Mr. Harshal Kadam, Mr. Mayur Prajapati, Mr. Amit Yadav, Prof. Sonali Karthik
ConQuote Connect is a smart digital platform designed to solve common problems in the construction industry, such as unclear project details, payment delays, miscommunication and the difficulty of finding trustworthy contractors. It creates a single, streamlined space where builders can post their construction projects and contractors can submit structured and easy to compare quotations. A key part of the system is the use of Building Information Modeling (BIM), which allows builders to upload 3D models of their projects. These models help both parties clearly understand the scope of work and visually track progress through milestones, such as marking when the foundation, floors, or roofing are completed. To make payments more secure, transparent, and fair, ConQuote Connect uses blockchain-powered smart contracts. These contracts safely hold project funds and only release payments when a builder confirms that a milestone has been completed through the BIM model. The platform also includes AI tools that assist in comparing contractor quotes and helping builders make faster, more informed and data backed decisions. When a contractor successfully completes a project, they receive a digital certificate in the form of an NFT, which becomes part of their verifiable reputation and track record on the platform. Both builders and contractors have their own personalized dashboards to manage tasks, communicate updates, track progress and approve or verify completed work. By combining BIM, blockchain and AI in one easy to use system, ConQuote Connect offers a modern, transparent and trustworthy way to manage construction projects reducing disputes, saving time and improving industry collaboration.
Background: Despite the growing adoption of hybrid contract models in construction, energy, and agricultural procurement, there remains a significant gap in understanding how lump-sum and unit-price contracts differentially allocate risk across sectors and country contexts. This study addresses this gap by examining risk mitigation strategies through document analysis and thematic synthesis. Objective: The aim of this study was to identify key risk allocation strategies, contractual mechanisms, and the effectiveness of hybrid models in managing uncertainty across developed and developing country contexts. Methods: A qualitative approach based on thematic analysis and cross-case comparison was applied, drawing on 48 peer-reviewed sources published between 2015 and 2025, alongside relevant sector documents and procurement reports. Results: The analysis identified that hybrid contracts reduced cost overrun variability by incorporating performance-based incentives aligned with Expected Utility Theory and Principal-Agent Theory, while developing economies such as Indonesia and Bangladesh exhibited distinct risk profiles requiring adaptive contract mechanisms. However, significant gaps remain, particularly regarding the empirical validation of blockchain-enabled contract enforcement and AI-driven risk prediction, as well as the underrepresentation of developing economy contexts in existing research. Conclusion: The findings carry both scientific and practical implications. Theoretically, this study advances an integrative multi-theory framework combining Expected Utility Theory, Game Theory, and Principal-Agent Theory to analyse contract risk across diverse contexts. Practically, the results provide evidence-based guidance for procurement professionals and policymakers in selecting and designing contract structures that balance cost certainty with adaptive flexibility.
The construction industry is undergoing a significant transformation with the adoption of decentralized models, which leverage distributed decision-making, collaborative networks, and advanced technologies such as blockchain, digital twins, and artificial intelligence (AI). These innovations promise enhanced transparency, efficiency, and stakeholder engagement in high- rise building projects. However, decentralization introduces unique risks—spanning technical, social, economic, legal, and environmental domains—that challenge traditional risk management frameworks. This research systematically identifies and categorizes these risks, emphasizing their implications for decentralized high-rise construction. Key technical risks include design clashes and quality inconsistencies due to fragmented workflows, while social risks encompass labor disputes and community opposition. Economic risks arise from budget fragmentation and supply chain volatility, legal risks stem from contractual ambiguities and regulatory non- compliance, and environmental risks involve waste mismanagement and increased carbon footprints. To address these challenges, the study proposes a comprehensive risk management framework integrating emerging technologies. For instance, Building Information Modeling (BIM) and digital twins enable real-time clash detection and quality assurance, blockchain ensures transparent and automated contract execution, and AI-driven analytics predict safety hazards and cost overruns. The framework is validated through a case study of Skyline Towers in Dubai, where decentralized strategies reduced design errors by 45% and payment delays by 80%. The research employs a mixed-methods approach, combining a systematic literature review with empirical analysis of real-world projects. Findings highlight the critical role of stakeholder alignment, hybrid governance models, and sustainable practices in mitigating risks. The study concludes with actionable recommendations for policymakers and industry practitioners, advocating for standardized digital protocols, adaptive risk governance, and proactive environmental controls. By bridging the gap between technological innovation and risk management, this research contributes a forward-looking framework to enhance resilience and efficiency in decentralized high-rise construction, ensuring sustainable urban development in an increasingly complex industry landscape.
