Cassio Renan Firmino das Chagas, João Marcelo Teixeira
A iniciativa Web3EduBrasil busca democratizar o acesso à educação sobre tecnologias Web3 no Brasil, promovendo um ambiente colaborativo onde tanto iniciantes quanto profissionais podem aprimorar seus conhecimentos e habilidades. Este artigo descreve a estrutura e os objetivos da Web3EduBrasil, incluindo seus Nós de Inovação, Programa de Mentoria e compromisso com os princípios ESG. A abordagem descentralizada da iniciativa capacita os participantes, promove a inclusão digital e impulsiona a inovação em diversos setores, como arte, negócios e sustentabilidade. Ao integrar educação, inovação e responsabilidade social, a Web3EduBrasil prepara os indivíduos para a participação ativa na economia digital descentralizada.
Maria de Jesus Rodrigues Duarte, Rosana Evangelista da Cruz
The article presents an overview of the academic production on Education Financing in the Postgraduate Programs in Education of the federal universities in the Brazilian Northeast, from 1990 to 2019. The documentary research, of an exploratory and descriptive nature, inserted among the review studies that map and analyze, was based on content analysis to explore the 87 theses and dissertations on Education Financing. The results showed a significant growth in production in the area, with a prevalence of dissertations and a concentration of studies in some universities (UFPI, UFRN, UFC and UFPB), as well as the predominance of the themes: valorization of teaching, social control and financing of basic education. In contrast, the research showed the need for more studies on: financing of secondary education and youth and adult education; public spending on MDE and financial decentralization – themes with less representation of the analyzed set.
Taking the financing of education in Brazil as an object of analysis, this study aims to present a brief contextualization of the PDDE as a direct transfer of financial resources from the Union to basic education schools. It was decided to expose the program's data in the city of Paranaguá/PR. To meet the proposed objective, the methodological procedure used was document analysis on official websites made available by government spheres. The work is divided into three stages. The first presents educational financing in Brazil, legal frameworks, as well as a brief historical context for educational policy. The second moment addresses decentralization in the context of the National State Reform undertaken in the country in the 1990s. Afterwards, a brief presentation is made about the FNDE and its role in educational financing in the country, as well as the PDDE and some information about the Program in the city of Paranaguá/PR.
Érika de Andrade Silva Leal, Márcia Elisa Soares Echeveste, Lia Buarque de Macedo Guimarães, Aline Cafruni Gularte
Goal: This article presents an assessment of the impacts of the “Research in Companies Support Program (PAPPE): Economical Subvention to Innovation”, in the decentralized modality, i.e., projects contracted in the states of the Brazilian federation. Considering the high opportunity cost of the PAPPE program, it was deemed important to evaluate how the financed projects impacted the three dimensions (economic, social and environmental) of sustainable development.
 Methodology: Study was based on literature review on innovation grants; interviews with one Finep technician and technicians from Fapes, Fapesc and Sebrae-PR; and documental research and analysis of 53 projects carried out in the states of Espírito Santo, Paraná and Santa Catarina, from 2009-2013. Descriptive analysis was conducted for comparing performance of the three states.
 Results: Under the economic dimension, the PAPPE program enhanced the ability of funding recipients to compete on a national level. However, there was no evidence of impact on the social and environmental dimensions.
 Limitations of the investigation: This research is restricted to three Brazilian states, chosen due to the homogeneity of project types and the interest of the researchers, with a focus on the state of Espírito Santo.
 Practical implications: Although both social and environmental dimensions are not explicit in the scope of the PAPPE program, the assessment of these dimensions should be included in the design and evaluation of any policy sponsored by public funding, since they are critical to the country.
