Blockchain Papers

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Joongho Ahn, Eojin Yi, Moonsoo Kim

This study investigates the impact of consensus mechanism changes on cryptocurrency markets within the framework of the efficient market hypothesis, focusing on Ethereum’s transition from Proof-of-Work to Proof-of-Stake consensus, known as the Ethereum 2.0 ‘The Merge’ update. Two main hypotheses guide the enquiry: (i) ‘The Merge’ update will significantly enhance market efficiency and (ii) Ethereum’s updates will have a greater impact on market efficiency compared to other cryptocurrencies. Using the Hurst exponent’s R/S statistic, changes in Ethereum’s long-term memory characteristics before and after major hard forks are quantified. The analysis reveals substantial improvements in Ethereum’s market efficiency following the Ethereum 2.0 hard fork, attributed to the introduction of Proof-of-Stake, which enhanced transaction speed and built trust. These findings suggest a positive trajectory towards improved efficiency in Ethereum’s market, particularly with ‘The Merge’ update. In conclusion, this study contributes to understanding the role of consensus mechanisms in cryptocurrencies and provides insights into future market trends resulting from such changes.

Shahar Somin, Keeley Erhardt, Alex 'Sandy' Pentland

Technological advancements have significantly transformed communication patterns, introducing a diverse array of online platforms, thereby prompting individuals to use multiple profiles for different domains and objectives. Enhancing the understanding of cross domain identity matching capabilities is essential, not only for practical applications such as commercial strategies and cybersecurity measures, but also for theoretical insights into the privacy implications of data disclosure. In this study, we demonstrate that individual temporal data, in the form of inter-event times distribution, constitutes an individual temporal fingerprint, allowing for matching profiles across different domains back to their associated real-world entity. We evaluate our methodology on encrypted digital trading platforms within the Ethereum Blockchain and present impressing results in matching identities across these privacy-preserving domains, while outperforming previously suggested models. Our findings indicate that simply knowing when an individual is active, even if information about who they talk to and what they discuss is lacking, poses risks to users' privacy, highlighting the inherent challenges in preserving privacy in today's digital landscape.

Phillipe Austria, Yoohwan Kim, Ju-Yeon Jo

The sharing of private information is a daunting, multifaceted, and expensive undertaking. Furthermore, identity management is an additional challenge that poses significant technological, operational, and legal obstacles. Present solutions and their accompanying infrastructures rely on centralized models that are susceptible to hacking and can hinder data control by the rightful owner. Consequently, blockchain technology has generated interest in the fields of identity and access control. This technology is viewed as a potential solution due to its ability to offer decentralization, transparency, provenance, security, and privacy benefits. Nevertheless, a completely decentralized and private solution that enables data owners to control their private data has yet to be presented. In this research, we introduce DeAuth, a novel decentralized, authentication and authorization scheme for secure private data transfer. DeAuth combines blockchain, smart-contracts, decentralized identity, and distributed peer-to-peer (P2P) storage to give users more control of their private data, and permissioning power to share without centralized services. For this scheme, identity is proven using decentralized identifiers and verifiable credentials, while authorization to share data is performed using the blockchain. A prototype was developed using the Ethereum Blockchain and the InterPlanetary Files System, a P2P file sharing protocol. We evaluated DeAuth through a use-case study and metrics such as security, performance, and cost. Our findings indicate DeAuth to be viable alternative to using centralized services; however, the underlying technologies are still in its infancies and require more testing before it can supplant traditional services.

Mahdi Fooladgar, Fathiyeh Faghih

Smart contracts are autonomous and immutable pieces of code that are deployed on blockchain networks and run by miners. They were first introduced by Ethereum in 2014 and have since been used for various applications such as security tokens, voting, gambling, non-fungible tokens, self-sovereign identities, stock taking, decentralized finances, decentralized exchanges, and atomic swaps. Since smart contracts are immutable, their bugs cannot be fixed, which may lead to significant monetary losses. While many researchers have focused on testing smart contracts, our recent work has highlighted a gap between test adequacy and test data generation, despite numerous efforts in both fields. Our framework, Griffin, tackles this deficiency by employing a targeted symbolic execution technique for generating test data. This tool can be used in diverse applications, such as killing the survived mutants in mutation testing, validating static analysis alarms, creating counter-examples for safety conditions, and reaching manually selected lines of code. This paper discusses how smart contracts differ from legacy software in targeted symbolic execution and how these differences can affect the tool structure, leading us to propose an enhanced version of the control-flow graph for Solidity smart contracts called CFG+. We also discuss how Griffin can utilize custom heuristics to explore the program space and find the test data that reaches a target line while considering a safety condition in a reasonable execution time. We conducted experiments involving an extensive set of smart contracts, target lines, and safety conditions based on real-world faults and test suites from related tools. The results of our evaluation demonstrate that Griffin can effectively identify the required test data within a reasonable timeframe.

