The rapid evolution of algorithms and Artificial Intelligence has given rise to a new category of criminal conduct that conventional criminal law fails to recognize: algorithmic crime. Unlike traditional cybercrime, algorithmic crime operates autonomously, transnationally, and often without direct human mens rea. Examples include 24/7 gambling bots that recruit victims, AI-driven ransomware that selects targets, deepfakes used for fraud, and manipulative algorithms in e-commerce and illegal online lending platforms. This article argues that Indonesiaâs cyber legal framework is structurally unprepared. First, substantively, Law No. 1 of 2024 on Electronic Information and Transactions (ITE Law) and Law No. 27 of 2022 on Personal Data Protection (PDP Law) remain anthropocentric, defining perpetrators exclusively as human or legal persons and providing no normative space for autonomous systems as subjects of law. Second, structurally, law enforcement agencies lack digital forensic capacity and are outpaced by perpetrators. Third, culturally, conventional Mutual Legal Assistance (MLA) procedures require an average of nine months, whereas data stored on foreign clouds can be deleted within seven days. Using a normative juridical method with conceptual and comparative approaches, this study identifies three fundamental crises: an ontological crisis regarding the legal subject, an epistemological crisis concerning digital evidence, and an axiological crisis in sentencing philosophy. Without comprehensive reform, Indonesia risks becoming a primary market for algorithmic crime. This article proposes a seven-point roadmap: (1) adoption of a system accountability doctrine to prosecute algorithm controllers; (2) enactment of a Digital Criminal Procedure Code enabling 72-hour takedown orders and cryptocurrency asset seizure; (3) ratification of the Budapest Convention and a reciprocal Indonesian CLOUD Act for cross-border data access; (4) establishment of a specialized Cyber Court and algorithmic auditors under the Supreme Court; (5) shifting sentencing policy from incarceration to asset forfeiture; (6) implementation of a National AI Audit System; and (7) strengthening class action mechanisms for victims. Keywords: Cyber Law, Algorithmic Crime, ITE Law, System Accountability, CLOUD Act, Digital Sovereignty.
This poster aims to increase public awareness and understanding of Minister of Finance Regulation Number 50 of 2025. It presents key information regarding the taxation of cryptocurrency transactions in Indonesia, including Value Added Tax (VAT), Final Income Tax Article 22, applicable tax rates, and tax obligations for crypto transactions. The poster is designed to communicate taxation information accessible for global audience. This work was developed as part of a collaborative educational program between the Diploma III of Taxation, University of Lampung and Scientia Hall.
Ida Bagus Mahayana Pidada, Made Aditya Pramana Putra
Blockchain-based smart contracts automate the execution of transactions through computer code, but automation alone does not determine whether the resulting arrangement is a legally binding contract. This article examines the legal status and enforceability of blockchain-based smart contracts as electronic agreements under Indonesian law and evaluates how the validity requirements in Article 1320 of the Indonesian Civil Code operate in a pseudonymous, automated, and relatively immutable technological environment. Using doctrinal legal research, the study integrates the Indonesian Civil Code, the Electronic Information and Transactions Law (EIT Law) as amended by Law No. 1 of 2024, Government Regulation No. 71 of 2019, and current financial-sector regulation, supported by comparative analysis of the UNCITRAL Model Law on Automated Contracting, the UK Law Commission's work on smart legal contracts, and relevant European regulatory design. The analysis finds that Indonesian law can recognize a blockchain-based arrangement as an electronic contract when an identifiable agreement is formed through an electronic system and the substantive validity requirements are satisfied. Government Regulation No. 71 of 2019 is particularly significant because Article 46 reproduces the core elements of contractual validity for electronic contracts, while Article 47 requires party identity, transaction terms, cancellation procedures, and choice-of-law provisions. The principal legal uncertainty therefore lies less in basic contractual validity than in attribution of consent and capacity, code-text inconsistency, automated-agent responsibility, coding or oracle errors, reversibility of remedies, and cross-border enforcement. The article recommends targeted, technology-neutral rules and contractual design safeguards rather than assuming that either code alone or a comprehensive blockchain-specific statute can solve these problems.