The research carried out was intended to show the centrality of the financing model as a federative coordination mechanism in the process of institutionalization of the social assistance policy initiated after the implementation of the Unified Social Assistance System in the mid - 2000s. For this, a theoretical revision was made on the relations between federalism, decentralization and social policies, followed by stages of conceptual and documentary analysis about the decentralization process of social assistance policy and the construction of the current financing model; and quantitative and qualitative analysis of data on the institutionalization and operationalization of social assistance financing. In order to operationalize the hypotheses and analytical questions proposed, the research was based on the study of the case of the government of the State of Minas Gerais and municipalities, from 2005 to 2016. The results showed that the processes of institutional transformation of the social assistance policy financing model led to the installation of institutional capacity in the municipalities and the state of Minas Gerais. In the case of municipalities, institutional capacity was followed by the growth of resources in the sector, with gains even in relative importance compared to other public expenditures. In the case of the state government, the results found showed weaknesses in the process of assumption of federal responsibility, evidenced by the non-regularity of expenditures and the transfer of co-financing to municipalities and the low volume of resources executed. As for the model of co-financing, the sharing of resources among the municipalities of Minas Gerais generates an equitable and redistributive distribution, favoring the municipalities that concentrate the largest population in a situation of vulnerability. Thus, it is suggested that the financing model has contributed to the consolidation of the federative accountability process, and, ultimately, to the implementation of the decentralized Brazilian social security.
Regional inequalities, cooperative federalism and challenges facing the SUSA political analysis on the development of the Unified Health System (SUS) that combines the production of evidence with the generation of knowledge and with the elaboration of policies must necessarily address the obstacles to its consolidation as a redistributive and socially protective public policy.Likewise, in-depth studies of successful solutions must be conducted in order to foster the institutional qualifications that are indispensable for the sustainability of the successes achieved.The capacity of government and the institutions most directly involved in the public sphere structured around the SUS are, in an articulated way, essential elements for the development of sectorial policy.A common way to look at how researchers and policy makers deal with complexity in political, social, and economic terms is through the study of political agendas and their key components.Political issues related to regionalization, decentralization and municipalization are present in the main definitions of the agenda of challenges facing the SUS.Although decentralization refers both to political and territorial decentralization, and to internal processes in organizations, the regionalization policies broadly involve the presence of subnational governance arrangements.The advantages of regionalization of management and access to public services in terms of the greater proximity to individuals and their needs and their disadvantages as to the inequality resulting from differences in local capacities are frequently dealt with in the specialized national and international literature.Policies aimed at taking advantage of regionalization processes and alleviating their disadvantages in terms of local asymmetries depend heavily on the national and subnational coordination capacity.This capacity is expressed in the strengthening of regional governments or institutions for the coordination and distribution of incentives.This thematic edition brings together a selection of studies that deal with these dilemmas.Several articles presented here result from analyses carried out in cooperative environments between researchers, their institutions and governmental bodies.In many cases, the articles are the result of research reports submitted to the Ministry of Health or to the Departments of Health, which then find in academic publications important vehicles for discussing ideas between peers and with society.An important aspect in the relationship between research institutions and governments at all three levels is the role of the Ministry of Health (MOH) in promoting studies on policy analysis.The role of the MOH in financing sectorial research has become increasingly relevant throughout the development of the SUS and the preservation of these functions is of major importance.Another point to be highlighted are the partnerships that have been carried out with institutions that represent SUS managers.The National Council of Health Departments and the National Council of Municipal Health Departments are vital institutions for enhancing the access of researchers to local and regional leaders.The various articles gathered here deal with the SUS and its regionalization policies, the main themes being the federative shortcomings; its mechanisms of governance, social participation and governance capacity; sector financing and social inequalities; regional asymmetries and access to networks, services and medication; and the different dynamics and perceptions of political actors.Social inequalities and local and regional asymmetries are treated as the backcloth to or direct objective of most of the studies presented here.This edition aims to launch just one more contribution to highlight the challenges facing health policy in Brazil.It is hoped that these studies will be used to reflect on public policy in the courses and institutions that comprise the mosaic in which the management of SUS is expressed.
