Blockchain Papers

Gabriela Mariutac, Claudiu Brândaș, Otniel Didraga, Mihai Plesa

The voluntary carbon market (VCM) has faced sustained legitimacy stress since 2023, when peer-reviewed work found that fewer than one in six issued credits represented a real emission reduction. In parallel, tokenisation through Web3 protocols, decentralised autonomous organisations (DAOs), and regenerative finance (ReFi) infrastructures introduced new participants interacting with incumbent registries without a shared coordination framework. Existing scholarship examines commons governance, complex system governance (CSG), and tokenised carbon markets largely in isolation; the gap addressed here is the absence of an integrated system-of-systems (SoS) governance treatment of the tokenised VCM. This study develops and empirically applies a polycentric SoS governance framework for the tokenised VCM, structured around four research questions and five foundational contributions. We treat the tokenised VCM as an SoS that is polycentric in configuration but not by design, and develop a system-of-systems engineering (SoSE) governance reading of it. We reformulate Ostrom’s eight design principles as SoS governance criteria for digital–physical hybrid commons, map each to CSG metasystem functions, and apply the framework to four cases: KlimaDAO, Toucan Protocol, Regen Network, and the post-2023 Verra reforms. Qualitative coding is complemented by on-chain and Base Carbon Tonne spot-price evidence from October 2021 to December 2025. Disclosure by an analytical intermediary acted on the SoS roughly seven weeks before formal regulatory action and was associated with about 90% of the observed bridging slowdown, interpreted descriptively rather than causally. We derive an eight-item reform agenda, six DAO–registry interface specifications, and a five-level governance maturity rubric.

