As a representative of clean energy, photovoltaic is expected to become a major supplier of electricity in the future. The combination of electric vehicle (EV) battery and charging station provides a feasible way to promote the effective consumption of photovoltaic. However, the efficiency of mobile power supply is limited by information asymmetry and security problems, and it is urgent to optimize the distribution process. Firstly, the article introduces the energy blockchain to improve the security level of electricity transaction, and designs the photovoltaic-energy storage-charging supply chain. Secondly, based on the selected road network and the actual situation of EV mobile power emergency distribution, the distribution logistics network with 50 distribution points is built. Thirdly, taking the delivery time and comprehensive cost as objective functions, the mathematical model of emergency distribution route optimization for EV mobile power supply is established, and the adaptive NSGA-II algorithm is adopted for example analysis. Finally, the parameter variation of NSGA-II and comparison with two algorithms of GA and MOPSO are carried out to validate the feasibility and applicability of proposed method. The purpose of the research is to quickly and effectively select the optimal distribution route of mobile power supply from many roads by maximizing customer demands and reducing costs, so as to promote the photovoltaic consumption.
In recent years, advancements in electric vehicle (EV) technology and rising petrol prices have increased the demand for EVs and also made them important for the Smart Grid (SG) economy. During the high energy demand, Vehicle to Grid (V2G) comprises a notable feature that returns the stored energy back to the grid. However, due to dynamic nature of energy prices and EVs availability, determining the best charging and discharging strategy is quite difficult. The existing approaches need a model to predict the uncertainty and optimize the scheduling problem. Further, other issues like security, scalability, and real-time data accessibility of EVs energy trading (ET) data at low cost also exist. Though many solutions exist, they are not adequate to handle the aforementioned issues. This paper proposes a Secure V2G-Energy Trading (SV2G-ET) scheme using deep Reinforcement Learning (RL) and Ethereum Blockchain Technology (EBT). The proposed SV2G-ET scheme employs a deep Q-network for EVs scheduling for charging/discharging. SV2G-ET scheme uses InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) and smart contract (SC) for secure access of EV’s ET data in real time. The experimental results prove the efficacy of the proposed SV2G-ET scheme that leads to improved scalability, saving the EVs charging cost, low ET data storage cost, and increased EV owner’s profit.
The article is devoted to investigation of perspectives of implementation of the smart vehicle rental agreement. On the basis of current civil legislation the vehicle rental agreement is defined as an agreement under which a lessor transfers or undertakes to transfer to a lessee an air, sea, river vessel, ground self-propelled vehicle etc. in using for a fee for a certain period. A general legal characteristics of this agreement includes its reality or consensus, payment, timeliness and bilaterality. The list of features of the subject of the studied contract, which includes the inexhaustibility of types of vehicles, its technical features, the presence of signs of a source of increased danger, the existence of special legislation governing its use, and supplemented them by taking into account the volume and type of engine. Requirements to the form of the vehicle rental agreement, which generally is written, and if one of the parties is an individual, it is subject to notarization, are considered, and a possibility of its negotiation and further execution as a smart agreement is analyzed. The positions of scientists on the essence and main features of a smart contract which consist in its specifics regarding the form of negotiation and way of execution due to automation. The characteristics and problems of execution of the vehicle rental agreement which connected with activity of a lessee of a vehicle, bearing of expenses, insurance and causing a damage for a subject of the agreement and other person with using of a vehicle are followed. It is remarked the features of renting a vehicle with the crew which serves it. On the basis of the conducted investigation perspectives of implementation of the smart vehicle rental agreement are formulated, and they are seen in increasing the level of legality of the negotiated agreement, obtaining access to all necessary for parties information and electronic documents, automatic and timely payment of a rent, timely fulfillment of execution of a commitment and improvement of control over the subject of a rent.
A key aspect for the efficiency and security of maritime transport is linked to the associated information flows. The optimal management of maritime transport requires the sharing of data in real-time between the various participating organizations. Moreover, as supply chains become increasingly integrated, the connectivity of stakeholders must be ensured not only within the single port but also between ports. Blockchain could offer interesting opportunities in this regard and is believed to have a huge impact on the future of the digitization of the port and maritime industry. This document analyzes the state of art and practice of blockchain applications in the maritime industry and explores the application prospects and practical implications of blockchain for building an interport community. The paper uses SWOT analysis to address several research questions concerning the practical impacts and barriers related to the implementation of blockchain technology in port communities and develops a Proof of Concept (PoC) to concretely show how blockchain technology can be applied to roll-on roll-off transport and interport communities in real environments. In this regard, this study intends to contribute to the sector literature by providing a detailed framework that describes how to proceed to choose the correct blockchain scheme and implement the various management and operational aspects of an interport community by benefiting from the blockchain.
Muhammad Saad, Muhammad Khalid Khan, Maaz Bin Ahmad
This systematic literature review provides an extensive categorization of the blockchain-enabled applications across the domain of vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). Within the paradigm of distributed ledger technology (DLT), the communication models and practices for VANETs have been revolutionized. An analytical review and a survey were conducted to explore the advancements of blockchain and VANETs. The techniques, limitations, and advantages of blockchain deployment in VANETs are discussed for the effective implementation of a decentralized network. To this end, 68 studies were selected on the basis of the procedural steps to provide a comprehensive overview of blockchain and the smart contracts in VANETs. In particular, a decentralized communication model is also proposed for the advanced implementation of blockchain in VANETs. Researchers and practitioners are being attracted to these technologies for applications for various industrial sectors. Therefore, this study also emphasizes the identification of any blockchain-related open issues for future prospects. The comprehension of blockchain applications for the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is also explored in order to fill the research gap on advanced communication networks across the Internet of Things.
