Blockchain Papers

Sirojev Muhriddin Ramazonov Iftixor

Ushbu maqolada cloud computing muhitida ta'lim muassasalarining maxfiy ma'lumotlarini himoya qilishda encryption (shifrlash) texnologiyasini qo'llash masalalari ko'rib chiqilgan. Zamonaviy ta'lim tizimlarida raqamlashtirishning jadal rivojlanishi axborot xavfsizligiga yangi talablar qo'ymoqda. Tadqiqotda AES, RSA, ECC kabi simmetrik va asimmetrik shifrlash algoritmlari tahlil qilingan, ularning ta'lim platformalarida qo'llanilishi, samaradorligi va cheklovlari o'rganilgan. Shuningdek, end-to-end encryption, zero-knowledge proof va post-kvant kriptografiya kabi ilg'or yondashuvlar ko'rib chiqilgan. Tadqiqot natijalari shuni ko'rsatadiki, to'g'ri tanlangan va tatbiq etilgan shifrlash tizimi ta'lim muassasalarining ma'lumotlar xavfsizligini 97% gacha ta'minlashi mumkin. Maqola dasturchilar, ta'lim texnologiyalari mutaxassislari va axborot xavfsizligi sohasidagi tadqiqotchilar uchun amaliy ahamiyat kasb etadi.

G'oyibnazarova Aziza Abdullo qizi

Mazkur ilmiy tezisda blokcheyn texnologiyasining xavfsizlik jihatlari, ayniqsa markazlashmagan tarmoqlarda yuzaga keladigan asosiy tahdidlar va ularni bartaraf etish usullari tahlil qilinadi. Tadqiqot davomida 51% hujumi, Sybil hujumi, Double Spending, smart-kontrakt zaifliklari, kriptografik kalitlar bilan bog'liq muammolar hamda DDoS hujumlarining blokcheyn infratuzilmasiga ta'siri o'rganildi. Shuningdek, Proof-of-Work, Proof-of-Stake, Multi-signature, shifrlash algoritmlari va audit mexanizmlarining xavfsizlikni ta'minlashdagi roli ilmiy manbalar asosida tahlil qilindi. Tadqiqot natijalari blokcheyn texnologiyasining yuqori darajadagi himoya imkoniyatlariga ega ekanligini ko'rsatsa-da, inson omili va dasturiy zaifliklar sababli xavfsizlikka tahdidlar saqlanib qolayotganini ko'rsatadi.