Hongpu Yang

This document establishes the ontological status of mathematics within the Energy-Efficiency Theory (EET) framework. Mathematics is not an independent reality standing alongside the physical world, not a pure mental construction, not an arbitrary symbolic game, not an eternal Platonic entity. Mathematics is the \textbf{structural space} within the Rule-Causal domain --- a sub-model generated by the application of the modeling rules (causality, logic, the seven operations of the Generative Grammar, MEER maximization). It constructs stably invariant formal structures under the transformational grammar provided by logic, and is continuously revised and extended in interaction with physical cognitive models. \textbf{Core Constitutional Position}: Mathematics is a sub-model generated by the modeling rules. It does not define new irreducible modeling rules; it describes the structural space that the constitutional rules of causality and logic generate. Its constitutional status is \textbf{Satellite Paper (SAT)} --- dependent on and parasitic upon the constitutional mother texts (Causality v1.7 and Logic v1.2). The Ontology of Mathematics belongs to the Cognitive Constitution. Its employment of physical-constitutional concepts (cognitive heat engine, Ben-Shi dynamics) constitutes instrumental application by a cognitive model, not constitutional dependence. \textbf{The Ultimate Engine --- Causal Arbitrage}: The pursuit of mathematical necessity is the maximal-MEER form of causal arbitrage in the virtual domain. By stipulating axioms and derivation rules (Presupposition of Cause), the cognitive system converts the high-cost, ongoing verification of physical causality into the low-cost, one-time application of symbolic consistency. Mathematical structures, once constructed, can be invoked at near-zero marginal cost to generate predictions about physical systems---the ultimate arbitrage return: temporal buffer maximized, response energy minimized. \textbf{Core Constitutional Contribution --- Completeness Feedback}: Mathematics possesses an inherent drive toward systematization. This drive leads it to systematically probe the limits of the modeling rules themselves---in consistency, completeness, decidability, and categoricity---and to feed these limits back to the rule-makers. This \textbf{Completeness Feedback} is the endogenous engine of the modeling rules' self-refinement. Mathematics is thus not merely the passive product of the modeling rules; it is the ``constitutional mirror''---the only device through which the modeling rules can see their own limitations. \textbf{Core Insight --- Rhetoric of Rupture, Operational Continuity}: What the mathematical community has historically narrated as ``crises'' were, from the constitutional perspective of the mathematics mother model, \textbf{Divides}---internal symmetric divisions that produced new structural spaces while preserving the old ones. The rupture was rhetorical; the operation was continuous. The mathematical mother model never contracts, only expands (the Principle of Elastic Expansion). \textbf{Mathematics as a Language/Symbol Protocol}: Mathematics occupies the limit endpoint of the parameter-sharing / trigger-precision trade-off (Language v1.0). It sacrifices parameter-sharing---accepting that only a tiny fraction of the population can decode its signals---to achieve near-perfect trigger precision and cross-generational transmission fidelity. Mathematical symbols are second-order externalizations: they refer not to perceptual objects but to operations on already-established distinctions. Mathematical texts are frozen operation sequences---encoded instructions for re-executing cognitive operations, not passive records of results. The decoding cost of mathematical protocol is not significantly lower than its encoding cost---mathematical knowledge cannot ``diffuse'' but must be rebuilt by each individual through the Conscious Self's active re-execution of the encoded operations. \textbf{Mathematics as a Cognitive Heat Engine}: The mathematical system operates as a cognitive heat engine (Xu-Shi v3.1) governed by the four universal laws of Ben-Shi dynamics (Ben-Shi v3.0). New axiom stipulation provides the high-Xu heat source; theorem Encapsulation is the work; encapsulated theorems form the low-Xu heat sink. The system's capacity for flexible oscillation between exploration and consolidation monotonically contracts over its lifetime (Ben-Shi Irreversibility), and its metacognitive precision decays with constraint accumulation (XQ Decay Law). Structure pathology---the accumulation of formally valid but low-MEER structures---complements the grammar pathology of logic. \textbf{Mathematical Intuition, Aesthetics, and Genius}: Platonic intuition is the phenomenological correlate of Algorithmic Submersion---Divide and Encapsulate operations hardened to invisibility through repeated successful application. Mathematical elegance is the Emotional Self's direct phenomenological readout of MEER: $\mathrm{Elegance}(P) = \text{structurally necessary conclusions} / (\text{derivation steps} \times \text{axioms and lemmas invoked})$. Mathematical genius is the precise synchronization of the Automatic Self (submerged intuitions), Emotional Self (aesthetic navigation of MEER), and Conscious Self (explicit proof audit). \textbf{Unified Resolution of Six Major Problems}:\begin{enumerate}[label=(\roman*)] \item Wigner's problem: the effectiveness of mathematics comes from joint evolution---physical and mathematical cognition share the same underlying modeling grammar and co-evolve in interaction with real space; \item Benacerraf's problem: dissolved, not resolved---mathematical cognition requires no cross-domain channel because it shares the same operational grammar with physical cognition; \item The fragmentation of foundations: set theory, category theory, and homotopy type theory are different schemes of the Presupposition of Cause, each valid within its own Root Cut boundary; \item Undecidability: the ``charter of blindspots'' of the modeling rules---the constitutional boundary of what any finite formal system can determine; \item Stratified effectiveness: the applicability of mathematics is stratified because causal compression itself is stratified; \item Platonic intuition: the first-person experience of hardened Divides---operations submerged to invisibility perceived as eternal entities.\end{enumerate} The document establishes the complete interfaces between mathematics and the EET constitutional system, articulates its own constitutional boundaries and meltdown conditions, and provides the systematic framework for understanding mathematics as both the product of the modeling rules and the driver of their self-refinement. {Keywords}: Ontology of mathematics; Rule-Causal domain; structural space; Presupposition of Cause; joint evolution; completeness feedback; causal arbitrage; Wigner's problem; MEER; virtual domain; encapsulation network; rhetoric of rupture; operational continuity; structure pathology; mathematical intuition; mathematical aesthetics; mathematical protocol; parameter-sharing / trigger-precision trade-off; frozen operation sequences; decoding cost asymmetry; elegance as cognitive operational efficiency; cognitive heat engine; Energy-Efficiency Theory

Minh Trí Phạm

Chapter 9 of the Vital Intelligence Doctrine (VID) introduces Tensegrity Architecture as a paradigm shift for organizational design. Moving away from rigid hierarchical 'pyramids,' this chapter proposes a model based on 'Discontinuous Compression and Continuous Tension.' It explores how to build self-regulating organizations using Synergetics, autonomous VID-units, and dynamic messaging matrices. By implementing these principles, leaders can create resilient, antifragile entities that operate through internal balance rather than central control. Keywords: ⁠Vital Intelligence Doctrine⁠, ⁠VID⁠, ⁠Tensegrity⁠, ⁠Synergetics⁠, ⁠Decentralized Governance⁠, ⁠Organizational Architecture⁠, ⁠Systemic Resilience⁠, ⁠Self-organizing Organizations⁠.

