The study applies a qualitative analytical approach utilizing a unique methodological framework: content analysis of global forecasting reports, algorithmic monitoring of social media engagement and comparative benchmarking of material technological specifications. Methods of morphological, colorimetric and semiotic analysis were utilized to identify key aesthetic and technological dominants. The research revealed a fundamental “aesthetic polarization” in 2025: the coexistence of “Phygital” aesthetics (metallics, 3D abstraction, neural network textures) and “Radical naturalness” (biomimicry, tactile surfaces). The concept of “architectural morphology” is introduced and substantiated, where the nail shape is conceptualized as an ergonomic structure with a compensatory function for anatomical correction. It is established that modern nail art requires the implementation of algorithmic design principles, including the Golden Ratio rule and specific colorimetric formulas (60-30-10), to achieve compositional integrity. The further development trajectory of the industry lies in the synergy of artistic modeling, digital services (AR fitting) and biotechnologies (“smart” and regenerative coatings). The work establishes a theoretical basis for elevating professional standards within the nail industry References 1. Belk, R. W. (2013). The extended self in a digital world. Journal of Consumer Research, 40(3), 477-500. 2. Kataila, Natalia. (2021). "Digital Fashion" on Its Way from Niche to the New Norm. 3. Kapferer, Jean-Noël & Michaut, Anne. (2015). Luxury and sustainability: a common future? The match depends on how consumers define luxury. Luxury Research J.. 1. 3. 10.1504/LRJ.2015.069828. 4. Hill, S. E., Rodeheffer, C. D., Griskevicius, V., Durante, K., & White, A. E. (2012). Boosting beauty in an economic decline: mating, spending, and the lipstick effect. Journal of personality and social psychology, 103(2), 275–291. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028657 5. Lochhead, Robert. (2007). The Role of Polymers in Cosmetics: Recent Trends. ACS Symposium Series. 961. 3-56. 10.1021/bk-2007-0961.ch001. 6. Dorschel, Robert & Hermans, Anne-Mette. (2025). Body, beauty, enrichment: Theorizing the rise of the cosmetic industry through Boltanski and Esquerre's framework of enrichment. Journal of Cultural Economy. 1-17. 10.1080/17530350.2025.2478859. 7. Bhardwaj, Vertica. (2010). Fast fashion: Response to changes in the fashion industry. The International Review of Retail. Distribution and Consumer Research. 165-173. 10.1080/09593960903498300. 8. Goffman, E. (2021). The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (Revisited ed.). Anchor Books. 9. Kim, E., Fiore, A. M., & Kim, H. (2021). Fashion trends: Analysis and forecasting (3rd ed.). Berg Publishers. 10. Draelos, Z. D. (2024). Cosmetic Dermatology: Products and Procedures (3rd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. 11. Baran, R., & Maibach, H. I. (2019). Textbook of Nail Diseases: Diagnosis, Therapy, and Surgery (5th ed.). CRC Press. 12. Scher, R. K., & Daniel, C. R. (2005). Nails: Diagnosis, Therapy, Surgery. Elsevier Health Sciences. 13. Rieder, E. A., & Tosti, A. (2016). Cosmetically Induced Disorders of the Nail with Update on Contemporary Nail Manicures. The Journal of clinical and aesthetic dermatology, 9(4), 39–44. 14. de Berker D. (2013). Nail anatomy. Clinics in dermatology, 31(5), 509–515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clindermatol.2013.06.006 15. Elliot, A. J., & Maier, M. A. (2014). Color psychology: effects of perceiving color on psychological functioning in humans. Annual review of psychology, 65, 95–120. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115035 16. Labrecque, L. I., & Milne, G. R. (2012). Exciting red and competent blue: The importance of color in marketing. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 40(6), 711-727. 17. Joy, Annamma & Zhu, Ying & Peña-Moreno, Camilo & Brouard, Myriam. (2022). Digital future of luxury brands: Metaverse, digital fashion, and non‐fungible tokens. Strategic Change. 31. 337-343. 10.1002/jsc.2502. 18. Fraser, T., & Banks, A. (2004). Designer’s Color Manual: The Complete Guide to Color Theory and Application. Chronicle Books. 19. Pazda, Adam & Elliot, Andrew & Greitemeyer, Tobias. (2012). Sexy red: Perceived sexual receptivity mediates the red-attraction relation in men viewing woman. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 48. 787–790. 10.1016/j.jesp.2011.12.009. 20. Mezger, T. G. (2020). The Rheology Handbook: For those with practical tasks in rheology and viscometry (5th ed.). Vincentz Network. 21. Chevreul, M. E. (2021). The Principles of Harmony and Contrast of Colors and Their Applications to the Arts (Reprint ed.). Schiffer Publishing. (Original work published 1989). 22. Fechner, G. T. (2021). Vorschule der Aesthetik (Propaedeutics of Aesthetics) (Modern Translation). Breitkopf & Härtel. (Original work published 1876).