The main goal of this present essay was to exam Minas Gerais government ability in the development and consolidation of social assistance policy as facing its legal and constitutional competences. Federal constitution of 1988 redefined the Brazilian federal system and reformulated all social policies, including social assistance as one of the pillars of social security. The decentralization was established as the structuring heart of the new federative arrangement which cares about the redistribution of competences, functions and resources between federal unities. The decentralization´s implementation of social policies in the context of Brazilian federation rebirth is not something simplistic and it depends on difficult compatibility in the beings autonomy, with the need of politic coordination and interdependence among them. In case of social assistance there is an extra challenge: to consolidate itself effectively as a policy of public responsibility. The existence of competences in common modified the intergovernmental relations as in the this areas the success of the public policies promotion depends on frequent pacts and collaboration among the three levels of government. In this context, the intention is to verify the intergovernmental relations established in the process of decentralization and institutionalization of social assistance policies in Minas Gerais, aiming the role of the government of Minas Gerais as facing the poverty, vulnerability and inequalities, after the restructuration of unique system of social assistance - SUAS in 2005. For this reason it was made a exploratory study about the asymmetries among Minas Gerais areas, the organizational structure of the state´s manager part of social assistance, the implementation of the net in the area of services, the municipalization of the policy through the process of habilitation of the cities in management of the SUAS and the expansion of the net of basic social protection and special in Minas Gerais. It was analyzed as well the process of financing social assistance of the state (own resources investment and traference for the co financing) because the financial effort done by federate being reflects , clearly its own politic priorities. The results point to a weak actuation of Minas Gerais government to accomplish its competences which is a determining factor that makes the social assistance of Minas Gerais incapable to face poverty in the constitutional perspective of social citizenship and to provide a highest level of equity and better conditions of life for its people.
The National Program for Strengthening School Councils (PNFCE) aims to promote the implementation and strengthening of these, in order to contribute to the discussion about the importance of the school council for pedagogical, administrative and financial aspects in educational institutions. In turn, this research had the objective of evaluating whether the PNFCE is, in fact, an instrument that provides the qualification of the subjects acting in the school councils for a democratic participation or if the program constitutes as instrument of legitimation of the actions of the State and In the perspective of docilizar the school and local community. For this academic enterprise, the analysis of the discursive formations objectified by Foucault (1999) was used as a methodological path for this research, considering that it was taken as corpus of this study the analysis of the ideological construction present in the texts that (LEJANO, 2011), evidenced by the inextricable relationship between text (politics) and context (reality in which politics is manifested) . Both the text and the context had as background the categories of analysis that support this research: State, participation and democracy. The conception of State in the perspective of Gramsci (2005), Coutinho (1988) and Carvalho (2010). And for the understanding of democratic participation, Tatagiba (2002), Dagnino (2004) and Santos (2001). Proposing a reflection about participation in school boards in the constitution of democratic management may presuppose the organization of a collegiate acting in order to plan, execute, evaluate and deliberate in the direction of the good progress of the school system. However, it is relevant to let the question emerge: how can we understand that the State promotes spaces of discussion that may constitute potential instances of confrontation with the state order itself, such as school councils? In evaluating the PNFCE, it was concluded that there are gaps between the functions of the school council and its performance in school, which implies a relationship neither as democratic nor decentralized and autonomous. Revealing the re-signification of school councils, reaffirmed in conflicts of interest, in the absence of a culture of participation and in the action of a minimal state or even a protected citizenship.
Iracema Machado de Aragão Gomes, Íkaro Daniel de Carvalho Barreto, Suzana Leitão Russo
Policies that support entrepreneurship are keys to the generation of new business. In Brazil, seed capital, installation of technology parks, programs and zero interest financing, economic subsidy as Program First Innovative Company (PRIME) are examples of incentive policies. For the implementation of PRIME, in particular the Brazilian Innovation Agency (FINEP) decentralized operationalization so that business incubators could select innovative projects. This paper analyzes the program PRIME Business Incubator Center of the State of Sergipe (CISE) after calculating the mean and standard deviation of the grades obtained by companies in the factors of innovation, market potential, financial return economic, market strategy and staff and application of the Mann-Whitney test.