Contraband Jones, Travis J. Thompson

This paper introduces a systems-theoretic framework for understanding how high-coherence social structures emerge following the collapse of centralized ideological movements. Using the fragmentation of the Black Panther Party and the subsequent rise of Chicago-based organizations such as the Gangster Disciples and Black P. Stone Nation as a primary case study, the research analyzes how identity systems function as distributed governance mechanisms in high-threat environments. The paper argues that after a loss of centralized coordination capacity—accelerated in this case by external intervention such as COINTELPRO and internal organizational fragmentation—localized groups reconstruct coherence through symbolic and procedural frameworks. These identity systems, composed of geometric symbols, ritualized protocols, and codified behavioral rules (“The Literature”), act as low-cost identity verification mechanisms and enable rule-based behavioral alignment across decentralized networks. By applying a comparative systems lens, the study draws a functional analogy between these 20th-century urban dynamics and the historical nationalization of Israelite tribal identity in the ancient Near East (cf. William G. Dever). In both contexts, fragmented groups achieve large-scale coordination through the implementation of standardized identity codes, compliance signaling mechanisms (e.g., taxation/tithing), and boundary-maintaining symbolic systems. These mechanisms allow for structural persistence even in the absence of continuous centralized enforcement. The paper further develops the concept of distributed command, in which authority is embedded within the identity system itself rather than dependent on the physical presence of leadership figures such as Larry Hoover and Jeff Fort. This shift enables what is defined as Projected Threat Recursion, where adherence to system rules is maintained through internalized identity and anticipated enforcement rather than immediate coercion. To support operationalization, the study proposes a preliminary Coherence Coefficient (Cₛ) model, conceptualizing system stability as a function of alignment, response consistency, and identity strength relative to fragmentation and external distortion pressures. This model provides a foundation for analyzing resilience and failure dynamics in distributed human systems. The findings suggest that identity-mediated coordination is a persistent and scalable solution to systemic fragmentation, extending beyond historical or urban contexts. Comparable architectures are observable in decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs), digital identity networks, insurgent systems, and platform-based communities. As modern systems experience increasing fragmentation, identity-based governance structures may represent a primary adaptive pathway for achieving long-term coordination and structural persistence. This work contributes to interdisciplinary discussions in systems theory, sociology, political science, and complexity studies by reframing identity not as a cultural byproduct, but as a functional infrastructure for distributed governance under constraint.

Evan Foster

No abstract is available for this record.

Kolja Sahm, George M. Giaglis

The nomenclature of Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs) implies a capability for autonomous operation that remains theoretically undefined and empirically unverified. This paper addresses this blind spot by reframing DAO analysis through a reductionist systems engineering lens, defining autonomy strictly as a system’s capacity to achieve goals under uncertainty without external intervention. We propose a novel measurement framework adapted from robotics standards (0–5 scale) and apply it to a random sample of N= 50 DAOs. The results reveal a stark disconnect between promise and reality: the ecosystem is currently capped at agency (Level 3), with the vast majority functioning merely as automated, human-dependent systems. Through an ordered logit analysis, we demonstrate that while architectural design choices, specifically regarding governance formalization and oracle integration, drive lower-level automation, the probabilistic reasoning required for high autonomy is statistically absent. We conclude that until the technical barriers to artificial intelligence integration are overcome, the ecosystem will remain “DAOs in Name Only,” failing to fulfill the autonomous promise of their title.

Oliver Alexy, Oliver Baumann, Ying-Ying Hsieh, Giorgia Sampó

Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs) represent a radical form of socio-technical systems, where rules are enforced by code and governance is conducted by a distributed network of stakeholders. A critical challenge in designing these systems is achieving consensus without centralized authority, yet how consensus ensures effective governance remains underexplored. This study investigates the design of DAO governance systems, utilizing data from 70 DAOs and applying Fuzzy Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) to explore which consensus configurations lead to positive organizational outcomes. Our analysis challenges the notion of a single consensus model. Instead, we uncover 13 distinct configurations that characterize successful DAOs. Our key finding reveals a fundamental “ideation-legitimation trade-off”: successful DAOs optimize for broad participation in either the proposal (ideation) stage or the voting (legitimation) stage, but rarely both. These insights provide a nuanced framework for understanding and designing effective governance systems for DAOs.