In modern conditions of functioning, healthcare institutions in Ukraine are undergoing a period of profound transformations, which are associated with the activation of the European vector of state development, military aggression from Russia, the challenges of the pandemic, migration mines and changes in state policy priorities. Based on this, it can be argued that the functioning of the healthcare sector takes place in a period of dynamic changes and variability of the external and internal environment. A feature of the organizational support of the functioning of healthcare institutions is the change in the management model - from centralized and inertial to autonomous, which is aimed at results. In accordance with the implemented medical reforms, some healthcare institutions have acquired the status of municipal non-profit enterprises, which has expanded the scope of independence in making management decisions in matters of organization and financing of institutions [1, 2]. However, the implementation of such changes requires time and appropriate organizational support, which in the conditions of the security and economic situation is a difficult task. From the point of view of financial support, the changes made according to the principle of "money follows the patient" should stimulate the competitiveness of healthcare institutions within the framework of cooperation with the National Health Service of Ukraine, but led to uneven conditions for the functioning of institutions in regional distribution, especially in rural areas. The reform of decentralization of power, which aimed to optimize the healthcare sector, which in practice was implemented in the reduction of healthcare institutions in rural areas and impaired the ability to receive medical services among the population of such territories, also made its corresponding adjustments. Therefore, the issue of organizational and economic support for the effective functioning of healthcare institutions in the context of transformational challenges is an urgent task for the authorities today. The greatest destruction and losses for the sphere of functioning of healthcare institutions were caused by the full-scale invasion, which led to significant destruction of facilities throughout the country, especially in border areas and zones of active hostilities. At the same time, part of the health facilities was destroyed by the war, part suffered significant damage and losses, which affected the ability of thousands of citizens to receive the necessary medical care. In addition to the physical losses of facilities, the challenge was the relocation of part of the health facilities from the territories of temporary occupation to safer regions, which affected the preservation of the material and technical base.
The article explores the evolution of marketing innovations in the retail sector through the lens of technological development and the transformation of consumer expectations. Five key stages of innovation development are identified—traditional, network based, digital, omnichannel, and innovation-technological—each characterized by specific challenges, opportunities, and influencing factors. The traditional stage was marked by a focus on product policy and individual promotions within the physical store. The network-based stage introduced the integration of IT solutions into logistics, CRM systems, and initial customer segmentation. The digital stage was distinguished by the emergence of online stores, mobile marketing, and personalized communication. The omnichannel stage involved the full synchronization of online and offline channels to ensure a holistic customer experience. The innovation-technological stage includes the extensive implementation of artificial intelligence, AR/VR, blockchain, and emotional analytics. The study draws conclusions about the patterns of transition between stages and the role of innovation in transforming business models in retail. Key directions for further development of marketing innovations are identified, including the technologization of customer experience, intelligent marketing automation, a sustainable approach, Web3 integration, the growth of social commerce, and the use of emotional analytics. However, the implementation of these directions is accompanied by a number of challenges related to the rapid pace of technological change, increasing consumer expectations, and the need to adapt business models to new ethical and environmental standards. In Ukraine, these challenges are further intensified by martial law conditions, market instability, limited resources, and the urgent need for rapid transformation of the retail sector to fit the new realities. It is noted that the development vectors of marketing innovations in retail form a complex yet high-potential system of change that requires strategic thinking, flexibility, and readiness to implement new formats of customer interaction. The article has practical significance for marketing professionals, retail business managers, and researchers working on adapting business practices to the evolving digital economy.
This article presents a theoretical and methodological framework for applying a multi-agent systems (MAS) approach to modeling the budgeting processes of local hromadas. MAS-based modeling enables consideration of agents’ heterogeneity, bounded rationality, and dynamic interaction structures, which traditional models typically overlook. These features allow for a more realistic reproduction of economic processes at the hromada level. The study explores the potential of MAS in solving practical problems such as resource allocation optimization, strategic planning for sustainable development, and strengthening resilience to crises. Particular attention is paid to the development of a budget auction model based on game theory, where economic actors - including local government, enterprises, and residents - engage in a structured competition for resource distribution. The auction mechanism identifies production functions and utility values for each actor, enabling iterative optimization based on predefined efficiency criteria. A proposed simulation framework combines the auction logic with reinforcement learning methods (MARL), where agents improve their strategies through interaction and feedback. The article also outlines a multi-step algorithm for modeling decision-making and coordination processes within the decentralized budget structure. Ultimately, the approach offers tools for more transparent, participatory, and efficiency-driven public finance management. Its implementation can support the digital transformation of local governance, aligning resource distribution with sustainable development goals. The proposed methodology is particularly relevant in the context of Ukraine’s decentralization reform and post-war recovery challenges, and it may serve as a foundation for the development of intelligent public finance systems in local hromadas.