José Francisco da Silva Neto, Guiomar de Oliveira Passos
It examines the meanings defined in the creation of the Federal Institutes of Education, Science and Technology, it is inquiring about its direction and established organizational mechanism to achieve it. The procedure is a political appraisement of this transformation, based on Figueiredo and Figueiredo (1986) and Arretche (1998) and making use of legislation and government plans founders, analyzed by content type “inductive-constructive”. It was found that the Institutes are dedicated to the development understood as much as economic stability, the central “restrictive institutional convention”, as income generation opportunities, indicator of the “neo-developmentalist convention.” The medium for this is, mainly, the provision of professional education courses and toplevel defined as the potential local and regional decentralized units of autonomous organizations. Thus, what drives the creation of Institutes is the link between qualification of handiwork and development, now anchored in the idea of growing productivity and attitudes such as entrepreneurship and cooperative system.
A gestão democrática, a autonomia e a participação popular nos processos decisórios são elementos que sintetizam as características das relações sociais que fundamentam um tipo de sociedade pautada em relações transparentes e solidárias. Nesse sentido, a escola pública é local privilegiado para o estabelecimento de relações sociais dessa natureza. A instituição de canais de participação e a oferta de condições institucionais, materiais e humanas para as escolas públicas são elementos indispensáveis para que isso se realize. A implementação de políticas públicas comprometidas com as classes trabalhadoras sugere que o Estado, por intermédio de suas instituições, se aproxime dos usuários dos bens e serviços públicos, provendo-lhes os meios necessários que garantam condições dignas para o exercício da cidadania. No caso das escolas públicas municipais de São Carlos, a regularidade na disponibilização de recursos financeiros para os gestores escolares foi uma forma de descentralização adotada pela Administração Municipal de São Carlos, no período 2001-2004 para garantir as condições materiais de funcionamento das escolas, com a participação popular. A análise dos dados demonstrou que essa política pública é um instrumento importante para atender as necessidades materiais e de serviços mais imediatos das escolas públicas. O desenvolvimento do trabalho mostrou que a prioridade dos gastos foi com a manutenção predial e aquisição de materiais pedagógicos, contudo as características históricosociais da cidade de São Carlos são elementos dificultadores para que as intenções democratizantes da gestão estudada, com a instituição de canais de participação popular e outros mecanismos de aproximação do Estado dos usuários dos bens e serviços públicos fossem apropriados. Como instrumento indutor da gestão democrática, a análise reafirmou o tecido social da cidade e mostrou que a organização interna, na maioria das escolas públicas, não tem favorecido a participação popular. Como proposta, o estudo sugeriu o aprimoramento dos critérios utilizados para a descentralização de recursos financeiros para as escolas municipais e o fomento às ações que possam contribuir para que haja a ruptura com práticas tutelantes.
The education financing in Brazil is conditioned by its federalist political organization which involves three autonomous spheres of government: the Union, the States and the Municipalities. Due to the diversity of economical, political and social conditions of regions and states, the Union takes over, according to the Federal Constitution of, the supplying and redistributing functions in relation to the other federal units. Nevertheless, in the sit was observed a growing centralization in the process for the definition of education financing policies by the federal government, resulting in decentralization of responsibilities, in a context facing the advance of the minimalist conceptions of State. This article considers the education financing policies in the scope of the federative relations in Brazil, taking into consideration the scenery where the educational policies have been developed after the and the contradictions which have resulted from the country’s political organization model.