Giorgia Sampó, Oliver Baumann, Marco Peressotti

Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs) integrate blockchain-based automation with novel forms of collective governance, yet research on them remains fragmented across technical and organizational silos, hindering a comprehensive understanding of DAOs as socio-technical systems. To bridge these gaps, we first conduct a systematic umbrella review of 12 prior surveys to map research themes and persistent gaps. Based on this analysis, we propose a novel, three-layer framework that explicitly links (i) technical artefacts (the infrastructure, e.g., tokens, smart contracts), (ii) governance logics (the rules, e.g., incentives, consensus mechanisms), and (iii) organizational manifestations (the outcomes, e.g., proposals, votes). By making cross-layer dependencies explicit, the framework enables more holistic theorizing, supports comparative empirical work, and provides a diagnostic tool for practitioners dealing with design trade-offs between decentralization, efficiency, and participation.

Tan Gürpinar, Mehmet Akif Gulum

Global supply chains face increasing disruptions from cyber threats, geopolitical instability, extreme weather events, and a range of economic, social, and environmental sustainability challenges. As these disruptions intensify, enhancing Supply Chain Resilience (SCR) has become a strategic priority. This study investigates how Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) can contribute to SCR by mitigating vulnerabilities and strengthening key capabilities within global supply chains. A qualitative research approach is employed, utilizing expert evaluations to examine DLT’s impact on supply chain vulnerabilities and capabilities. Five workshops were conducted with 25 industry professionals from logistics, IT, procurement, and risk management. Experts examined how DLT could address disruptions stemming from supplier instability, poor traceability, and regulatory and environmental pressures, while highlighting its potential to drive ethical sourcing and environmentally responsible practices. The structured discussions were guided by theoretical frameworks and expert evaluations were synthesized into two analytical matrices illustrating DLT’s influence on SCR. The findings reveal that the contribution of DLT to SCR and sustainability is highly context-dependent, with its effectiveness hinging on how it is embedded within governance structures and aligned with the interplay of complementary technologies. Building on these insights, the study presents the DLT-LFL (Distributed Ledger Technology–Learning Feedback Loop) framework, which integrates sensing, decision-making, adaptation, and predictive learning from distributed operational data, allowing supply chains to better anticipate disruptions, adjust processes dynamically, and continuously strengthen resilience and sustainable practices. The study also develops a practical checklist to assess how effective DLT applications and their integration with predictive and AI-driven analytics reduce vulnerabilities, strengthen capabilities, mitigate risks, and support adaptive decision-making.

Hasan Heydari, Alysson Bessani, Kartik Nayak

Existing distributed ledger protocols either incur a high communication complexity and are thus suited to systems with a small number of processes (e.g., PBFT), or rely on committee-sampling-based approaches that only work for a very large number of processes (e.g., Algorand). Neither of these lines of work is well-suited for moderate-scale distributed ledgers ranging from a few hundred to a thousand processes, which are common in production (e.g, Redbelly, Sui). The goal of this work is to design a distributed ledger with sub-linear communication complexity per process, sub-quadratic total communication complexity, and low latency for finalizing a block into the ledger, such that it can be used for moderate-scale systems. We propose QScale, a protocol in which every process incurs only $\widetilde{O}(κ\sqrt{n})$ communication complexity per-block in expectation, $\widetilde{O}(nκ)$ total communication complexity per-block in expectation, and a best-case latency of $O(κ)$ rounds while ensuring safety and liveness with overwhelming probability, with $κ$ being a small security parameter.