Utang Rosidin, Dewi Mayaningsih, Muhammad Yahya Wahyudin
The authenticity of state legal documents in the digital system constitutes a fundamental prerequisite for legal certainty and governmental accountability. This study aims to analyze the regulatory vacuum in chain of custody standards within Indonesia's digital archival administrative law, examine the urgency and conceptual foundations of chain of custody as an instrument for guaranteeing the authenticity of state legal documents, and formulate a reconstruction model based on chain of custody through the integration of cryptographic and blockchain technologies. This research employs a normative legal method utilizing statute, conceptual, and comparative approaches. The findings reveal: first, a structurally embedded rechtvacuum exists in Indonesia's digital archival administrative law, wherein none of the six primary legal instruments analyzed explicitly regulates digital chain of custody standards as a mandatory mechanism, reflecting regulatory misalignment that undermines the legal certainty of state documents; second, the chain of custody doctrine requiring five core parameters of documentation continuity, evidence integrity, authentication, expert verification, and corroborative reliability constitutes a conditio sine qua non for authenticity assurance of state legal documents in the digital age; third, this study formulates a Five-Layer Reconstruction Model integrating permissioned blockchain, SHA-256 cryptography, and smart contracts as the techno-normative infrastructure for a national chain of custody system, accompanied by recommendations for amending the Archival Law, the Electronic Information and Transactions Law, and the issuance of a new Supreme Court Regulation on blockchain-based digital document authentication
This study aims to examine and analyze the validity of agreements that use cryptocurrency as a means of payment, as well as the legality of asset ownership arising from transactions involving cryptocurrency-based payments in Indonesia. This research employs a normative legal research method using statutory and conceptual approaches. The results demonstrate that agreements utilizing cryptocurrency as a means of payment are null and void *ab initio* because they fail to satisfy the objective requirement of a lawful cause, as stipulated in Article 21 of Law Number 7 of 2011 on Currency, which mandates the use of the Indonesian Rupiah for all payment transactions conducted within the territory of the Republic of Indonesia. Furthermore, the legal status of assets transferred under agreements that use cryptocurrency as a means of payment is not recognized under the prevailing legal framework. Consequently, such assets do not receive legal protection, and in the event of a dispute, ownership rights over the object of the agreement shall revert to the original lawful owner.
Kemajuan pesat teknologi digital telah mendorong perkembangan ekosistem investasi mata uang kripto di Indonesia, sekaligus memicu maraknya penipuan investasi kripto yang belum ditangani secara memadai melalui instrumen hukum pidana positif. Artikel ini bertujuan menganalisis kekosongan norma dalam penanganan tindak pidana penipuan investasi kripto dari perspektif hukum pidana positif Indonesia dan hukum pidana Islam. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, dan komparatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa KUHP, Undang-Undang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik (UU ITE), serta Undang-Undang Pengembangan dan Penguatan Sektor Keuangan (UU P2SK) masih memiliki kesenjangan normatif karena belum dirancang untuk mengakomodasi karakteristik khusus kejahatan kripto, seperti desentralisasi, anonimitas pelaku, sifat lintas batas, volatilitas tinggi, dan ketidakjelasan status hukum aset kripto. Dalam perspektif fiqh jinayah, penipuan investasi kripto dikualifikasikan sebagai at-tadlis yang termasuk dalam kategori jarimah taâzir, dengan prinsip sadd ad-dzariâah sebagai dasar pencegahan. Analisis maqashid syariah menunjukkan bahwa penipuan investasi kripto mengancam hifzh al-mal (perlindungan harta), sehingga nilai-nilai Islam dapat ditempatkan sebagai rechtsidee dalam mengisi kekosongan hukum. Sebagai ius constituendum, penelitian ini merekomendasikan pembentukan undang-undang khusus mengenai kejahatan aset digital yang mengatur penipuan kripto, sanksi taâzir yang berorientasi pada restitusi bagi korban, mekanisme pembuktian berbasis forensik blockchain, serta penguatan kerja sama internasional.