This study explores the evolution of the garden city concept through examples found in the Kharkiv region, examining how socio-cultural and socio-political factors influenced their development. By analyzing little-known settlements in the Kharkiv region from the first third of the 20th century, the research demonstrates how the garden city concept was gradually transformed into the idea of a socialist city. The article outlines four distinct stages in the development of Kharkiv’s residential areas, marking the shift from a garden city to a socialist city framework. A central focus of the study is the need to reconsider both the garden city and socialist city models when planning the development of current urban structures. Emphasis is placed on the importance of aligning these models with strategies rooted in sustainable development. The knowledge of these historical urban concepts is particularly relevant today as we seek new approaches to decentralizing settlements and production, especially in the context of Ukraine's post-war reconstruction efforts. The research suggests that these urban models could play an important role in revitalizing the cooperative movement, enabling self-financing communities to rebuild and expand existing settlements in a way that promotes sustainability and long-term prosperity. By applying the principles of the garden Ukraine can foster decentralized, sustainable, and independent communities, laying the foundation for a more positive and resilient future. This approach could help address contemporary challenges by blending historical urban planning insights with modern needs for sustainable growth and community resilience. Keywords: Kharkiv, Garden City, Socialist City, Sustainable Development.
The aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of public administration of sport in rural communities of Ukraine through the prism of a comparative analysis of the experience of European countries in this sphere. General scientific methods (analysis and synthesis) and public management methods (expert assessment, comparative analysis) were involved. The results showed that before the beginning of decentralization, the Ukrainian system of financing and management of sports developed according to the French model—with a certain centralization of the management of state structures and vertical reporting. At the same time, it has been established that under the new realities such a system will not be able to function, which is already noticeable based on reports on the financing of the industry. Starting from 2015, local budgets (including those of rural communities) gradually invested much more in the development of sports than the state budget. Accordingly, a logical step would be their initiative in the development of the sports sphere, particularly in mass sports. Based on the practices of European countries, the Ukrainian authorities need to introduce practices of more active involvement of sponsors.
The purpose of the article is a theoretical review of the formation and development of the latest marketing technologies and their practical adaptation to the entrepreneurial activity of Ukrainian business entities. The main marketing technologies developed by different markets and used by business structures of medium-sized businesses are considered. It is detailed that when conducting office research, marketers use Big Data technology as a technology for processing large volumes of structured and unstructured data for their further use in order to solve various tasks. It is specified that effective marketing technologies such as SMM (Social Media Markitang), SEO (Search Engine Optimization), Tableau technologies, Google Data Studio, Microsoft Power BI, TRI*M, digital advertising and CRM technology are in the arsenal of marketers for conducting field research. . The main new marketing technologies are separated, namely: NFT technology (Non-Fungible Tokens), AR/VR (augmented reality/virtual reality) technology and artificial intelligence technology. According to the conducted studies, it was established that CRM technology is currently used by all business structures, digital advertising technology - 95%, SMM technology - 85%, TRI*M and SEO technologies - 75%. It is detailed that artificial intelligence technology is used by large and medium-sized business companies in the following areas: personalized automation, omnichannel, omnichannel marketing, the field of brand community formation and creation of texts, images for its promotion, etc.
The purpose of the article is to study the theoretical and applied aspects of identifying the problems of normative and legal regulation of the process of applying blockchain technology in the financial system of Ukraine. The results of the conducted research allow us to assert that blockchain technology is a qualitatively new tool for carrying out financial transactions and strengthening the financial system of Ukraine, the essence of which is the creation of a decentralized database consisting of blockchains capable of preventing deliberate actions, the subject of which is data falsification and their chronological records for the purpose of tracking and controlling transactions. The important role of blockchain technology in the financial system of Ukraine has been established, which is manifested in the modernization of the processes of moving funds, making cross-border payments, and the functioning of cryptocurrency. The excessive weakness of the legislative and normative and legal regulation of the process of applying blockchain technology in the financial system of Ukraine was revealed, which is situational and fragmentary in nature and cannot fully regulate the organizational and legal mechanisms of its effective application in the implementation of financial transactions. Detailed studies made it possible to substantiate the need for the formation of a national system of normative and legal regulation of the process of applying blockchain technology in the financial system of Ukraine, as a number of its problems were identified, in particular, the low level of the country's provision of digital technologies and the absence of high-speed Internet, as well as the high cost of using technologies and energy for maintenance of financial transactions in the blockchain system. On the basis of comparative studies of the USA, Great Britain and Ukraine, it has been proved that the development of blockchain technology is significantly dependent on the level of socio-economic development of the country and its ability to regulate problematic aspects arising under the influence of modern challenges and dangers at the legislative level. The need to adopt the Law of Ukraine "On Virtual Assets" is proposed, which will partially solve the most acute problems by unifying norms and creating an organizational and legal mechanism for regulating the process of applying blockchain technology in the financial system.