Shailaja Nitin Lohar

Introduction: The Identity of a user in digital world is an important factor for an individual. Identity management has been handled by various models which, over the period of time have been prone various security breaches. The foremost integral part of any identity model is the centralized storage, access of data. Considering this, in recent years, there has been evolution from centralization to de-centralization of Identity management. With respect to this new aspect, this paper proposes a solution to the centralized management problems, as a decentralized Identity Management System. The said approach utilizes Ethereum blockchain, IPFS, both supporting distributed data accessibility and data storage respectively. This paper also sheds light on the W3C specification of DID (De-centralized Identifier) which supports the Self-Sovereign Identity principles of Identity Management and are vital for de-centralization of Identity Management

Zhuguang Lei

This academic paper delves into the intricate legal dimensions of smart contracts within the context of traditional contract law, tracing the evolution of smart contracts, their intricate linkages with blockchain technology and ethereum, and their thriving applications in diverse fields such as finance and supply chain management. Using a combination of literature review and comparative analysis, this study not only highlights the multifaceted advantages offered by smart contracts, such as automated execution capabilities and greater security, but also provides insights into the legal challenges they pose. These challenges contrast with the principles of traditional contract law, including the dilemmas of the legal nature of smart contracts, contracting, performance, and modification and remedies. To reconcile these differences, this paper argues for a set of innovative solutions. These include the adoption of the integration of multi-signature protocols to enhance mutual agreement, the strategic involvement of governmental oversight to ensure regulatory compliance, and the implementation of hybrid models that synergize on-chain functionality with off-chain operations. Through this comprehensive analysis, the paper aims at forging a path towards coordinating the dynamic capabilities of smart contracts with the established tenets of contract law, thereby unlocking their full potential in a legally compliant.

Wanning Ding, Yuzhe Tang, Yibo Wang

A mempool is a security-critical subsystem in a public blockchain. Recent mempool attacks, notably asymmetric DoS, have shown their ability to severely damage the Ethereum network. This paper tackles the open research problem of designing principled and non-intrusive defenses against asymmetric mempool DoSes with provable security. It presents the first mempool economic-security definitions based on mempool-observable conditions. It then presents SAFERAD, a framework of secure mempool designs with provable security against asymmetric DoSes. To defend against dual attacks by evicting and locking a victim mempool, SAFERAD adopts a non-trivial design of enforcing an upper bound of the attack damage under the locking attacks and a lower bound of the attack cost under the eviction attacks. With a prototype implementation on Geth and evaluation under real transaction traces, the results show SAFERAD has low overhead in latency and block revenue, implying non-intrusiveness and practicality.

Bruno Farias, Rafael Menezes, Eddie B. de Lima Filho, Youcheng Sun · 5 authors

This paper introduces a tool for verifying Python programs, which, using type annotation and front-end processing, can harness the capabilities of a bounded model-checking (BMC) pipeline. It transforms an input program into an abstract syntax tree to infer and add type information. Then, it translates Python expressions and statements into an intermediate representation. Finally, it converts this description into formulae evaluated with satisfiability modulo theories (SMT) solvers. The proposed approach was realized with the efficient SMT-based bounded model checker (ESBMC), which resulted in a tool called ESBMC-Python, the first BMC-based Python-code verifier. Experimental results, with a test suite specifically developed for this purpose, showed its effectiveness, where successful and failed tests were correctly evaluated. Moreover, it found a real problem in the Ethereum Consensus Specification.