The rapid development of blockchain technology has introduced new forms of digital assets, including Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) and metaverse virtual land, creating legal uncertainty regarding their status as inheritable property under Indonesian Islamic Family Law. This study examines the legal status of these digital assets as inheritance objects, analyzes their distribution based on fiqh al-mawÄrÄ«th and Indonesian positive law, and proposes a legal framework to strengthen legal certainty in digital inheritance. This research employs a normative legal method using statutory, conceptual, and Islamic jurisprudential approaches. Legal materials were analyzed through descriptive and deductive legal reasoning. The findings demonstrate that NFTs and metaverse virtual land satisfy the Islamic legal characteristics of mÄl because they possess lawful ownership, measurable economic value, legal control, and transferability, thereby qualifying as al-tirkah (inheritance estate). Their distribution should follow the principles of fiqh al-mawÄrÄ«th while accommodating the technical characteristics of blockchain-based assets, particularly digital wallets and private-key access. The study also identifies a regulatory gap in Indonesian positive law concerning digital asset inheritance. Unlike previous studies that primarily discuss digital assets from commercial or general legal perspectives, this research develops an integrated framework combining Islamic inheritance law, Indonesian positive law, and digital estate planning to strengthen legal certainty, protect heirs' rights, and contribute to the development of Islamic Family Law in the digital era.
The development of blockchain technology has given rise to the Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO), a new business organizational model that operates through smart contracts in a decentralized manner, without a conventional management structure. The existence of DAOs has not been accommodated in the Indonesian corporate legal system, creating a legal vacuum regarding legal subject status, accountability, legal standing, taxation, and dispute resolution. This study aims to analyze the characteristics of DAOs from a corporate law perspective and the urgency of convergence between corporate law and blockchain technology in its regulation in Indonesia. The study employs a normative juridical method with statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches. The results indicate the need for regulations that recognize and regulate DAOs as digital business entities to achieve legal certainty, legal protection, and a sustainable digital investment climate.
Rahmat, Agus Surono, Agung Iriantoro, Maslihati Nur Hidayati
The digital transformation of land administration in Indonesia has accelerated the adoption of electronic land certificates as an instrument for improving administrative efficiency, data security, and legal certainty. This study examines the legal status of electronic land certificates within Indonesiaâs national land law system and identifies the principal legal, institutional, governance, and technological challenges affecting their implementation. Employing a qualitative descriptive design with a normative juridical approach, the study analyzes the Basic Agrarian Law, the Electronic Information and Transactions Law, regulations issued by the Ministry of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning/National Land Agency (ATR/BPN), and relevant legal and scholarly literature. The findings demonstrate that electronic land certificates have a valid legal foundation and offer significant advantages, including faster administrative procedures, enhanced document authentication through certified electronic signatures, improved protection of land records, and reduced risks of physical loss and document forgery. Nevertheless, their implementation remains constrained by regulatory inconsistencies, institutional capacity gaps, unequal digital infrastructure, cybersecurity risks, data protection concerns, and potential disputes arising from electronic system failures. The study further identifies permissioned blockchain as a potential complementary mechanism for strengthening data integrity, traceability, and transactional transparency, provided that its adoption is supported by appropriate legal and institutional safeguards. This study contributes an integrated legalâinstitutionalâtechnological framework for understanding electronic land administration and argues that regulatory harmonization, strengthened digital governance, institutional capacity development, and resilient cybersecurity infrastructure are essential to ensuring legal certainty and sustainable protection of land rights in Indonesia.