This study investigates the rapid centralization of the Ethereum builder market under the Proposer-Builder Separation (PBS) architecture. We argue that existing research, by focusing predominantly on influential order flows, lacks a comprehensive evaluation of order flow behavioral patterns and economic purposes. To address this gap, we analyze Ethereum transactions from September 2023 to August 2025 to characterize Exclusive Order Flows (EOFs) and non-atomic Maximal Extractable Value (MEV) -- the missing components corresponding to these behavioral and economic dimensions, respectively. We introduce a novel exclusivity metric based on Kullback-Leibler divergence and employ supervised learning to identify 75 EOFs and 322 non-atomic MEV flows, which account for 71\% and 23\% of trading-related builder revenue. A longitudinal analysis of builder strategies across these dimensions delineates the market's evolution into four distinct eras, revealing that while EOFs were instrumental in establishing early dominance, incumbents have since decoupled market share from immediate EOF dependency by leveraging entrenched network effects. Ultimately, we conclude that builder centralization is an emergent property of the PBS framework itself, as the architecture systematically violates the fundamental prerequisites of a competitive market.
Construction projects rely on extensive contract documents to govern payment, scheduling, change management, risk allocation, and dispute resolution. The scale and heterogeneity of these documents make contract administration largely manual, increasing the likelihood of misinterpretation, delayed actions, and governance inefficiencies. While recent advances in large language models have enabled automated clause extraction and classification, existing approaches remain disconnected from project performance metrics, standard-form contract requirements, and executable contract logic. This paper presents a retrieval-augmented contract intelligence system for end-to-end construction contract analysis and structured smart contract synthesis. The framework integrates clause extraction, semantic classification, KPI-aware importance ranking, standards alignment, discrepancy diagnostics, and constrained logic synthesis. Clause importance is quantified by mapping contract language to four key project performance indicators: cost overrun impact, schedule delay impact, cash-flow adequacy, and dispute frequency. The system was evaluated using five executed contracts from a large public owner representing general contractor, construction manager, architect-engineer, commissioning, and design-build delivery methods, comprising 588 clauses. Classification performance on a manually labeled validation subset achieved a macro-averaged F1 score of 0.55, with inter-annotator agreement of 69.17% (Cohen’s κ = 0.52). Clause prioritization rankings remained highly stable across alternative KPI weighting scenarios (Spearman ρ > 0.98). A contract-context audit further refined standards-based missing-provision findings by distinguishing confirmed omissions from relocated or uncertain obligations. For automation outputs, constrained template-based synthesis improved smart contract quality scores from 0.8/4.0 to 3.6/4.0 relative to unconstrained generation, while execution-level validation achieved a 100% pass rate across representative trigger scenarios. The findings demonstrate that retrieval-augmented language models, when combined with structured performance reasoning and standards-aware controls, provide a scalable and explainable foundation for smart contract-enabled contract governance in construction projects.
Masoomeh Bahrami, Doyeop Lee, Namgyun Kim, JeeHee Lee
Construction safety management is fundamentally constrained by fragmented, project-specific information management systems, where worker credentials, training records, and safety-related data are dispersed across disconnected platforms. Current safety information systems typically manage worker identity verification and qualification records within organization-specific data silos, limiting interoperability across contractors, subcontractors, and project stakeholders. Such fragmented information management structures create significant challenges in multi-tier subcontracting environments, where timely access to reliable and portable safety credentials is critical for site access control, training verification, equipment authorization, and regulatory compliance monitoring. To address this gap, this study introduces a biometric-driven, self-regenerating Decentralized Identifier (DID) infrastructure designed to serve as the foundational identity layer for interoperable construction safety management systems. Considering the highly mobile and temporary nature of the construction workforce, the architecture enables workers to regenerate cryptographic identity credentials on the same enrolled device using only a fingerprint—without passwords, cloud dependencies, or administrative intervention—through a National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)-compliant fuzzy extractor and Schnorr zero-knowledge proofs. Experimental validation under simulated construction site conditions demonstrates sub-second authentication latency and seamless cross-project identity portability despite biometric variability and connectivity constraints. The findings suggest that the proposed infrastructure can function as a privacy-preserving and interoperable safety information management framework capable of supporting auditable safety compliance workflows, reducing redundant safety inductions, and empowering worker participation in safety reporting across general contractors, subcontractors, and regulatory auditors.