В ходе исследования проведен анализ рынка криптовалют для выбора более актуальной монеты с большой капитализацией. Благодаря своей набирающей популярности для исследования была выбрана криптовалюта ETH. Литературный обзор подтвердил актуальность и показал невысокий уровень изученности этой криптовалюты в рамках темы. Рассмотрены значения ряда за период с 14.03.2020 по 30.06.2020. Проведены тесты стационарности с помощью анализа графиков АКФ и ЧАКФ выбранного ряда криптовалюты, а также расширенные тесты Дики-Фуллера. Преобразованы исходные данные для уменьшения разброса дисперсии (логарифмирование) и исключение сезонности и тренда (взятие второй разности). Выполнено построение моделей прогноза с помощью модели авторегрессии — проинтегрированного скользящего среднего ARIMA (p, d, q) и с помощью статистических методов (анализ обычного и скорректированного коэффициентов детерминации) и информационных критериев Акайке и Швардца была выбрана единственная подходящая модель. Для того, чтобы можно было прогнозировать значения, была проведена диагностика модели по трем параметрам (остатки белый шум; модель стационарна и обратима) с помощью анализа остатков и теста единичного корня, и после получения успешного результата, спрогнозированы 2 значения за период с 01.07.2020 по 02.07.2020. Сравнение реальных и прогнозных значений цены криптовалюты показало, что сумма квадратов отклонений существенно ниже от выбранной точности результатов. Визуальный анализ графика также показал: модель способна формировать пики и спады цены. Был сделан вывод об эффективности данного метода в краткосрочных прогнозах криптовалюты. The study conducts an analysis of the cryptocurrency market to select a more relevant coin with a large capitalization. Due to its gaining popularity, the cryptocurrency ETH was chosen for the study. Literature review confirms the relevance and shows a low level of study of this cryptocurrency within the topic. The values of the series for the period from 14.03.2020 to 30.06.2020 are considered. The stationarity tests with the analysis of ACF and ChakF charts of the selected cryptocurrency series, as well as the extended Dickey-Fuller tests are carried out. The initial data were transformed to reduce dispersion (logarithm) and to exclude seasonality and trend (taking the second difference). Forecasting models were built by means of autoregressive model — ARIMA (p, d, q) integrated moving average and by means of statistical methods (analysis of ordinary and adjusted coefficients of determination) and Akaike and Schwartz information criteria the only appropriate model was selected. In order to be able to predict values, the model was diagnosed by three parameters (residuals white noise; the model is stationary and reversible) using residuals analysis and unit root test, and after obtaining a successful result, 2 values were predicted for the period from 01.07.2020 to 02.07.2020. A comparison of the real and predicted cryptocurrency price values shows that the sum of squares of deviation is significantly lower than the selected accuracy of the results. Visual analysis of the chart also shows that the model is able to form price peaks and declines. It is concluded that this method is effective in short-term cryptocurrency forecasts.
Inessa Tyan, Antonio Jesús Guevara Plaza, Mariemma I. Yagüe
The paper discusses the benefits of blockchain technology for medical tourism. The major focus is placed on pre-procedure and post-procedure of medical tourism. The authors argue that blockchain technology can facilitate several stages of medical tourism by enabling disintermediation, allowing cryptocurrency payments, ensuring secure data sharing and privacy, and empowering trusted review systems. With regard to COVID-19 pandemic, the paper outlines the current challenges of the medical tourism industry and prop oses the opportunities for blockchain technology use. The paper attempts to provide important insights regarding the positive implications of blockchain technology use within the medical tourism industry as well as to further advance the current knowledge about blockchain technology’s effects for medical tourism.
The main trend of development of modern society is named – it is digitalization that is causing global changes in industries, companies, processes, business models. Recently, an increasing penetration of the latest information technologies into all spheres of modern society, including tourism, which is currently one of the fastest growing areas in Russia, can be observed. The study of logistic in tourism is one of the promising areas of the modern economy, and, at the same time, blockchain is the main trend of digitalization. Despite the novelty of the trend of digitalization of tourism logistics, there is a growing awareness of its importance for economic and social development in Russian and in international practice. The definition of concept and content of the blockchain technology are considered. The main goal of getting familiar with the blockchain technology and highlighting its importance is achieved. The expediency of use is justified and examples of practical application of blockchain technologies in tourism logistics are considered. The assumption is made that the interest of using blockchain technology will increase in the nearest future.