Shinta Amalina Hazrati Havidz, Maria Divina Santoso, T. Alexander, Caroline Caroline

Purpose This study aims to identify the financial attributes of non-fungible tokens (NFTs) as safe havens, hedges or diversifiers against traditional (stock indices, foreign exchange, gold and government bonds) and digital (Bitcoin and Ethereum) assets. Design/methodology/approach The quantile via moments was utilized, and the data spanned from 20 September 2021 to 31 January 2022. The authors incorporated feasible generalized least squares (FGLS) and difference-generalized method of moments (diff-GMM) as the robustness check. Findings Overall, NFTs offer strongly safe havens, hedging and diversifier attributes against cryptocurrencies, while weak properties for traditional assets. The specific findings are: (1) Bored Ape Yacht Club (BAYC) serves as a strong hedge for Bitcoin during market rise; (2) Mutant Ape Yacht Club (MAYC) serves as a strong safe haven against Bitcoin during market bull; (3) Crypto punk (CP) provides strong safe havens properties for gold during market turmoil while serving as a strong hedge against gold and Bitcoin on average and (4) the three blue-chip NFTs are powered by Ethereum blockchain, thus serving as a diversifier against Ethereum. Practical implications Bitcoin investors are suggested to include NFTs in their investment portfolio to mitigate the losses when Bitcoin falls. Meanwhile, the inclusion of crypto punk is advised for risk-averse investors who invest in gold. NFTs are powered by the Ethereum blockchain, indicating co-movement among them and thus, serve as diversifiers. Policymakers and regulators are suggested to watch closely over NFTs' great development and restructure the existing policies and thus, stabilization of asset markets can be achieved. Originality/value The originality aspects are: (1) focusing on the three blue-chip NFTs (i.e. BAYC, MAYC and CP) that are categorized as the largest NFTs by floor market capitalization; (2) testing the NFT attributes (safe havens, hedges or diversifiers) against traditional and digital assets, a.k.a., cryptocurrencies and (3) panel setting on 14 countries with the highest NFT users.

Zain Buksh, A. B. M. Shawkat Ali, Amin Sakzad

Annually, deceptive claims cause significant financial losses for the antiquated system now in use for processing health insurance claims. Furthermore, it runs serious security and privacy concerns due to its dependence on traditional techniques. Health insurance claims involving prescription drugs are especially susceptible to fraud. Furthermore, a lack of linkage between pharmacy and medical provider prescription data exacerbates misunderstanding and makes it easier to utilize fake prescriptions. This study suggests a way to handle claims related to health insurance that guarantees decentralized management, privacy, security, and reliability by using blockchain technology. The proposed solution makes use of a private Ethereum blockchain and includes two smart contracts that improve traceability and reliability: those for registration and approval. Authorized parties have improved access to centralized patient information through integration with decentralized apps (DApps) and off-chain storage (IPFS). A gateway filters the data that participants may access in order to protect participant privacy. To clarify the guiding principles of the suggested blockchain-based health insurance claim processing procedure for prescription pharmaceuticals, we offer a summary of the system architecture, sequence diagrams, entity-relationship diagram, and algorithms. Security evaluation and contrast with current solutions are used to assess the performance of the suggested solution.

Гліб Терещенко, Iryna Kyrychenko

The subject of this article is consideration of modern blockchain solutions and their potential use in the context of digital asset protection. Various aspects of blockchain technology are explored, including consensus mechanisms, security levels, and functionality. The goal of the work is a systematic analysis and justification of the application of various blockchain solutions for the protection of digital assets. The article is aimed at determining the effectiveness and feasibility of using specific blockchain protocols and their functional elements to ensure the safety, reliability, and integrity of digital assets. The following tasks were solved in the article: consideration of modern blockchain technologies and consideration of their role in ensuring the security of digital assets. Conducting a detailed analysis of popular blockchain protocols, including Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Hyperledger Fabric, with a focus on their security against various types of cyber threats and attacks. The following methods are used: analysis of blockchain protocols, expert evaluations of the effectiveness of protection of digital assets, and study of the technical features of each solution. The following results were obtained: clearly defined advantages and disadvantages of each protocol were obtained, taking into account their applicability in the field of digital assets in various fields of application, such as semantic analysis of texts, E-Learning, Big Data, DDP-systems, finance, etc. In addition, the issue of network privacy in the context of information protection was investigated and justifies the choice of the optimal blockchain solution for a specific use. Conclusions: The article provides readers with an overview of how to effectively use blockchain to ensure the reliability and security of digital assets in a variety of usage scenarios. In today's digital world, where the value of digital assets is growing exponentially, protecting them from cyber threats becomes a critical task. Blockchain technologies, originally developed for cryptocurrencies, have gained recognition as an effective tool in the field of cyber security. The importance of standardization and regulation in the field of blockchain technologies to ensure their effective integration and compliance with the requirements of the law is put forward.