The institutional environment of elementary education funding in Brazil suffered several modifications in the last decades, mainly during the 1990's. In order to join the prioritization of elementary education to the decentralization of educational public policies – leading it to local level – the federal government promoted a deep reform in the legal framework, even through constitutional amendments that became important rules for education funding. One of the major changes was the creation of the 'Elementary Education Development and Maintenance and Teachers Valorization Fund' (Fundo de Manutenção e Desenvolvimento do Ensino Fundamental e Valorização do Magistério – FUNDEF) destined to the financing of elementary education in Brazil. Despite these reforms, the situation of elementary education in Brazil is still extremely precarious: neither does it fulfills the needs of its people, nor is compatible with Brazilian State economical capacities. From the analytical standpoint, with basis on the 'New Institutional Economy' theoretical reference, the creation of earmarked revenues for education policies is considered the main financing rule for elementary education, and served to reduce several transaction costs. These costs are associated to the discontinuity of actions and to the opportunistic behavior of the players involved in the public policies’ scenario. Among these players are representatives of the executive, legislative and public powers, state bureaucracy and civil society. This thesis seeks to evaluate if this set of education financing strategies - created by earmarked revenues mainly for elementary education - is sufficient condition to achieve the efficiency required to carry out those education policies, or if other effects, linked to the strategy or not, contribute to the maintenance of inefficiencies. This thesis uses as theoretical reference the 'New Institutional Economy', which is mainly based in the works by North (1988 and 1990), Williamson (1985) and Miller (1992). This reference focuses on the central role of institutions in the evaluation of social-economical problems. Thus, the first session of the thesis aims at describing the core elements of this theory, such as the concepts of formal and informal rules, transaction costs and governance structures. Based on this initial structure, the theoretical model used in the thesis is built and can be considered as an adaptation of the New Institution Economy approach for organizations in the public sector. This model takes into consideration important elements and characteristics of institutions, players and governance structures that should be accounted for when analyzing public organizations. Under the light of this theoretical model, the institutional array developed for elementary education financing in Brazilian cities is analyzed into further detail; comprehending the institutional scenario, that is, the rules of the game, and the behavior of the players face to these rules. In order to empirically test the theoretical assumptions of this thesis, a case study is carried out in the city of São Paulo. The present thesis aims at contributing to the discussions on the necessary changes on education policies, with special emphasis in the institutional adequacy between the formal rules established to the policies and the characteristics, values and skills of the players involved in the implementation of these rules. The very institutional theory anticipates that the disregard of these factors implies the possibility of occurring transaction costs associated to public manager control costs and to the opportunistic behavior of the players involved in the public policies’ scenario. Therefore, even in the existence of earmarked revenues, the efficient conduction of public education policies will not be guarantied.
O sistema de financiamento da educação no Brasil se caracteriza por uma estrutura complexa, com problemas de eficiência, eficácia e eqüidade, ao tempo em que se apresentam algumas iniciativas novas como possíveis soluções para as dificuldades enfrentadas. Estas características têm sido objeto de interesse crescente por parte de estudiosos e formuladores de políticas, tanto pela percepção das limitações do sistema vigente como pelas mudanças administrativas e fiscais promovidas pela Constituição de 1988 e, mais recentemente, por alguns governos estaduais e municipais. Este artigo analisa o referido sistema, examinando cada um dos aspectos acima mencionados. O texto inicia descrevendo a organização e estrutura do sistema, fornecendo, a seguir, um panorama das despesas em educação; identifica os problemas principais e descreve algumas experiências recentes que, de forma ainda parcial, tentam solucioná-los. Na sua conclusão, os autores argumentam que, para que se efetive as recentes mudanças, há necessidade de implementar-se procedimentos de avaliação e acompanhamento de forma a saber em que medida os remédios combatem as doenças ou os primeiros podem ser aperfeiçoados. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: educação; finanças públicas; sistema educacional; despesas em educação; municipalização; descentralização. Financing public education in Brazil: A political-economical perspective The system of financing education in Brazil is characterized by a complex structure, with efficiency, efficacy and equity problems, while presenting some new initiatives as possible solutions for the difficulties that are being faced. These characteristics have been the object of growing interest on the part scholars and policy makers, in terms of the perceived limitations of the system, as well as by the fiscal and administrative changes promoted by the 1988 Constitution, and more recently by some state and municipal governments. This article analyses the system, beginning with its organization and structure, and then provides an overview of education expenditures. It identifies the major problems and describes some recent experiences, trying to solve them in a partial way. In its conclusion the authors discuss that to put the recent changes into practice it is necessary to implement evaluation and assessment procedures that enable the identification and improvement of the most effective initiatives. KEY WORDS: education; public finances; educational system; expenses on education; municipality issues; decentralization. Publicação Online do Caderno CRH: http://www.cadernocrh.ufba.br