Background: One of the problems of the modern lawmakers in different countries is that they try to regulate an object before they study the nature of its origin, which, logically, entails many errors regarding its definition in the legal framework. The absence of unified definitions and clear classification of virtual assets as tools for implementing the methods of financial and management accounting of property according to their fundamental and unique features makes it nearly impossible to determine the features of virtual assets important for legal regulation and, therefore, to enshrine them in laws and establish a proper legal framework. The paper is dedicated to solving a relevant and cross-discipline scientific and applied task of developing a comprehensive multilevel classification of virtual assets. Unlike the few existing classifications that focus on parts of the virtual asset phenomenon and selective methods of its implementation, the paper proposes an all-encompassing comparison of all known types of virtual assets, which confirms the comprehensiveness of the classification proposed in this paper. Purpose: To develop and substantiate a comprehensive and multilevel classification of known types of virtual assets, which allows solving the cross-discipline scientific and applied task of systematizing virtual assets for future development of a single approach to regulating relations, the objects of which are different types of virtual assets. Materials and Methods: In order to study the nature of virtual assets and develop a comprehensive classification, a set of scientific research methods has been used: analysis, including cause and effect analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization, systematization and interpretation of results and induction. Results: The author describes a triune nature of virtual assets: technological, economic and legal, information and applied. This classification of virtual assets will allow determining promising tools for accounting of property and rights. Unlike other known approaches to differentiating virtual assets, where crypto-assets (or cryptocurrencies) were unjustified “leaders”, the author has distinguished the group of tokenized assets for the first time. This particular group, due to its direct relation to property, allows performing accounting as well as reaccounting of property and rights in modern digital accounting systems – decentralized information platforms based on the distributed ledger technology (blockchain), whereas this accounting cannot be performed using crypto-assets due to absence of direct relation to property. Out of virtual assets, the author distinguishes a digital asset and analyzes the semantic features of the term “digital asset”. The digital asset is based on a unique information resource as the original asset and on the property of derivativeness from the real asset, which greatly differentiates it from other types of virtual assets. All of that allows considering it as an effective tool for implementing the methods of financial and management accounting of property. Thus, owners of digital assets can use the new way of accounting of their property and personal non-property rights. Based on the properties of a digital asset, the author distinguishes other types of virtual assets: polyasset and monoasset, with the relevant examples. The author provides the characteristics of their features and structural components while comparing them to the features of digital assets and giving clear and well-known financial and legal analogies regarding the implementation of mutual obligations between parties to a traditional deal. The paper also contains the first systematization of seven properties and parameters of a tokenized asset and, therefore, description of properties of three variations of a tokenized asset: monoasset, polyasset and digital asset. This allowed presenting the varieties of virtual assets as a three-level classification based on the complexity of the nature of virtual assets. The author’s classification distinguishes seven types of virtual assets and contains their description. Conclusions: Overall, the proposed approach to classification allows giving a scientific answer to the question of how to compare the multitude of known virtual assets and how to relate them to the legal framework of a state. These developments will be useful for legislators in basically every country, financial, tax and banking state bodies, as well as private companies when keeping books and performing accounting of virtual assets in their business activity.
The culture has always been funded residually. And now funding continues to be made available to address the immediate needs of communities. Subventions received by communities as part of the reform were aimed at road mending, renovating municipal equipment, water suppling, and upgrading. As a result, it is impossible to maintain cultural institutions and provide quality cultural services to the population in less well-off communities. This may result in depressed territories being left without cultural facilities, cultural programs and projects. Another problem that exists in villages, towns and small towns is the so-called «staff shortage». Low wages and lack of professional prospects in rural areas don’t help involvement of experts to work for positions in the field of culture. In the more capable ATCs, as well as in the communities that have become the centers of the community, there is often at least a team of the director, the artistic director, the circle leaders who organize the cultural life in the community. But in small villages, in houses of culture, the enthusiasm of only one person who has worked in this position all his life is still held. This person is at the same time a director, artistic director, head of all circles, and sometimes a technical worker. According to R. Yu. Mylian, increased attention to solving problems of the sociocultural development of rural settlements will contribute to the preservation and development of cultural institutions in rural areas, prevent the outflow of the working and most educated population, especially young people, and will eventually strengthen the sustainable development potential of Ukraine as a whole. The organization and holding of mass cultural events in rural areas is an effective means of strengthening the competitiveness of rural areas, enhances the development of cultural interregional and cross-border cooperation, event-tourism and has a positive impact on the branding of rural settlements as tourist attractions. To address the above issues, is invited to identify an approach whereby a State, acting by the Culture Ministry, will develop standards for the minimum volume and quality of cultural services, compliance with which will be mandatory for local governments in communities. This may occur by defining and establishing a set of basic services guaranteed by the State and financed from the State budget. For the normal functioning of State culture, it is necessary to establish a new concept of these institutions activities in the ATC, to provide for tax exemption by legal acts and to clearly define the types of services provided by cultural activity.