Toshniyozov Sherali Kamoliddinovich

Annotatsiya.Ushbu maqolada blockchain texnologiyasining moliyaviy tranzaksiyalarni nazorat qilishdagi arxitekturaviy imkoniyatlari IMRAD metodologiyasi doirasida tahlil qilinadi. Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT), smart-kontraktlar va kriptografik audit izlarining moliyaviy nazorat tizimiga integratsiyasi nazariy va empirik jihatdan asoslantirilgan. Yettita konsensus algoritmi (PoW, PoS, PBFT, DPoS, PoA, Raft) moliyaviy sektor uchun qiyosiy baholangan. An’anaviy va blockchain asosidagi nazorat tizimlarining olti o‘lchamda qiyosiy tahlili o‘tkazildi. ISO 31000:2018 asosida yettita asosiy risk (R₁–R₇) baholandi. Estoniya, Dubay, Singapur, JPMorgan, Braziliya va O‘zbekiston misolida xalqaro tajriba sintezi amalga oshirildi. Samaradorlik tahlili shuni ko‘rsatadiki, blockchain asosidagi nazorat tizimi tranzaksiya narxini 40–60%, operatsiya vaqtini 60–70%, xatoliklar sonini 80–90% va audit jarayonini 50–60% qisqartirishi mumkin. O‘zbekiston uchun Hyperledger Fabric + PBFT/PoA konsensus asosidagi ruxsatli blockchain modeli tavsiya etiladi. Kalit so‘zlar: blockchain, distributed ledger technology (DLT), smart-kontrakt, konsensus algoritmi, kriptografik audit izi, moliyaviy nazorat, zero-knowledge proof, CBDC, Hyperledger Fabric, O‘zbekiston raqamli moliyasi. Аннотация. В данной статье в рамках методологии IMRAD анализируются архитектурные возможности технологии блокчейн в сфере контроля финансовых транзакций. Теоретически и эмпирически обоснована интеграция технологии распределенного реестра (DLT), смарт-контрактов и криптографических аудиторских следов в систему финансового контроля. Проведена сравнительная оценка семи алгоритмов консенсуса (PoW, PoS, PBFT, DPoS, PoA, Raft) для финансового сектора. Осуществлен сравнительный анализ традиционных и основанных на блокчейне систем контроля по шести параметрам. На основе стандарта ISO 31000:2018 оценены семь ключевых рисков (R1-R7). Выполнен синтез международного опыта на примере Эстонии, Дубая, Сингапура, JPMorgan, Бразилии и Узбекистана. Анализ эффективности показывает, что система контроля на основе блокчейна может сократить стоимость транзакций на 40-60%, время операций - на 60-70%, количество ошибок - на 80-90% и длительность аудита - на 50-60%. Для Узбекистана рекомендуется модель разрешенного блокчейна на базе Hyperledger Fabric с консенсусом PBFT/PoA. Ключевые слова: блокчейн, технология распределенного реестра (DLT), смарт-контракт, алгоритм консенсуса, криптографический аудиторский след, финансовый контроль, доказательство с нулевым разглашением, CBDC, Hyperledger Fabric, цифровые финансы Узбекистана. Abstract. This article analyzes the architectural capabilities of blockchain technology in monitoring financial transactions, utilizing the IMRAD methodology. It provides theoretical and empirical justification for integrating Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT), smart contracts, and cryptographic audit trails into financial monitoring systems. Seven consensus algorithms (PoW, PoS, PBFT, DPoS, PoA, Raft) are comparatively evaluated for their suitability in the financial sector. A comparative analysis of traditional and blockchain-based monitoring systems is conducted across six dimensions. Seven key risks (R1-R7) are assessed in accordance with ISO 31000:2018. A synthesis of international experience is presented, drawing on case studies from Estonia, Dubai, Singapore, JPMorgan, Brazil, and Uzbekistan. The efficiency analysis indicates that a blockchain-based monitoring system can reduce transaction costs by 40-60%, operational time by 60-70%, error rates by 80-90%, and audit process duration by 50-60%. For Uzbekistan, a permissioned blockchain model based on Hyperledger Fabric, utilizing a PBFT or PoA consensus algorithm, is recommended. Keywords: blockchain, distributed ledger technology (DLT), smart contract, consensus algorithm, cryptographic audit trail, financial monitoring, zero-knowledge proof, CBDC, Hyperledger Fabric, Uzbekistan digital finance.

Vladlen D. Afonin, Sergey Zapechnikov

В статье рассматривается проблема применимости отечественных криптографических алгоритмов в современных системах доказательств с нулевым разглашением (zero-knowledge proofs, ZKP), которые находят широкое применение в блокчейнах, цифровой идентификации, медицинских и биометрических системах, а также в задачах машинного обучения и защиты конфиденциальных данных. Особое внимание уделено использованию алгоритма хэширования ГОСТ 34.11-2018 «Стрибог» в качестве случайного оракула в протоколах доказательств, где этот компонент играет ключевую роль для обеспечения корректности и безопасности вычислений. В работе проводится краткий обзор современных парадигм построения систем доказательства выполнения произвольных вычислений. В качестве объекта анализа выбран постквантовый протокол FRI, который активно применяется в агрегируемых ZKP-системах и опирается на использование хэш-функций для построения деревьев Меркля и генерации случайных элементов поля. Авторами реализована экспериментальная версия протокола FRI на языке Python с возможностью замены криптографических примитивов и проведения замеров производительности. В рамках эксперимента стандартные хэш-функции семейства Keccak были заменены на «Стрибог», что позволило провести сравнение времени работы протокола. Результаты показали, что использование ГОСТ 34.11-2018 приводит к замедлению генерации доказательства примерно в два раза, однако такое снижение производительности не является критичным для приложений, где ключевым фактором выступает соответствие национальным стандартам и регуляторным требованиям. Сделан вывод о принципиальной возможности применения алгоритма «Стрибог» в ZKP-протоколах и обозначены направления дальнейшей оптимизации его использования, включая аппаратные ускорения и адаптацию к современным моделям построения хэш-губок.