Jacqueiine Fendt

How do breakthroughs emerge in unpredictable environments? This paper develops a unified framework for systemic innovation by integrating eight key concepts: exaptation, serendipity, emergence, co-optation, bricolage, affordances, recombinant innovation, and effectuation. By synthesizing insights from complexity science, sociology, and entrepreneurship, we reveal how creativity flourishes when innovators repurpose existing elements, harness uncertainty, and leverage unexpected affordances. Unlike conventional models that emphasize structured problem-solving, this framework captures the nonlinear, adaptive, and systemic nature of creativity in innovation ecosystems. We illustrate its applicability across diverse cases—from the exaptation of mRNA vaccines to the recombinant innovation of AI-driven drug discovery, the co-optation of gig work by tech giants, and the emergence of decentralized finance. Our findings suggest that transformative creativity is not a solitary act, but an emergent systems-level process shaped by adaptive recombination and strategic improvisation. By shifting the focus from predictive planning to creative adaptation, this study provides a novel roadmap for navigating uncertainty and fostering systemic change. It offers both scholars and practitioners an actionable lens to harness creativity, unlock latent affordances, and scale innovation in complex environments.

Christian Schröder

This paper uses the concept of transpoiesis to describe the mechanisms that sustain social movements. Emerging from ethnographic research on the World Social Forum (WSF) and inspired by systems theory, transpoiesis emphasizes the dynamic balance within social movements between decentralized organization and strategic coherence. This differentiates it from autopoiesis, which focuses on self-sustaining systems that maintain and reproduce their structure autonomously through internal processes, rather than emphasizing the dynamic balance between decentralized organization and strategic coherence. Transpoiesis offers a particularly instructive model in the digital age, when classical explanations often fail to account for the rapid pace of change, innovation, flexibility and decentralized collaboration that characterize modern organizations. The concept aids in understanding how social movements build collective identities, navigate organizational dynamics, structure collective learning, and contribute to social change. Moreover, it reflects the broader shift toward network-based arrangements in contemporary organizations, an adaptation to the complexities of the digital environment.

Guillaume Roels, Ludo Van der Heyden

No abstract is available for this record.

Nina-Birte Schirrmacher, Johannes Rude Jensen, Michel Avital, Omri Ross

Accountability is crucial for the success of organized social enterprises. In centralized organizations, hierarchical structures clearly define accountability. However, in decentralized organizations, which rely on technology for collaboration, accountability can be ambiguous because, in many cases, these organizations lack centralized planning, have no formally-identified leadership, and allow members to leave without obvious consequences. This study examines how decentralized organizations, specifically decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs), enact accountability. We conducted a theory-building study using digital data from a DAO to explore the enacted accountability mechanisms. The findings revealed two main approaches. First, iterative public governance forums provide “soft” accountability, fostering answerability over time. Second, these forums often lead to “hard” accountability, where binary voting via digital tokens allows for immediate sanctioning when deemed appropriate by members. These insights advance knowledge on accountability in decentralized organizations, which constitute a fast-growing sector of technology-dependent work environments.

Hossein Hosseinalibeiki, Majid Heidari

The United Nations’ sustainable development goals (SDGs) present a global challenge that demands innovative solutions. Combining emerging technologies can be a transformative approach to achieving these goals and overcoming associated challenges. Blockchain provides a secure and transparent platform, while big data and data mining enable the analysis of vast datasets to identify critical areas and measure progress. Additionally, blockchain facilitates secure knowledge exchange among stakeholders through knowledge sharing and management. Recent research demonstrates the effectiveness of blockchain in implementing SDGs. Our study explores the benefits of various technologies and proposes a hybrid model based on Ethereum. This model leverages additional technologies to enhance performance, increase transparency, and reduce gas fees. This combination empowers informed decision-making and accelerates progress towards a sustainable future.

Lukas Weidener, Konrad Greilich, Mark Melnykowycz

To solve some of the challenges of traditional science, such as restricted access to funding, centralized governance, and siloed knowledge dissemination, decentralized science (DeSci) has emerged as a transformative approach facilitated by blockchain technology, Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs), and Web3. However, the emerging field of DeSci, faces several challenges, such as the absence of an organizational framework to describe its inherent complexities. This study introduces the Decentralized Science Pyramid Framework (DSPF), an innovative adaptation of Mintzberg’s organizational structure, adapted to the unique demands and properties of DeSci. The DSPF delineates a structured model for DeSci projects that integrates technology, governance, community engagement, and application within a decentralized context. Through the introduction of the DSPF, this research highlights the operational dynamics of DeSci, focusing on the practical application of Mintzberg’s theories to address real-world scientific challenges. The case study of VitaDAO, a decentralized autonomous organization exemplifying the core principles of DeSci, demonstrates the practical applicability of the DSPF. This study not only advances the academic discourse on DeSci but also offers practical insights for practitioners, innovators, and policymakers, marking a substantial step toward realizing the full potential of decentralized science.