Die Arbeit untersucht den Einsatz von Smart Contracts in Infrastrukturprojekten zur Reduzierung von Kollaborationsproblemen. Auf Basis einer Netzwerkanalyse von VOB-Urteilen werden Problemcluster identifiziert, mittels Prinzipal-Agent-Theorie formalisiert und mit Smart-Contract-Funktionalitäten verknüpft. Ein prototypischer Prozess wird als Smart Contract umgesetzt und evaluiert. Ergebnisse zeigen Verbesserungen in Transparenz, Dokumentation und Vertrauen, trotz technischer Herausforderungen.
Abstract The construction industry is among the few industries that contribute to the growth and development of the economy; its size gives a representative potential in contributing to economic development. However, the nature of the construction industry in Egypt is plagued by disputes, which often arise from contractual issues, communication breakdowns, and project management challenges during various stages of the project. Furthermore, construction contracts are always viewed as complex and dense paperwork that makes it difficult to extract necessary information, inhibiting smooth operation. This can be solved by implementing smart contracts. A smart contract can include blockchain technology that executes agreed-upon terms automatically and autonomously. This data-driven mechanism automatically issues payments at the end of each clause, reducing the potential for disputes. The aim of this research is to Investigate the potential of smart contracts in reducing disputes in the construction projects. This study will be performed by adopting a qualitative approach through collecting and analysing data from various literature sources, as books, journals, and existing research, to construct a comprehensive understanding from a holistic point of view focusing on relevant keywords as smart contracts and disputes during various stages in construction projects to identify the relationship between them and present it in a relationship matrix. Second, analysis of case studies to investigate the effectiveness of smart contracts and validate the identified relationship and view its potential in construction projects.
The Engineering, Procurement, and Construction (EPC) industry faces significant financial management challenges due to the complexity of project financing, milestone-based payments, and multi-stakeholder collaboration. Traditional on-premise ERP financial systems are often inefficient, leading to delays in financial reporting, security vulnerabilities, and regulatory compliance difficulties. This study explores the development of cloud-based financial solutions tailored to the EPC industry, examining the benefits, challenges, and applicability of existing models such as Software as a Service (SaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Blockchain-based decentralized finance (DeFi). A Hybrid Cloud-Based Financial Framework is proposed, integrating SaaS for accounting, PaaS for customization, and Blockchain for secure transactions. Experimental validation demonstrates that cloud adoption reduces financial processing time by 87.5%, enhances cash flow visibility, improves security, and increases regulatory compliance efficiency by 40%. This paper highlights the importance of AI-driven predictive analytics, automated compliance, and hybrid cloud models in modern EPC finance and proposes strategies for overcoming integration challenges, cybersecurity risks, and workforce adoption barriers. Future research should focus on scaling hybrid cloud solutions globally and integrating AI-powered risk assessment tools.
Contract management in construction law plays a critical role in mitigating risks, ensuring performance enforcement, and facilitating dispute resolution.The increasing complexity of construction projects, coupled with evolving regulatory frameworks, necessitates robust contract management strategies to address financial, operational, and legal risks.Poorly managed contracts often lead to cost overruns, project delays, and disputes, making it essential for stakeholders to adopt proactive measures in drafting, executing, and enforcing contractual obligations.This study examines key aspects of contract management in construction law, focusing on risk allocation, dispute resolution mechanisms, and performance enforcement strategies.Risk mitigation strategies, including well-defined contract terms, contingency planning, and insurance provisions, are explored to illustrate how parties can safeguard their interests.The research also highlights the effectiveness of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) methods, such as mediation, arbitration, and adjudication, in reducing litigation costs and project disruptions.Furthermore, contract enforcement mechanisms, including penalty clauses, performance bonds, and liquidated damages, are analyzed for their role in ensuring compliance and timely project completion.The study also evaluates the impact of digital transformation on contract management, particularly the use of smart contracts and blockchain technology to enhance transparency, efficiency, and dispute prevention.Through case studies and legal precedents, this research provides practical insights into how construction professionals, legal practitioners, and policymakers can optimize contract management practices.A comprehensive approach to risk management, dispute resolution, and performance enforcement is essential to maintaining legal compliance, ensuring financial stability, and improving project delivery in the dynamic construction sector.