Zoey Ziyi Li, Jun Zhao, Hui Cui, Erica Xin Zheng · 7 authors

Logistics Management Systems (LMS) are crucial to global supply chains, ensuring efficient planning, data analysis and control of various logistics management processes. However, traditional LMS face complex challenges in mitigating cyber threats and data breaches. Blockchain technology emerges as a revolutionary solution, equipping LMS with traceability, immutability, and anonymity. While previous solutions focus on blockchain's theoretical potential or its application to singular aspects of logistics such as goods tracking or auction facilitation, our proposed Decentralized Logistics Management System (DLMS) distinguishes itself in two ways: first, driven by practical insights, we investigate the concurrent challenges and the advantages of blockchain that can be integrated into industrial LMS; second, we design a blockchain-based Decentralized Logistic Management System (DLMS) that includes comprehensive functional modules, including identity authentication, fair bidding mechanisms, and goods tracking. Finally, we implement a prototype of our proposed system and deploy the prototype on the Ethereum testnet to evaluate the performance of the proposed architecture. The experimental findings demonstrate the efficiency of our system and its potential as an effective solution to the identified challenges.

Qiyao Hu, Youran Huang, Yuheng Chen, Boxiu Zheng · 5 authors

In this era of rapid development of online transactions and platform economies, many companies operate as intermediaries between Party A and Party B in transactions and gain profits from every transaction. The "middleman", that is, the intermediary, mainly introduces Party A's resources in the form of a platform and allows more users to see and understand Party A's resource information. Platform users, that is, Party B, can save them from searching for the resources they want during the intermediary's promotion and introduction. time cost; however, some intermediaries take advantage of the process of transferring Party B's money to Party A as an intermediary and use some unfair means to obtain profits that exceed their original gains in the transaction as an intermediary, thus causing information between Party A and Party B. Asymmetry creates ambiguity, leading to serious problems in transactions. In this work, we will discuss the advantages of the decentralized sharing economy. Furthermore, this paper will focus on analyzing the shortcomings of intermediary operations in contemporary society from the perspective that intermediaries need to spend a lot of time and economic costs to establish credibility, the lack of intermediaries which are controlled artificially, and the friction of platform p2p transactions. Targeting the above three aspects, the paper will also explain and analyze the operating model of Ethereum to demonstrate that Ethereum is a better online transaction model that can replace the artificial intermediary model in contemporary times.

Ortega García, Jorge

En el ecosistema de las aplicaciones descentralizadas (DApps), la dependencia de un único nodo de blockchain para realizar todas las transacciones presenta varios desafíos críticos, entre ellos la falta de redundancia y la potencial inestabilidad en caso de fallos en dicho nodo. Este problema subraya la necesidad de un sistema que permita la configuración y monitoreo de múltiples nodos, asegurando una alta disponibilidad y un equilibrio de carga eficiente. El presente Trabajo de Final de Grado, titulado "HIGH AVAILABILITY ETHEREUM-LIKE NODE PROXY", aborda esta problemática proponiendo una solución basada en una aplicación desarrollada en Python para monitorear y equilibrar el tráfico entre varios nodos Ethereum JSON-RPC.

Guy Zyskind, Yonatan Erez, Tom Langer, Itzik Grossman · 5 authors

Blockchains ensure that all transactions, including those that execute deterministic programs known as smart contracts, are processed correctly and without interruption. However, blockchains inherently provide no confidentiality - all transaction data, including inputs sent to smart contracts, are public. This has led to a rise of confidential smart contract blockchains. These blockchains utilize privacy-preserving techniques to add privacy to smart contracts, but they usually rely on Trusted Execution Environments (TEEs) (e.g., [14, 24]) that are susceptible to side-channel attacks and other security concerns ([7, 13, 33] to name a few).