E. A. Van Der Heijden, B.C. van Mierlo, Stan Majoor, Pieter J. Beers

Abstract Conflict lies at the core of urban sustainability transitions and the indispensable structural changes that accompany them. In this chapter we examine the RESILIO project, a multi-actor collaboration in Amsterdam aiming to transition towards a 'climate proof' city through smart water retention systems on urban roofs. The focus is on the conflict that emerged during discussions about controlling the smart valves on the rooftops which are designed to prevent urban flooding. Using a discourse analytical framework, the study analyses participant interactions, conflicting positions, and discursive strategies employed by the partners involved in the initiative. Participants utilised several discursive strategies, including identity, stake, and accountability management, to manage their positions in the conflict and influence the discourse. The study highlights the challenges of addressing conflict that involves redefining accountability and responsibility between public and private actors in the collaborative setting of transition initiatives. By doing so the findings contribute to a deeper understanding of how conflict can shape learning processes and foster sustainable urban transitions.

Alberto Partida, Saki Gerassis, Regino Criado, Miguel Romance · 6 authors

In this article, we model the two most market-capitalised public, open and permissionless blockchain implementations, Bitcoin (BTC) and Ethereum (ETH), as a System of Systems (SoS) of public blockchains. We study the concepts of blockchain, BTC, ETH, complex networks, SoS Engineering and intentional risk. We analyse BTC and ETH from an open SoS perspective through the main properties that seminal System of Systems Engineering (SoSE) references propose. This article demonstrates that these public blockchain implementations create networks that grow in complexity and connect with each other. We propose a methodology based on a complexity management lever such as SoSE to better understand public blockchains such as BTC and ETH and manage their evolution. Our ultimate objective is to improve the resilience of public blockchains against intentional risk: a key requirement for their mass adoption. We conclude with specific measures, based on this novel systems engineering approach, to effectively improve the resilience against intentional risk of the open SoS of public blockchains, composed of a non-inflationary money system, “sound money”, such as BTC, and of a world financial computer system, “a financial conduit”, such as ETH. The goal of this paper is to formulate a SoS that transfers digital value and aspires to position itself as a distributed alternative to the fiat currency-based financial system.

Ulrich Schmitt

The predicted embracing of thriving knowledge societies is increasingly compromised by threatening perceptions of information overload and attention poverty, opportunity divides and career uncertainties. By integrating system dynamics, discrete-event, and agent-based modeling, this paper traces the roots of these symptoms back to their causes of information entropy and structural holes, invisible private and undiscoverable public knowledge which together characterize the sad state of our current knowledge management (KM) and creation practices. Looking forward, it proposes a decentralized generative KM approach that prioritizes the capacity development of autonomous individual knowledge workers not at the expense but as a viable means to foster a fruitful co-evolution with traditional organizational KM systems. As part of an ongoing design science research and prototyping project, this systems thinking and hybrid model perspective complements a succession of prior multidisciplinary publications on the subject.

Davide Lasi, Lukas Saul

The mining of bitcoin is modeled using a system dynamics model that represents both the mechanism of coin creation and the adjustment of the network hash rate based on the economic incentive of mining. The results show that the past evolution of the network hash rate can be explained, to a large extent, by an efficient market hypothesis applied to the mining of blocks. The possibility of a decreasing trend in the network hash rate from the halving event of May 2020 is exposed, implying that the network may be close to ’peak hash’ if the price of bitcoin and the revenues from transaction fees will be insufficient to cover the operational expenditures of mining.