Valentina Villa, Luca Gioberti, Marco Domaneschi, F. Necati Çatbaş
The civil engineering sector operates within a complex ecosystem of stakeholders, requiring efficient management and maintenance of structural and infrastructural assets. In this context, there is an increasing need for robust tools to track critical events (e.g., alerts, unusual behaviors) and support decision-making processes related to maintenance and interventions. At the same time, ensuring secure and prompt payments is essential for timely and effective responses. This paper investigated the potential of smart contracts, integrated with blockchain technology, to automate and optimize asset management and maintenance processes. The proposed framework examines how these technologies can enhance operational efficiency, security, and event traceability, providing a structured approach for both routine operations and emergency interventions. Although smart contracts have been widely applied in the construction phase of infrastructure projects, their use in long-term asset management remains largely unexplored. As a conceptual study, this work does not present a quantitative analysis but instead lays the groundwork for future research and real-world applications of blockchain-based smart contracts in infrastructure management and safety procedures.
Yongshun Xu, Ming Chi, Heap‐Yih Chong, Cen-Ying Lee · 5 authors
Building information modeling (BIM) and blockchain applications have introduced significant benefits to the architecture, engineering, construction, and operation (AECO) industry in recent years. Although publications on BIM and blockchain integration have been increasing, no systematic examination of the present status and managerial implications of integrated BIM and blockchain has been conducted. To bridge this gap, this paper conducts a state-of-the-art review of the development of integrated BIM and blockchain in a built environment. A combination of qualitative and quantitative methods was adopted to synthesize and analyze the research evidence. The results revealed five key managerial implications of BIM integration with blockchain at the project level: design and collaboration, financial management, construction management, information management, and integration management (with other cutting-edge technologies). Challenges and opportunities are outlined and articulated from both technological and managerial perspectives, such as stakeholder management, impact assessment, real-time project management, information redundancy, and incompatibility.
Peter Ifechukwude Egbumokei, Ikiomoworio Nicholas Dienagha, Wags Numoipiri Digitemie, Ekene Cynthia Onukwulu · 5 authors
This paper examines the common challenges faced in strategic contract management within the drilling industry, including complex contractual relationships, regulatory compliance, risk management, and cost control. Proposed solutions and mitigation strategies are explored, emphasizing the importance of clear communication, robust risk management frameworks, comprehensive contract review, technology adoption, and a culture of continuous improvement. Furthermore, the paper delves into future trends and developments shaping contract management in drilling operations. These trends include digital transformation, integration of data analytics, adoption of smart contracts, focus on sustainability and ESG compliance, and collaborative contracting models. The impact of these trends on enhancing efficiency, mitigating risks, and achieving sustainable outcomes is discussed, highlighting the need for organizations to embrace emerging technologies and innovative approaches in contract management. By addressing the challenges, implementing effective solutions, and embracing future trends, drilling companies can optimize efficiency, minimize costs, and maintain competitiveness in the dynamic landscape of contract management. This paper serves as a comprehensive guide for industry practitioners, researchers, and stakeholders seeking to advance contract management practices for efficiency and cost reduction in drilling operations. Effective contract management is crucial for enhancing drilling efficiency and reducing costs. This paper addresses common challenges such as complex contractual relationships and regulatory compliance, offering solutions like clear communication and robust risk management. It explores future trends like digital transformation and smart contracts, emphasizing their potential to improve efficiency and sustainability. By embracing emerging technologies and collaborative models, drilling companies can optimize operations and maintain competitiveness. This paper serves as a guide for industry practitioners, researchers, and stakeholders looking to advance contract management practices for efficiency and cost reduction in drilling operations.
