Antony Ariel Caisa Ronda, Ángel Alberto Villarroel Maya
Objective: The study analyzed the organizational climate factors in a municipal decentralized autonomous government in the province of Cotopaxi. The purpose was to identify the dimensions rated highest and lowest by public servants and to generate relevant input for decision-making in leadership and human talent management. Methodology: A quantitative, non-experimental, descriptive study was conducted. Data collection was carried out using a structured questionnaire with a five-point Likert-type scale, administered to public servants of the municipal GAD. The reliability of the instrument was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, yielding a value of 0.983, and data processing was performed with SPSS software, using benchmarks for interpreting the results. Results: The findings revealed that the organizational climate was predominantly perceived as low (44.40%), while the leadership (66.90%), commitment (64.50%), and work environment (63.80%) dimensions reached intermediate levels of acceptance. Strengths related to trust in leadership, initiative, and openness to change were identified; however, weaknesses persisted in work organization, recognition, professional development, equity, and resource availability. Conclusions: It was concluded that the organizational climate exhibits significant gaps that limit the consolidation of a favorable work environment. The results provide empirical evidence for the design of institutional policies aimed at strengthening leadership, recognizing performance, fostering professional development, and providing resources. Furthermore, they open future lines of research focused on the comparative analysis of organizational climate in various public management contexts.
This study examines budget management in the Decentralized Autonomous Governments (GADs) at the parish level, emphasizing the importance of transparency in public resource administration as a mechanism to promote accountability and prevent corruption. The main objective was to apply budgetary indicators to the Tacamoros Parish GAD, located in Sozoranga, Loja Province, during the fiscal periods 2021–2022, in order to evaluate the efficiency and effectiveness of budget allocations. A quantitative and descriptive approach was adopted, employing data collection and analysis tools based on the guidelines of the Organic Code of Territorial Organization, Autonomy, and Decentralization (COOTAD) and the Organic Code of Planning and Public Finance (COPFP). The results reveal that the budget cycle achieved a confidence level of 82.93%, with an associated risk of 17.07%. Likewise, revenue execution compared to the programmed figures reached 49.13% in 2021 and 69.15% in 2022, while expenditure execution was 59.47% in 2021 and 50.33% in 2022. The study concludes that strengthening long-term strategic planning and promoting greater financial autonomy in parish-level GADs are essential to ensure more efficient budget management for the benefit of the community.
Carmen María Fernández García, Mercedes Inda, María Paulina Viñuela Hernández
Abstract This chapter uses a three-stage process of documentary analysis to illustrate how teaching effectiveness is assessed and studied in Spain. We begin by presenting the Spanish legal context, giving a historical overview of the most important education legislation. This is important, as there have been several reforms over recent years, and because of the decentralized model in Spain, which means that competencies and responsibilities are split between the Ministry of Education, Culture, and Sport and the regional administrations in the autonomous communities. The second part focuses on educational innovations and effective teaching behaviors resulting from policy changes and the traditional and dominant paradigms in the Spanish educational landscape. We use the six teaching effectiveness domains from the ICALT project as a reference: safe learning climate, efficient classroom management, clarity of instruction, activating teaching, teaching-learning strategies, and differentiation. The third part describes empirical research undertaken in three autonomous communities in Spain to assess teaching quality. We look at organizational, human, and curricular factors which can help in interpreting teaching standards and their impact on student engagement. Finally, the conclusions from the research are considered and discussed in terms of potential policy recommendations and practical decisions at both regional and national levels about teachers’ initial training, continued training, and professional development.

 El objetivo del presente artículo fue realizar un diagnóstico de los factores organizacionales presentes en el Gobierno Autónomo Descentralizado Municipal del cantón Manta, para la implementación del Plan de Fortalecimiento Institucional. La investigación es de alcance descriptivo y se aplicó un cuestionario de 15 preguntas cerradas-dicotómicas a una muestra estratificada de un total de 96 encuestados. El 95 % manifestó no conocer en detalle lo que es un Plan de Fortalecimiento Institucional, aun así, lo consideran relevante como herramienta de Gestión Estratégica. El 31% menciona que no existe una adecuada comunicación entre las autoridades, servidores y trabajadores públicos, asimismo el 43 % considera que no hay una gestión eficiente. Entre las recomendaciones se destacan elaborar un código de ética, automatizar los procesos, capacitación, definir los estándares de calidad, crear indicadores e instrumentos para el monitoreo y mejora continua. Asimismo, crear espacios para un mayor acercamiento servidores y ciudadanos.
 
 Palabras clave: Planificación, Fortalecimiento, Gobierno, Política pública y regulación
 
 ABSTRACT
 The objective of this article was to make a diagnosis of the organizational factors present in the autonomous decentralized municipal government of the Manta canton, for the implementation of the Institutional Strengthening Plan. The research is descriptive in scope and a questionnaire of 15 closed-dichotomous questions was applied to a stratified sample of a total of 96 respondents. 95% said they did not know in detail what an Institutional Strengthening Plan is, even though they consider it relevant as a Strategic Management tool. 31% mentions that there is no adequate communication between authorities, servants and public workers, and 43% consider that there is no efficient management. Among the recommendations, it is important to elaborate a code of ethics, automate processes, training, define quality standards, create indicators and instruments for monitoring and continuous improvement. Also create spaces for a closer approach to servers and citizens.
 
 Key words: Planning, Strengthening, Government, Public policy and regulation
The growing economic inability in Latin-American states to finance public universities, has positioned public funding as a common theme in almost all targeted reforms of higher education. Insufficient public resources are compromising the effectiveness of academic management in public universities, without knowing the key economic issues for strengthening public sector policies. This essay is intended to: propose a new system of criteria for funding of higher education; based on the analysis of the Venezuelan experience in allocations of public resources used to finance higher education institutions during the 2000-2015 period. It is a documentary research. The proposal contains seven (7) integrating elements that would lead to the establishment of a funding policy for higher education. Finally, it is suggested that the State exceeds the old negotiated "incremental “schemes, "rigid" budget formulas and deferred funding allocations, which fail to identify basic needs and costs associated to the academic management of higher education institutions, in terms of promoting efficiency, equity and decentralization in public funding for the Venezuelan higher education system.
Los estudios comparativos han sido el objetivo de los gobiernos y de\nlas organizaciones multilaterales, adquiriendo cada vez más relieve en el\nactual proceso de globalización. En la evaluación de las políticas, especialmente\nlas educativas, la comparación se utiliza para delimitar los parámetros\nde calidad y los modelos de eficiencia. Este artículo tiene como objetivo\npresentar un estudio de las políticas en materia de formación y\ndesarrollo profesional para profesores de enseñanza secundaria de España\ny Brasil, con las categorías de análisis de la descentralización, la financiación, la evaluación y \ncambios del perfil del profesor, bajo la influencia\nde los procesos de globalización y reforma del Estado en la educación,\ncon el fin de identificar las tendencias en curso.
The author studies Chile's educational reforms in the eighties, and assesses their successes and failures in terms of quality of teaching. The reforms rested principally on two aspects: decentralized administration (municipal authorities assuming responsibility) and the application of market economic mechanisms for financing schools. Chile's democratic government subsequently added a number of measures that the reforms lacked, such as increasing outlay to the sector and improving educational quality in subsidized schools. However, the success of these reforms is still uncertain.