. 142 of the year 1990, up to Bassanini reform. In this context, it is possible to perform an assessment of the third decentralization, which dates over fifteen years ago, by analyzing the tangible situations that have been implemented in the Italian Regions. The discussion then focuses on the origin of Article 116, paragraph III, of the Constitution as changed by Article 2 of the Constitutional Law of October 18, 2001, no. 3, which amended the whole Title V. Methodologically, we decided to illustrate the procedures and limitations with regard to the creation of the differentiation law, as well as the reasons why Article 116, paragraph III, of the Constitution was not implemented, to then analyze the possible areas in which the principle of differentiation could be developed, even in the light of the draft of the Constitutional Law A.C. 2613. The Second part, which is divided into four chapters, depicts the principle of regional differentiation in the European framework. Chapter one specifically focuses on the German federal system, or the so-called Föderalismusreform I – II, which was approved between 2006 and 2009, as a model that is able to effectively combine the flexibility required for continuous development with the rigidity needed to ensure gradual changes in the system. Chapter two covers the evolution of the territorial organization system included in the Spanish Constitution, from 1978 to date, with particular attention to the final result of the differentiated regionalism process by evaluating it both in terms of the doctrinal comments and tangible results. Chapter three focuses on the latest developments concerning Spanish Law and especially on the so-called "Catalan issue" and its statutory events. About this, the research started with an in-depth analysis of the organic law of July 19, 2006, no. 6, before later highlighting the effects of the Constitutional Court ruling (STC 31/2010) of June 28, 2010. Therefore, the composite events that then led to the suspension of the referendum for the independence of Catalonia, as a result of the appeal of the Constitutional Court requested by the Spanish Government, were analyzed. In order to complete the analysis of the differentiation processes, chapter four covers the most recent developments of the nation-building process that occurred in Scotland, whose legislative development and doctrinal issues were studied in-depth. The third part of our research is divided into six chapters and specifically analyzes the only structural differentiation in our country: the one affecting the special status Regions, in order to highlight the main elements of differentiation, both amongst themselves and by comparing them to the other ordinary autonomies. In particular, chapter one contains an in-depth analysis of differentiation within the special status Italian regions. The beginning of the dissertation consists of preparatory works within the Constituent Assembly. After describing the main positions developed in the Italian doctrinal context, some remarks are made on the current status of existence of the special autonomy, even by considering to what extent the financial privileges of some of these special regions can be justified. Chapter two concerns the specialty given to Valle d’Aosta region since a changing process of incremental nature characterizes it. The historical grounds of the specialty are specified by focusing on autonomy in terms of legislation and administration and by describing the structure of the financial autonomy that exists in the region. Chapter three focuses on the autonomy of Friuli Venezia Giulia region by analyzing the specific powers, the exclusive and concurrent regional areas of competence with regard to the different sectors. Chapter four focuses on the specialty of Trentino Alto Adige region, or rather on the autonomous provinces of Trento and Bolzano. With regard to this, an analysis was performed both on the implementation of the legislative decrees of the Statute and on the provincial and regional legislation. In particular, the financial structure, after the Milan Agreement, is discussed in-depth. Chapter five examines the special Statute of Sardegna region at a legislative, administrative and financial level. Furthermore, the constitutional laws that modified the Statute over time (Constitutional Law 1/1972; Law 122/1983; Constitutional Law 1/1986; Constitutional Law 3/1989; Constitutional Law 2/1993; Constitutional Law 2/2001) were carefully analyzed, as well as the actions of the Constitutional Court. Chapter six covers the specialty recognized to region of Sicily by the legislator in terms of exclusive, integrative – concurrent legislations and within the administrative and financial organization. The recent decision no. 255/2014 of the Constitutional Court is also highlighted. The final chapter focuses, even in the light of the comparative analysis carried out, on an overall evaluation of the principle of differentiation by providing observations on the outlook of Italian regionalism.