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse the current state of research on the integration of blockchain and building information modelling (BIM) in the Architecture, Engineering, Construction and Operations (AECO) industry as a means of identifying gaps between the existing paradigm and practical applications for determining future research directions and improving the industry. The study aims to provide clear guidance on areas that need attention for further research and funding and to draw academic attention to factors beyond the technical dimension. Design/methodology/approach A mixed-method systematic review is used, considering multiple literature types and using a sociotechnical perspective-based framework that covers three dimensions (technic, process and context) and three research elements (why, what and how). Data are retrieved and analysed from the Web of Science and Scopus databases for the 2017–2023 period. Findings While blockchain has the potential to address security, traceability and transparency and complement the system by integrating supporting applications, significant gaps still exist between these potentials and widespread industry adoption. Current limitations and further research needs are identified, including designing fully integrated prototypes, empirical research to identify operational processes, testing and analysing operational-level models or applications and developing and applying a technology acceptance model for the integration paradigm. Previous research lacks contextual settings, real-world tests or empirical investigations and is primarily conceptual. Originality/value This paper provides a comprehensive, critical systematic review of the integration of blockchain with BIM in the construction industry, using a sociotechnical perspective-based framework which can be applied in future reviews. The study provides insight into the current state and future opportunities for policymakers and practitioners in the AECO industry to prepare for the transition in this disruptive paradigm. It also provides a phased plan along with a clear direction for the transition to more advanced applications.
Mohamed Assaf, Lena Salami, Diana Salhab, Ahmed Hammad
The adoption of integrated project delivery (IPD) provides several advantages over traditional delivery methods, such as shorter schedules, efficient communication, and higher performance quality.However, its implementation is constantly hindered by many barriers.Existing studies on IPD barriers are limited to quantifying and addressing such obstacles.Additionally, hardly any studies have addressed the potential of advanced technologies in exploiting the adoption of IPD projects.Thus, this study presents an automated system that integrates blockchain, smart contracts, and BIM technologies to facilitate the implementation of IPD projects.Hyperledger Fabric and chaincodes are used to develop the blockchain network in accordance with 4D and 5D BIM models.The developed system simplifies various financial transactions throughout different phases of the IPD project implementation.The system allows non-owner participants to submit requests and review transaction records with the aim of minimizing possible conflicts.The methodology is evaluated by testing it on a real-life case study.The case study is modeled using BIM tools, and the corresponding blockchain network and smart contracts are developed.The findings prove the capability of the developed system to provide a secure and trustworthy platform for managing IPD transactions without the need for third-party involvement.
Over time, several procurement methods have been adopted to facilitate the successful delivery of construction projects with minimal financial losses in order to offer maximum value to clients. In recent years, the Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) procurement model has been introduced for better overall financial performance. In this model, every member of the project team has a stake in overall profit or risk irrespective of the extent of their roles and change orders and correction of errors and omissions are managed effectively with minimal contractual disruptions. This paper aims to address some of the previously cited barriers in earlier scholarly work, and it proposes a conceptual framework that integrates two novel concepts towards tackling technological and financial barriers in adopting IPD namely, BIM and Smart Contracts (SC). A framework is developed for a BIM-blockchain-IPD whereby the BIM model is integrated with blockchain technology, thereby acting as an immutable and transparent information repository and a platform for interdisciplinary collaboration in Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) projects. The smart contract feature of blockchain technology offers an automated equitable distribution of risk and reward amongst project stakeholders based on agreements at project inception. Thus, the research contributes to a more efficient project delivery method by avoiding information asymmetry amongst stakeholders through a tamper-proof, BIM-enabled Common Data Environment (CDE). The proposed framework is validated with qualitative analysis of information obtained based on AEC industry procurement workflows
On-time delivery of documentation and contracts has been recognized as a crucial requirement for the successful delivery of projects. However, the construction industry still depends on time-consuming traditional contract processes, which negatively affect the overall productivity of projects in the industry. The use of Smart Contracts (SCs) is highlighted as a suitable novel technology to expedite the contract processes and establish a reliable payment environment in the construction industry. Whilst there has been an increase in the debate about the use of SCs in construction in recent years, their use in practice still seems to be in its infancy. As such, the topic will benefit from a thorough review of benefits, drivers, barriers and strategies that can enhance the implementation of SCs in construction. This article presents the key findings from a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) on SCs in the construction industry, critically assessing existing studies on the topic. The study initially involved 171 research papers for the SLR process, and out of that 49 research papers were filtered for further analysis after reading their abstracts. A total of 30 papers were finally filtered after the full-text reading for the SLR. Descriptive and content analysis were used to analyse the full-text findings. The study graphically mapped the bibliographic materials by using the Visualization of Similarities (VoS) Viewer software. As per the findings, the topic has mostly been researched in Asia and the Pacific as a region and China as a country. It was noted that there were more empirical articles than theoretical studies related to SCs, evidencing the industry relevance of the issue. A total of 55% of the articles reviewed have been published in journals with a Q1 ranking. All the articles were written by multiple authors, with 30% of the journal articles having international co-authors and benefitting from the collaboration between authors. Key advantages identified in the literature go beyond contract and payment provisions and include aspects such as logistic handling, decentralized applications, business process management, automated payments, etc. Key drivers for adoption are supply chain pressure, competitive pressure, top management support, simple layout, reduction in risks of clients, clarity in responsibility and risk allocation, whereas the key barriers include insecurity, limited observability, incompatibility, inactive government collaboration and limited storage capacity. Key strategies to enhance the application of SC in construction include integrating theorems proving symbolic execution, using the selective transparency method and lock fund system, testing the integration of SCs with other systems at the initial stage, incorporating semi-automated consensus mechanisms for payments, constructing a mechanism to actively engage with government bodies, etc.