Jyoti Satpathy, Banita Mallik, Suruchi Gorg

Neuroscience and managerial-sciences have witnessed tremendous advance since turn of this Century. Making neuronal-directed neurostrategy-based judgements is a complex management action. Hominids share designed structural sphere and project stimulus on neurostrategy-based judgement processes. Neuroscience, along with cognito-management, has made unprecedented insights into human brain and nature. Fissures amongst judiciousness-based scrutiny adopt proxies and anthropological comportment in shepherding behavioural exploration on neurostrategy-based judgement making. Business actors, models and axioms of management tend to focus on either competences of business ‘actors’ or resources of organisation. Actor’s neurostrategy-based judgement dynamics has extended from behaviourist approach to cognitive that focuses on processes prior to response. ‘Deciding to Decide’, ‘Preferring to Prefer’, ‘Deciding to Prefer’ and ‘Preferring to Decide’ are four ‘bordered boundaries’ where business actor has to arrive at an optimal neurostrategy-based judgement. Managers (‘Actors’) contract high uncertainty, ambiguity, time pressure and emotional stress. Neural mechanisms of neurostrategy-based judgement making require integration of evidence over time until a response threshold is reached. Cognito-management investigates neurostrategy-based judgement making by using ‘cognito-tactical monikers’ (CTM) to investigate how brain behaves in circuit of higher cognitive functions. This has transitioned from mapping confined effects to evolving extrapolative models that assimilate data scattered across brain structures. In a progressively complex management milieu, managers struggle between tactical arrangements and precise methods to gauge degree of accomplishment of predetermined goals. Neurostrategy-based judgement-oriented planning assists as ‘catalyst’ in terms of cognitive behaviours. There is need to understand neurobiological ‘drivers’ for investigating underlying neurocomputational formulation mechanisms of neurostrategy-based judgement processes that underlie neurostrategy-based judgement making. These are skills to meet new age challenges. In this, scope is to understand how managerial traits mapping divulge behavioural insight. The factual lateral lies on analysis of available verifiable, reliable and significant information, filtering and sieving of available information and accessing expressive information. This is supplemented by actions of neuron cells to further process interactive-oriented actions. Managers’ generally count on heuristics in an air of improbability. In real world, encountered with multifaceted choice circumstances, managerial judgements surface from complex, complicated, cognitively demanding and intertwined set of data and information. Perceptive procedures are principal ‘drivers’ to calculate diverse optimal alternatives to grasp a judgement. Skin owns power-driven chattels (‘skin conductance’) that transform on relatively short time gauge of minutes allied to psycho-neurostrategy-based judgemental techniques. As a representation for neural action, transdisciplinary ‘skin-conductance driver’ aid merger of all neurostrategy-based judgement-related aspects. This ‘driver’ noise for ‘agent-oriented’ sculpting and psycho-managerial investigation efforts. Imaging tools have motivated neuromanagerial ‘skin-conductance driver’ of internal order of neurostrategy-based judgement making. ‘Skin-conductance driver’ exhibits potential for fundamental changes in how ‘Smart Managers’ contemplate, perceive and archetype judgement. Through ‘skin-conductance driver’, skin absorbs data, recognises and edges problematical ‘business climate’ towards suitable responses. ‘Smart Managers’ decide on judgements that represent ‘conflicting principles’. Question is how ‘Smart Managers’ makes judgements in a climate of vicissitudes in skin conductance. How judgements are carried out in skin of ‘Smart Managers’? Curiosity is on possibilities, philosophies, behaviours and stratagems that ‘Smart Managers’ uses to make judgements. How do portions of ‘Smart Managers’ skin administer judgement crafting, synchronise and engross in tactical explanation while deciding? There are unsolved problems in ‘skin geometry’ where neuromanagement seeks to explain ‘behaviour shapes’ (coherent ‘skin geometry’) towards neurostrategy-based judgement crafting? This experimental paper aims at exploring prospects and challenges in significant role of ‘neuronics’ in prototyping managerial neurostrategy-based judgements. Points of focus are on driving ‘information-agents’ and ‘information-elements’. What neuronal-strategic choices underpin neurostrategy-based judgements? Does systemic analysis reveal neuronal factors that contribute to explain effective mapping of neurostrategy-based judgements? In a quasi-experiment, a set of Managers were chosen and subject to information based neurostrategy-based judgement mapping. Results indicate that ‘information-agents’ and ‘information-elements’ do have a positive influence on neurostrategy-based judgement edifice of neurostrategy-based judgement prototyping. This paper attempts to analyse approaches to behavioural thinking in neuroscientific philosophy of biology experiments. CTM techniques explain neural basis of neurostrategy-based judgement making and endeavours to reconnoiter ‘skin-geometry’ phenomenon to screen theoretic contexts and empirical methods for appreciating heterogeneity of neurostrategy-based judgement circuit. Objective is to screen theoretic and empirical contexts in neuro-dermatological ‘skin geometry’ framework of ‘neurostrategy-based judgement circuit’. Methodology includes data collection was via single-phase process. For clinical tests, one (01) volunteer respondent (single-subject; N = 01) was chosen. Purpose is to assess that ‘skin geometry’ have stimulus on managers’ choice. Focus is on comparing neuro-dermatological observations to replicate philosophy of biology in research. Results demonstrate indications for spontaneous counterfactual replication in province of high-level reasoning. Major finding is that manager attempts to address a neuro-dermatological circuit using ‘skin geometry’ medium. Paper discusses findings and future directions to guide biology in neurostrategy-based judgement neuroscience via neuronal apparatus. Research offers ‘Golden Anchorage’ of neuro-locking of skin and neurostrategy-based judgement making dynamics to appreciate how ‘Smart Managers’ make judgements to neurostrategy-based judgemental questions.