O. Yu. Averkov, Alexandr Kuznetsov, I.V. Lysytska

Relevance: Starting with the invention of the Internet, the world began to change rapidly, and the pace of change is increasing, so the problem of data storage and processing is becoming more and more relevant. The ZK-STARK protocol is a new cryptographic zero-knowledge proof protocol that is not yet widely used in practice and allows you to check a message or a transaction on the blockchain network for authenticity without reproducing it completely. At the moment, gaps and problems related to this protocol are identified: computational complexity, possible poor compatibility with other protocols, and resistance to attacks from quantum computers. Therefore, the paper aims to supplement the coverage of the problem associated with computational complexity and to propose solutions to this problem. Purpose: on the basis of the theoretical implementation of the first stage named Arithmetization of the ZK-STARK protocol, to test its software implementation in order to provide recommendations on its most computationally efficient version. Research methods: mathematical statements on interpolation theory, group theory, number theory; information on Fibonacci numbers; information on the Euler function; generating element of a group; cyclic groups; Lagrange interpolation polynomial and the sequence of calculations of Arithmetization; Visual Studio 2022 programming environment, C++ programming language, NTL library, Microsoft Excel. Results of work: The result of the work is the theoretical implementation of the first stage of the ZK-STARK protocol and the effectiveness testing of the first stage, and providing recommendations for its most effective version. Conclusion: Testing has shown that the practical implementation of the Arithmetization based on the inverse fast Fourier transform has a time complexity , that is in times less than the time complexity of the Arithmetization based on inverse matrices method and Gaussian method for interpolation, that speeds up the work of Arithmetization of the ZK-STARK protocol.

Yu. Kryvenko

Кривенко Ю

Ernazar Reypnazarov, Halimjon Khujamatov, Debasis Das, Doston Khasanov · 6 authors

The rapid growth of wireless communication technologies has led to an exponential increase in the demand for spectrum resources. Spectrum management, the process of allocation and control of limited radio frequency spectrum, is critical to the efficient and equitable distribution of this scarce resource. However, traditional methods of spectrum management face many problems, including inefficiency, lack of transparency and proneness to fraud. In recent years, blockchain technology has emerged as a potential solution to these problems. The emergence of smart contracts using blockchain technology has the potential to revolutionize spectrum trading and improve spectrum management practices. This paper explores the application of blockchain in spectrum management and discusses its potential to revolutionize the way spectrum resources are allocated and managed. Also, the concept of smart contracts and their application in spectrum trading are studied. It discusses the benefits of using smart contracts for transparent and efficient spectrum transactions, implementation challenges, and potential solutions. Through the use of smart contracts, a secure and decentralized market for spectrum resources can be created, facilitating dynamic and flexible allocation of spectrum.

Kuvonchbek Rakhimberdiev, Akram Ishnazarov, Oydinoy Khayitova, Otabek K Abdullayev · 5 authors

Currently, artificial intelligence technologies are rapidly entering many areas of our society. It should be said that currently several reforms are being implemented in the Republic of Uzbekistan for the development of artificial intelligence technologies. In particular, the decision of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On measures to create conditions for the rapid introduction of artificial intelligence technologies" dated February 17, 2021, No. PQ-4996 defines the main tasks in this regard. One of the most pressing issues studied by modern researchers is the issues related to the topic of digitalization of the educational process. In this article, the stages of development of artificial intelligence, and its application in the field of modern education are presented. The potential of artificial intelligence in education is also considered. At the same time, the processes of intellectual education are modeled mathematically. Algorithms of intellectual educational processes are proposed using CCN, and SHAP algorithms for organizing intellectual educational processes.Also, issues of ensuring the immutability and confidentiality of student evaluation results on distance education platforms, a strategy for ensuring the security of student test and control data using blockchain technology are presented.

Исломжон Абдуллаев

Блокчейн тақсимланган реестр технологияси (distributed ledger technology) номи билан ҳам кенг тарқалган бўлиб, ўзида турли транзакциялар ва операцияларни блоклар занжирида тарқатилган тартибда сақлайди ҳамда ушбу амалиётларни амалга оширишда учинчи тараф талаб этилмайди. Ҳозирги кунга қадар ушбу технология ўзгармас эканлиги (хавфсизлик нуқтаи назаридан), яхлитлиги ҳамда ишончлилик ҳолатларини аллақачон исботлаб улгурган. Ушбу мақолада мавжуд технологиянинг ақлли тизимлар хавфсизлиги ва ишончлилигини таъминлашда фойдаланиш ҳолатлари ўрганиб чиқилган.

A. V. Siriak, Valentina Turchyna

The problem of constructing a NIZK proof of knowledge of a multivariate polynomial’s zero is considered. A previously developed method for SNARK construction based on Quadratic Arithmetic Programs and Pinocchio protocol is adapted to solve the stated problem efficiently.

Mikhail Gorodnichev, E. G. Kukharenko, T. U. Salutina, Marina Moseva · 5 authors

Abstract This article is devoted to the development of an information system for conducting financial transactions on a cryptocurrency exchange based on blockchain technology. The paper provides a brief overview of the underlying technology, the advantages and disadvantages are identified, the design of the information system and user interface is carried out.