The need to rethink the role of urban debt policy in accordance with the growing needs of urban communities and their sustainable socio-economic development is identified. In Ukraine, the legal preconditions for the formation of cities' own debt policy and the implementation of borrowing in both domestic and foreign nancial markets. The current state of local budgets and decentralization processes only highlight the need for cities to develop debt policy. The formation of the institution of local borrowings in Ukraine is analyzed and an in-depth analysis of borrowings of city councils in 2014-2019 is carried out with the definition of three periods: 2014-2015 - increase in borrowed funds, but such borrowings were formed mainly due to debt activity of Kyiv City Council domestic local bonds; 2016–2017 - decrease in the amount of borrowed funds, which occurred under the inÀuence of macroeconomic, political and fiscal instability; 2018-2019 - resumption of debt activity of city councils that had experience of borrowing in the previous, relatively analyzed, period and diversification of forms of local borrowing. Based on the cluster analysis, the main characteristics of the modern debt policy of city councils of Ukraine, which is based on the di൵erentiation of city councils-borrowers, are determined. The main borrower remains the Kyiv City Council (the share was about 67%), the activity of borrowings was noted in the following city councils: Zaporizhia, Dnipro, Lviv, Odessa, Ivano-Frankivsk. It is established that the debt policy of city councils is based on raising funds from NEFCO, state-owned banks and the Ministry of Finance of Ukraine. Improving the debt policy of city councils of Ukraine should be based on the synergy of actions of central government agencies: (Ministry of Finance of Ukraine, Debt Agency of Ukraine, NBU, National securities and stock market commission (NSSMC)Financial Control Ofice, etc.) and city councils. Vectors for improving the debt policy of city councils should be an integral part of the Strategy for the Development of the Financial Sector of Ukraine until 2025 and meet its key strategic goals and directions. Key words: debt policy, local debt, local borrowings, domestic local government bonds, external local government bonds, fiscal decentralization.
This article explores Blockchain Technology, and how it can be used in the context of information exchange between stakeholders in international supply chains and networks involving air transport. The article reviews the global experience with this technology of iconic companies (Maersk, Lufthansa, Walmart, Unilever, Nestle, Samsung, British Airways) in logistics and supply chain management. It highlights the features of international chains using air transport, which predominantly consist of two categories of goods: goods with high added value (electronic devices and their components, fashion industry products, jewelry) and goods with strict delivery time requirements (pharmaceuticals, live animals, perishable products, e-commerce products and mail). The study shows that perishable goods have great potential for increasing airline cargo turnover. However, at present, there is no single universal tool for managing their supply chains since the tools used (ERP, SRM, TMS, WMS) do not provide complete transparency of information exchange between all stakeholders. The most problematic stage in the delivery to control steps in the delivery of perishable goods by air occur on the ground, while goods are being handled at the airport of departure and the airport of destination. Difficulties arise while checking the correctness of paperwork, labeling and information authenticity about the product origin. The article suggests using block chain blockchain technology in combination with IoT and smart-contract technologies for SCM of perishable products using air transport. The use of this technology allows to reduce the time of document verification procedures. Customs clearance and phytosanitary control could be vastly improved. Overall tracking and monitoring of a product from the moment of its production to the destination simplifies the identification of any counterfeits, improves the quality of food safety control. A greater level of control becomes possible in logistics operations, to determine liability in possible delivery conditions’ violations cases. Overall optimization of the logistic processes, automatization of the execution of verified financial transactions can be achieved. The use of these technologies in combination with innovative technologies for food quality control will significantly reduce logistics costs in the supply chains of perishable products.