Abstract Building Information Modeling (BIM) provides an excellent opportunity to digitally document and visually display construction projects’ information throughout their whole lifecycle. Another recent technology that fosters the digital transformation of the construction sector is blockchain-based smart contract. In combination with BIM models, such smart contract can be used for delivery, acceptance, and payment (DAP) process automation in the construction industry. The DAP process can be modelled by using smart contracts and securely stored via a blockchain. Since smart contracts are programming codes, for stakeholders it is difficult to understand what is exactly written in them. Therefore, it is necessary to visualize the state and executed transactions of the deployed smart contracts. In this paper, a framework is highlighted to record and visualize the status of the DAP processes by combining BIM with smart contracts using the Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN) to develop a smart contract system. With the help of suitable visualization concepts, the individual transactions of the blockchain can be displayed in a comprehensible way. The feasibility of the framework is presented through an illustrative implementation of the smart contract system. The proposed framework can help project participants better understand the current state of a smart contract.
The present study uses a bibliometric and systematic literature review (SLR) to examine the use of Building Information Modeling (BIM), the Internet of Things (IoT), and Digital Twins (DT) in the construction industry. The network visualization and other approaches based on the Web of Science (WOS) database and the patterns of research interactions were explored in 1879 academic publications using co-occurrence and co-citation investigations. Significant publications, conferences, influential authors, countries, organizations, and funding agencies have been recognized. Our study demonstrates that BIM, IoT, and DT in construction, Heritage BIM (HBIM), Smart Contracts, BIM, and Ontology, and VR and AR in BIM and DT are the main study themes. Finally, several prospective areas for future study are identified, including BIM and Metaverse technology, BIM and Artificial Intelligence (AI), Metaheuristic algorithms for optimization purposes in BIM, and the Circular Economy with BIM and IoT.
Purpose BIM research to date has in general zeroed in on featuring the significance of BIM-enabled integration and collaboration (BIMIC) rather than giving exact proof of its occurrence. Accordingly, this research quantitatively explored the determinants of BIMIC in South Africa. Design/methodology/approach This research conceptualized a four-pillar model of BIM-enabled integration and collaboration. The speculations in the model were examined using SEM-MLE. Findings The aftereffects of the SEM-MLE demonstrated that network communication, knowledge sharing, and transfer, information sharing and exchange and trust-based relationships are critical determinants of BIMIC. The model's prescient power demonstrates an acceptable validity, and the boundary gauges showed that all the hypotheses were measurably huge. Research limitations/implications This research gives a hypothetical premise for further investigation of BIMIC by supporting the postulations on the occurrence of collaboration and integrations among the BIM-SCM. Practical implications The idea investigated involving SEM in this research gives a holistic view to the BIM managers in arranging BIM-based activities and overseeing BIM cycles and supply chain members. It likewise offers rules and structures for accomplishing and overseeing integration and collaboration among the BIM supply chain members. Originality/value Despite 20 years of exploration on the BIM concept and adoption, no idea has been given to clarify the determinants of integration and collaboration as a BIM cycle. The four-pillar model of BIMIC created and tested in this research clarified BIMIC and contributed a new model to the current literature on the BIM process.