Vasileios Koutavas, Yu-Yang Lin, Nikos Tzevelekos

We present a big-step and small-step operational semantics for Yul -- the intermediate language used by the Solidity compiler to produce EVM bytecode -- in a mathematical notation that is congruous with the literature of programming languages, lends itself to language proofs, and can serve as a precise, widely accessible specification for the language. Our two semantics stay faithful to the original, informal specification of the language but also clarify under-specified cases such as void function calls. Our presentation allows us to prove the equivalence between the two semantics. We also implement the small-step semantics in an interpreter for Yul which avails of optimisations that are provably correct. We have tested the interpreter using tests from the Solidity compiler and our own. We envisage that this work will enable the development of verification and symbolic execution technology directly in Yul, contributing to the Ethereum security ecosystem, as well as aid the development of a provably sound future type system.

Junaid Akram, Ali Anaissi

In the domain of spatial crowdsourcing drone services, which includes tasks like delivery, surveillance, and data collection, secure communication is paramount. The Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) ensures this by providing a system for digital certificates that authenticate the identities of entities involved, securing data and command transmissions between drones and their operators. However, the centralized trust model of traditional PKI, dependent on Certificate Authorities (CAs), presents a vulnerability due to its single point of failure, risking security breaches. To counteract this, the paper presents D2XChain, a blockchain-based PKI framework designed for the Internet of Drone Things (IoDT). By decentralizing the CA infrastructure, D2XChain eliminates this single point of failure, thereby enhancing the security and reliability of drone communications. Fully compatible with the X.509 standard, it integrates seamlessly with existing PKI systems, supporting all key operations such as certificate registration, validation, verification, and revocation in a distributed manner. This innovative approach not only strengthens the defense of drone services against various security threats but also showcases its practical application through deployment on a private Ethereum testbed, representing a significant advancement in addressing the unique security challenges of drone-based services and ensuring their trustworthy operation in critical tasks.

P Venkatesh, M Sangavi

Cryptocurrency, a relatively new financial innovation, has sparked widespread interest in recent years, particularly among younger demographics such as college students. As digital currencies such as Bitcoin and Ethereum continue to dominate headlines, college students' familiarity and impression of cryptocurrency has become essential for assessing its future adoption and investment opportunities. This study investigates the level of investor awareness, interest, and perception of cryptocurrencies among college students, a demographic that represents the future of technical and financial advancement.College students are often seen as technologically adept and open to new technologies, making them an ideal group for researching cryptocurrency awareness. However, the complexity, volatility, and lack of legal structures surrounding cryptocurrencies have piqued interest while also raising concerns. This study looks at how students comprehend important cryptocurrency concepts such as blockchain technology, decentralized finance (DeFi), digital wallets, and the risks of investing in these digital assets.The findings indicate that, while a considerable majority of college students are aware of cryptocurrencies, their level of understanding differs. Many students have a shallow understanding based on media exposure or peer discussions, with a lesser fraction having participated in actual trading or investment. Factors such as field of study, access to financial education, and socioeconomic status all influence the level of awareness. Students in technology-related professions have a better understanding of the underlying blockchain technology, but those in finance and economics are more aware of the investment opportunities and hazards.Despite increased interest, many students are concerned about the volatility and unpredictability of the bitcoin market. Regulatory uncertainty and the possibility of fraud or hacking are highlighted as major causes for hesitation. Furthermore, the absence of formal financial instruction on bitcoin in college curricula inhibits students' capacity to make sound investment decisions.This study emphasizes the need for improved educational programs to give college students a thorough understanding of bitcoin. Colleges can help students navigate the evolving financial world with greater confidence by addressing knowledge gaps and concentrating on appropriate investment practices. The development of cryptocurrencies as a mainstream asset class may be heavily reliant on the understanding and preparedness of young investors, making it critical to cultivate a well-informed student body.

Chufeng Liang, Junlang Zhang, Shansi Ma, Yu Zhou · 8 authors

In the context of the rapid development of Internet of Things (IoT) technology and the extensive proliferation of the global Internet, the authenticity of data has become a focal point of societal demand. It plays a decisive role in enhancing the quality of decision-making and operational efficiency. However, the storage and authenticity verification of large-scale IoT real-time data present unprecedented technical challenges. Faced with the inherent data security risks of traditional centralized cloud storage, blockchain technology reveals its unique potential for solutions with its inherent immutability and decentralization. Nevertheless, current blockchain-based data storage solutions are still restricted by high costs and inefficiency. To address these challenges, this paper innovatively proposes the BI-TSFID framework, which leverages the benefits of Ethereum and IPFS and optimizes the Merkle Tree structure and verification mechanisms. The BI-TSFID framework adopts a strategy of on-chain data summary storage and off-chain computation. This approach provides IoT with efficient and reliable data storage, reduces operational costs, and simplifies the verification process. This research has improved the data computation efficiency by refining the structure of the Merkle Tree and analyzed its optimal branch number. Additionally, the study introduces a sampling-based data integrity verification method that significantly reduces resource consumption during the verification process. Experimental results show that the solutions proposed in this paper effectively enhance the efficiency and security of IoT data management and provide valuable guidance for the theory and practice of real-time data storage and verification, further promoting the development and innovation in the related technological fields.