The access to common-pool resources, i.e. to resources in limited common property, are legally distributed in a far more diverse way than limited private property resources. In transportation, a critical case for common-pool resources appear in Green Transport Corridors (GTC), that has been coined by European Union as being «sustainable logistics solutions for cargo transportation’ with a shared pool of resources aiming for multimodal trans-shipment routes with a concentration of freight traffic between significant hubs». Although there are already existing implementations of GTC concepts, there are still a lot of open questions concerning GTC governance and ownership models hindering easy marketing of the GTC approach. This paper discusses how and to which extent smart contracts in combination with blockchain technology as innovative solutions are able to facilitate GTC governance and how smart contracts can be applied to provide legal certainty by managing and allocating distributed access to common-pool resources. Smart contracts can be considered as computerised transaction protocols for the execution of underlying legal contracts, and they do not only target reducing transaction costs by realising trackable and irreversible transactions through blockchain technology for distributed databases, but also show high potential to strengthen cooperative business structures and to facilitate the entrepreneurial collaboration of cross-organisational business processes. From a legal perspective, it is controversial whether the use of smart contracts to distribute access to resources in terms of both general common-pool resources. GTCs implies an added value automatically for legal certainty and fair balance among different forms and degrees of access granted to different members of the cooperative. In cases of incorrect performance, change of circumstances or unduly induced contracts smart contracts fall considerably short on the protection of weaker parties, which the paper illustrates at the example of GTCs to be a decisive detriment of the cooperative members. The paper analyses these potentials and risks of smart contracts for the case of GTCs and showcases from both business and legal perspective in terms of their potential as viable means of distributing access to common-pool resources comprising infrastructure. Keywords common-pool resources, cooperative governance, blockchain, smart contracts, Green Transport Corridors.
The article analyzes the legal support of the reform of public authority decentralization in Ukraine. In this regard, we have indicated the normative legal acts, which laid the conceptual foundations of the municipal reform, in particular, the Concept for the Reform of Local Self-Government and Territorial Organization of Power in Ukraine, approved by the Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine of April 1, 2014, the Law of Ukraine «On Principles of State Regional Policy» of February 5, 2015, «Strategy − 2020», approved by the Decree of the President of Ukraine of January 15, 2015, No. 5/2015. Also, attention is focused on the Draft Law of Ukraine «On Amendments to the Constitution of Ukraine (with regard to the decentralization of power)», previously approved by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine on August 31, 2015, the final adoption of which is unjustifiably delayed. We have also indicated the legislative acts which created the legal basis for the formation of economically and financially viable territorial communities, as well as enhanced the process of community consolidation, in particular, the Law of Ukraine «On Cooperation of Territorial Communities» of June 17, 2014 and the Law of Ukraine «On Voluntary Association of Territorial Communities» of February 5, 2015, as amended. However, particular attention is paid to characterizing the draft legislative acts, which are to be addressed and adopted by the Parliament at the earliest possible time to successfully promote the local self-government reform, as well as to complete the process of association of territorial communities in Ukraine. In particular, it refers to the Law of Ukraine «On Principles of the Administrative and Territorial Order of Ukraine», the Law of Ukraine «On Amendments to the Law of Ukraine «On Voluntary Association of Territorial Communities (with regard to the perspective plans for the formation of territories of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, regions)», the Law of Ukraine «On Amendments to the Law «On Regulation of Urban Development», the Law of Ukraine «On the Amendments to the Law of Ukraine «On Service in Bodies of Local Self-Government», the Law of Ukraine «On Amendments to the Law of Ukraine «On Civil Registration» and some other legislative acts of Ukraine on decentralization and bringing administrative services in the civil registration sphere closer to citizens.» We have concluded that, based on the real configuration of affairs regarding the formation of capable communities in Ukraine and taking into account foreign experience, it is considered appropriate to complete the municipal reform by administrative means by the next local elections in 2020.
Nowadays, Blockchain is one of the most desired technologies, because almost every industry seeks to apply it. Tourism was no exception. Manufacturers of services on the basis of a distributed database claim that thanks to the blockchain it is possible to completely get rid of the monopoly in the market, which in turn will lead to lower prices for services and increase the level of tourist comfort. The technology was first applied to the Bitcoin network. Now blockchain finds application in a wide variety of areas, from processing financial transactions to storage of data on the purchase of virtual cats. The tourism sector can use the blockchain to store publicly available information about the quality of hotels and the behaviors of tourists, to process transactions for the purchase of tickets and reservation of housing, to create databases for storing identity cards, etc. The subject of the article research is the use of blockchain in the tourism industry. The goal is to analyze the current state and determine the prospects for using blockchain technology in the tourism business. The tasks are to highlight the main problems and prospects for using the blockchain, as well as formulating a strategy for using this technology in the tourism market as a means of improving the quality of travel. The study uses theoretical, methodological and systematic methods of source analysis, including statistical materials, regulatory documents, scientific articles to assess the state of the use of blockchain technology in tourism and the prospects for its application. The following results were obtained: the main directions of the use of the blockchain in tourism were identified, its influence on the creation of a more diverse and flexible offer in the tourism services market. It is concluded that blockchain technology can provide greater security and transparency in the tourism industry thus increasing its profitability, which in turn affects the creation of new jobs and the standard of living of the population.