Antti Majakivi

The research focuses on identifying Bitcoin ecosystem factors and modeling a causal loop diagram of the complete ecosystem. Bitcoin is a complex social, economical and technical system and a brand. Defining Bitcoin is very hard or even impossible, as it is a peer-to-peer phenomenon without central authority or formal definition. System dynamics methods are used to create a causal loop diagram of the Bitcoin ecosystem. Semi-structured expert interviews are used to improve and validate the CLD model and to gain insight about what is Bitcoin, why and how it works and generally about factors related to Bitcoin. Results, in addition to the CLD model, show that Bitcoin is a complex phenomenon without definition and with loads of subjective opinions about what it really is.

Shreekanth M. Prabhu, K. N. Balasubramanya Murthy, Subramanyam Natarajan

The idea of Balanced Development is to ensure equitable distribution of necessities of life and creation of productive remunerative employment across society. Balanced development is a prerequisite for sustainable economic growth and shared prosperity. To facilitate this challenging task, we have proposed an Ontology-based Tantra Social Information Management Framework that can help set goals, design and evaluate interventions, define and monitor relevant metrics in an ongoing basis. Tantra Framework represents social information using ideas from Zachman Framework and concepts from Unified Foundational Ontology. Tantra Framework inter-operates with well-regarded models. Balanced Scorecard is used to define development objectives. Bartels’ Theory of Separations is used to identify barriers to access, consumption and profitable participation. Theory of Change process is used to arrive at right intervention. Distributed Ledgers are proposed to handle Change Management. A Social Information Management Process is proposed to keep the framework populated, complete and current. Tantra Framework can lead to broader Digital Governance Framework with strong cognizance of Social dimension. The paper explains how Tantra Framework can be used to realize Economic Development in Indian context.

Helen Toxopeus

The importance of transitioning to a sustainable economy - one which safeguards ecological life-support systems and provides equity within and between generations - has become increasingly urgent. A crucial ingredient of such a transition is sustainable innovation by new or existing enterprises, to develop business activities that realize both societal and financial value. However, obtaining finance for sustainable innovation is often a challenge due to both principal-agent and (double) externality problems. While society benefits from investments into sustainable innovation, the – financial and societal - return for individual financiers is highly insecure. 
\nThis dissertation explores how to enable finance for sustainable innovation, with a focus on banks and crowdfunding platforms. It makes use of two theoretical lenses. First, it studies how to overcome principal-agent problems through different lending technologies. Second, and more novel, it takes a collective action perspective to address the double externality problem embodied in sustainable innovation finance. This research fills a gap because there exist empirically well-defined mechanisms for solving collective action problems that have not yet been applied to the finance domain. Furthermore, the dynamics of collective action appear particularly relevant in the emergence of technologically driven, decentralized financial instruments like crowdfunding. 
\nThis dissertation draws conclusions regarding the role of relationships, cash flows and assets as enablers of sustainable innovation finance, as well as regarding motivations of crowdfunders to undertake such investments. It highlights the challenge of enabling sustainable innovation finance while guarding the quality of the investment decisions in line with the motivation of the financier.