This study aims to analyze the comparative performance of Cryptocurrency Bitcoin, Stocks, and Gold as investment instruments using performance measurement variables including the Sharpe, Treynor, Jensen, and Sortino ratios. This research employs a descriptive quantitative approach. The population consists of monthly closing prices of Bitcoin, IDX30 stocks, and Gold. The sampling technique used is saturated sampling, resulting in 60 data points for each investment instrumentâBitcoin, IDX30 stocks, and Goldâduring the period from January 1, 2020 to December 31, 2024.The analytical method applied is comparative analysis using secondary data. The data were initially calculated using Microsoft Excel and subsequently processed statistically using SPSS through the KruskalâWallis test. The results indicate significant differences among Bitcoin, IDX30 stocks, and Gold when investment performance is assessed using the Sharpe, Treynor, Jensen, and Sortino indices.Based on the KruskalâWallis test, Gold demonstrates the best performance according to the Sharpe and Jensen indices, IDX30 stocks perform best according to the Treynor index, and Bitcoin shows the best performance according to the Sortino index. However, based on the highest overall average return value, Cryptocurrency Bitcoin outperforms the other instruments. Therefore, it can be concluded that the best alternative investment is Cryptocurrency Bitcoin. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perbandingan kinerja Cryptocurrency Bitcoin, Saham, dan Emas sebagai instrumen investasi menggunakan variabel pengukuran kinerja Sharpe, Treynor, jensen, dan Sortino. Jenis penelitian merupakan kuantitatif Deskriptif. Populasi yang digunakan merupakan harga penutupan bulanan dari Bitcoin, IDX30, dan Emas. Teknik pemilihan sampel adalah sampel jenuh yang berjumlah 60 data untuk masing-masing instrumen investasi Bitcoin, Saham IDX30, dan Emas selama periode 1 januari 2020 â 31 Desember 2024. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah metode komperatif dan menggunakan data sekunder. Data dihitung terlebih dahulu dengan menggunakan program Microsoft Excel kemudian diolah secara statistik menggunakan aplikasi SPSS yaitu Uji Kruskall-Wallis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara Bitcoin, Saham IDX30, dan Emas jika kinerja investasi dilihat dari Indeks Sharpe, Treynor, Jensen, dan Sortino. Berdasarkan uji Kruskal-Wallis, investasi terbaik menurut indeks Sharpe dan Jensen , adalah Emas, sedangkan menurut Indeks Teynor Saham IDX30, dan menurut Indeks Sortino adalah Cryptocurrency Bitcoin. Sedangkan dengan nilai jumlah rata-rata terbaik adalah Cryptocurrency Bitcoin. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa alternatif investasi terbaik adalah Cryptocurrency Bitcoin.
Abdul Adlim, Babun Suharto, Wildan Khisbullah Suhma, Kholida Ulfi Mubaroka
The rapid development of crypto assets has challenged the classical concept of mal (property) in Islamic jurisprudence because digital assets do not possess tangible physical characteristics traditionally associated with lawful ownership. This study aims to reconstruct the paradigm of mal within contemporary fiqh by examining the legal status of crypto assets through the framework of maqasid al-shari'ah, particularly hifz al-mal, while evaluating the role of smart contracts in reducing contractual uncertainty (gharar). This study employed a qualitative normative legal approach based on literature analysis of classical fiqh, usul al-fiqh, contemporary Islamic legal scholarship, institutional fatwas, and financial regulations. The findings demonstrate that the concept of mal has evolved from a material-based understanding toward a value-oriented paradigm that emphasizes recognized benefit, scarcity, and lawful ownership. Under these criteria, crypto assets may be recognized as mal when supported by legitimate ownership, transparent governance, and productive economic purposes. Smart contracts contribute to minimizing contractual and operational gharar through automated execution and transaction transparency, although they cannot eliminate risks arising from market volatility. This study proposes a reconstructed paradigm of mal that provides a more contextual analytical framework for assessing the legality of digital assets within contemporary Islamic law.