It is substantiated that creation of regional tourist destination management organizations based on public-private partnership (in terms of combining funds and efforts) in the tourism industry can become an effective model of tourism management under conditions of decentralization of power in Ukraine. There are several key benefits for government authorities, civil society and business from combining their efforts and funds to develop the tourism industry. The conclusions are based on European and world experience, as well as recommendations of the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) on the success factors of destination management/marketing organization (DMO – term that defines regional tourist destination management organizations in Western countries). The current state of work of destination management organizations in the world has been challenged by changing the course from marketing to management as their leading function, which requires increasing responsibility and rethinking their activities. The essence of the term “destination” is revealed according to UNWTO recommendations and this term is determined as the main one used when determining the tourist region. The basic success factors, components of an effective regional tourist destination management organization are revealed, such as: leadership, institutional determination, integration of public and private budgets, effective management and strategic vision that is related to sustainable development of tourist destination. The possible ways of financing and legal subordination of regional tourist destination management organizations according to legislation of Ukraine are considered and it is substantiated that these issues require deeper study and development of practical recommendations on implementation, as today there is no transparent system that would allow financing of non-state institution from state funds.
Digital marketing is any form of advertising, which utilizes digital mediums to offer goods or services to customers. Therefore, the businesses utilizing the internet for the promotions of their products and services, they are engaged in digital marketing. As we know that nowadays, no company can get success without digital marketing. As all of us recognize, the marketing industry is pretty dynamic and liable to change. By its very nature, it has to evolve to new technologies and consumer wishes. And now, we have a large alternate on the horizon that promises to shake up the advertising enterprise from top to bottom, along with several other industries as properly. We’re talking about the Blockchain. The technology has already made a few critical waves within the economic international. This article is an attempt to explain the role and impact of Blockchain in the digital marketing industry.
L. Horoshkova, Ievgen Khlobystov, Victoriya Trofymchuk
In work is proved, that it is impossible to ensure sustainability development of the state without creation of conditions of sustainability development of administrative - territorial units on the basis of model, which components is to economic, social and ecological structure by. The proved necessity of a concentration of attention on an ecological component. Is shown, that one of major ecological-economic tools of nature protection activity in Ukraine are the ecological tax and tax for pollution of an environment. By results of the analysis of dynamics of the tax for pollution of an environment is established, that last years the volumes of emissions of polluting substances have decreased. Is established, that the increase of volumes of the ecological tax in the incomes of the local budgets in 2015 is connected to the beginning of decentralization and brought in changes in the Tax code. Is proved, that the delay of rates of growth of receipt of the ecological tax in the local budgets is by a consequence of inefficient system of filling of the budgets of the incorporated territorial communities (ITC) and local budgets. The estimation a level of development of the economic mechanism of regulation and stimulation rational nature usage is carried out on the basis of parameters of nature protection financing. The analysis of dynamics of change of volumes of the charges on protection of an environment is carried out. Is established, that the charges of the budget of Ukraine grow by protection of environmental natural environment annually, but rates of this growth reduce meaning by the inflationary factors. Is established, that there is a delay of rates of financing from the state budget with simultaneous increase of financing from the local budgets. It has given the bases to assert, that created IТC more is weighed concern to ecological politics and necessity of financing of nature protection measures. The interrelation between receipt of the ecological tax in the budgets and dynamics of the charges on nature protection measures is investigated. Is established, that dynamics of receipt of the ecological tax in the budget does not coincide with dynamics of the charges of the budget on protection of an environment. It testifies to imperfection regulating mechanisms of ecological politics, both on the equal states, and at a level of separate territories. The necessity of development of the methodological approaches to a substantiation of effective directions of realization of state politics in sphere of protection an environment at a level IТC, recommendations for their scientific support, development of a complex of measures on their introduction and improvement of working organization-legal base is proved. The analysis of dynamics both sources financing of the capital and current investments in protection of an environment is carried out. Is shown, that dynamics of rates of growth of the capital investments is astable, owing to what there are no cardinal changes of an ecological situation in the country. Is shown, that the rates of growth of the current investments are insignificant, at a level of an official rate of inflation, which reduces their economic efficiency. The analysis of structure of sources financing of the capital and current investments in nature protection activity is carried out. The received results have confirmed the made conclusions concerning an inefficiency of state politics of realization of the capital investments in nature protection measures.
A. Goriacheva, N. Jakubenko, O. Pogodina, Dmitry S. Silnov
This article is devoted to the exploration of services of anonymizing transactions, based on the Mixer, CoinJoin and CoinSuffle technologies, as well as to the description of the core principles of operation of these technologies and technical details. It analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of different realizations of this service. It formulates the problem of cryptocurrency laundering through anonymization services and offers solutions to this problem.Keywords: cryptocurrency, blockchain, bitcoin, mixing service, mining, money laundering.