Alan Chernoff, Julapa Jagtiani

Cryptocurrency markets are often characterized by market manipulation or, at the very least, by a sharp distinction between large and sophisticated investors and small retail investors.While traditional assets often see a divergence in the success of institutional traders and retail traders, we find an even more pronounced difference regarding the holders of Ethereum (ETH), the secondlargest cryptocurrency by volume.We see a significant difference in how large holders of ETH behave compared with smaller holders of ETH relative to price movements and the volatility of the cryptocurrency.We find that large ETH holders tend to increase their ETH holdings prior to a price increase, while small ETH holders tend to reduce their ETH holdings prior to a price increase.In other words, ETH returns tend to move in the direction that benefits crypto "whales" while reducing returns (or increasing loss) to "minnows."Additionally, we find that the volatility of ETH returns seems to be driven by small retail investors rather than by the crypto whales.Despite the advantages that DeFi (decentralized finance) trading networks offer, our findings provide evidence that many of the same challenges and vulnerabilities of TradFi (traditional finance) seem to remain within the ETH ecosystem, where larger, more sophisticated investors reap the benefits of their comparative advantages.

Emanuel Robledo-Morán

File management system to store and keep integrity of government related files using a local ethereum blockchain.

Ilham Qasse, Mohammad Hamdaqa, Björn Þór Jónsson

Smart contracts, known for their immutable nature to ensure trust via automated enforcement, have evolved to require upgradeability due to unforeseen vulnerabilities and the need for feature enhancements post-deployment. This contradiction between immutability and the need for modifications has led to the development of upgradeable smart contracts. These contracts are immutable in principle yet upgradable by design, allowing updates without altering the underlying data or state, thus preserving the contract's intent while allowing improvements. This study aims to understand the application and implications of upgradeable smart contracts on the Ethereum blockchain. By introducing a dataset that catalogs the versions and evolutionary trajectories of smart contracts, the research explores key dimensions: the prevalence and adoption patterns of upgrade mechanisms, the likelihood and occurrences of contract upgrades, the nature of modifications post-upgrade, and their impact on user engagement and contract activity. Through empirical analysis, this study identifies upgradeable contracts and examines their upgrade history to uncover trends, preferences, and challenges associated with modifications. The evidence from analyzing over 44 million contracts shows that only 3% have upgradeable characteristics, with only 0.34% undergoing upgrades. This finding underscores a cautious approach by developers towards modifications, possibly due to the complexity of upgrade processes or a preference for maintaining stability. Furthermore, the study shows that upgrades are mainly aimed at feature enhancement and vulnerability mitigation, particularly when the contracts' source codes are accessible. However, the relationship between upgrades and user activity is complex, suggesting that additional factors significantly affect the use of smart contracts beyond their evolution.

Victor Takashi Hayashi, Renato Penha, Gabriela de Morais da Silva, Lucas de Britto Vieira · 8 authors

Uma solução foi proposta para criar pools de seguros mútuos eficientes, baratos e seguros na Blockchain Ethereum para uma startup de seguros localizada em São Paulo (SP), Brasil. Os grupos são formados por pessoas que se unem para proteger contra riscos predeterminados e são autoadministrados até certo ponto. Os resultados mostram que a administração do grupo é realizada por meio de contratos inteligentes que executam automaticamente as condições acordadas pelas partes. Todas as regras de negócios e reservas financeiras são mantidas no contrato inteligente. Os usuários interagem com o sistema em uma aplicação web que utiliza uma API Web3, que possui uma área de cliente e uma área de seguros P2P para gestão de novos grupos e atuação no processo de indenização. Os resultados mostraram que os smart contracts foram acionados automaticamente quando as condições predefinidas foram atendidas, eliminando a necessidade de intervenção humana e minimizando erros e fraudes, além de melhorar na administração e na satisfação dos grupos de seguros.