The Internet of Vehicles (IoV), where people, fleets of electric vehicles (EVs), utility, power grids, distributed renewable energy, and communications and computing infrastructures are connected, has emerged as the next big leap in smart grids and city sectors for a sustainable society. Meanwhile, decentralized and complex grid edge faces many challenges for planning, operation, and management of power systems. Therefore, providing a reliable communications infrastructure is vital. The fourth industrial revolution, that is, a cyber-physical system in conjunction with the Internet of Things (IoT) and coexistence of edge (fog) and cloud computing brings new ways of dealing with such challenges and helps maximize the benefits of power grids. From this perspective, as a use case of IoV, we present a cloud-based EV charging framework to tackle issues of high demand in charging stations during peak hours. A price incentive scheme and another scheme, electricity supply expansion, are presented and compared with the baseline. The results demonstrate that the proposed hierarchical models improve the system performance and the quality of service (QoS) for EV customers. The proposed methods can efficiently assist system operators in managing the system design and grid stability. Further, to shed light on emerging technologies for smart and connected EVs, we elaborate on seven major trends: decentralized energy trading based on blockchain and distributed ledger technology, behavioral science and behavioral economics, artificial and computational intelligence and its applications, digital twins of IoV, software-defined IoVs, and intelligent EV charging with information-centric networking, and parking lot microgrids and EV-based virtual storage. We have also discussed some of the potential research issues in IoV to further study IoV. The integration of communications, modern power system management, EV control management, and computing technologies for IoV are crucial for grid stability and large-scale EV charging networks.
In recent years, in order to reduce the consumption of petroleum energy and environmental pollution, China has actively promoted the development of new energy vehicles and achieved good results. Car ownership has surged year after year. However, the development of supporting infrastructure (charging pile) for electric vehicles is seriously backward, and the layout of electric vehicles and charging piles is extremely uneven. The difficulty of charging has gradually become the main factor restricting the development of electric vehicles. Block-chain technology has the technical advantages of decentralization, traceability and non tampering, and is widely used. The proposed blockchain-based charging piles maintenance system is able to provide an end-to-end transparent and high reliability management mode for multi-agents including the charging pile, power distribution station, maintenance, calibration and supervision institutions. In order to propose this method, we first design realization of electric vehicle charging pile sharing system and decentralized scheduling model. Then we design functions of the blockchain based charging pile maintenance system. At last, we provide simulation results and analysis to verify the efficiency of our proposed method.
The shared mobility concept is seen as disruptive and transformative for the automotive industry. Shared mobility is changing the way we choose our travel mode, from just owning a car to e-hailing, car-sharing, and other relevant mobility solutions. There is a growing interest of car manufacturers (original equipment manufacturers or OEMs) in car-sharing as an expansion strategy. Similarly, blockchain technology is seen as another disruptive technology, which can potentially change how the data is stored and accessible via its immutable, transparent, and trustworthy features. Motivated by these two current trends, this paper aims to explore how blockchain and IoT technologies together can drive shared mobility forward. We have presented a high-level architecture for a blockchain-IoT-based platform for promoting shared mobility combining car-sharing and car-leasing. We also demonstrated a prototype implemented from the OEM’s point of view by developing a blockchain-IoT-based platform streamlining car-sharing and leasing processes by taking into consideration of primary stakeholders (such as OEMs, a peer-to-peer car-sharing provider, leasing company and insurance provider as well as public authorities). This work also demonstrates that the design of such an integrated platform depends on the right balance between the key design principles (such as security and privacy, authenticity, traceability and reliability, scalability, and interoperability) in the context of car-sharing platforms.
Ride‐sharing services, such as ride‐hailing and carpooling, have become attractive travel patterns for worldwide users. Due to the high dynamic topology, heterogeneous wireless communication mode, and centralization, the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is much more vulnerable to security issues such as privacy theft, single point of failure, data island, and unauthorized access, resulting in great security risks, while ride‐sharing services provide convenience. Blockchain technology used to solve the security problems of the IoV has become a current research hotspot, including authentication and privacy protection. Nevertheless, the existing algorithms still face challenges such as large amount of computation, low throughput, low scalability, consensus, and node security. Achieving an efficient, lightweight, and scalable secure blockchain–based IoV system still needs to be solved urgently. In this paper, we propose an effective consensus algorithm called Modified Proof of Reputation (MPoR). Firstly, by using the average network access time of the whole network nodes as the filtering threshold, the number of consensus nodes can be controlled adaptively. Then, a new multiweight reputation algorithm is proposed to quantify the reputation value of nodes, so as to detect and eliminate malicious nodes in the consensus node pool. Theoretical analysis and extensive simulation experiments reflect that under the IoV scenario, MPoR can adaptively select the number of consensus nodes, to effectively improve the consensus efficiency. When malicious nodes are less than 1/3 of the total nodes in the network, MPoR can effectively resist latent attack and collusive attack and has strong robustness.
Riya Kakkar, Jafar A. Alzubi, Amit Dua, Smita Agrawal · 9 authors
In most countries, traffic congestion has reached a level where managing traffic is tedious for regulatory bodies. The traffic management faced many issues such as route routing based on congestion, delivery of messages/emails to end-users, and real-time allocation of parking slots. There have been many works on predicting parking prices for traffic management, but most favor users or owners and are not secure. To address these issues, a blockchain and Interplanetary File System (IPFS)-based parking price prediction scheme (PADaaV) is proposed to facilitate the users to reserve a parking slot securely and efficiently. It mainly focuses on ensuring security, privacy, and transparency for parking slot owners and users. Furthermore, we employ a second price auction model to optimize the parking price for users, and parking slot owners can also get benefit from it. The performance of the PADaaV has been simulated for 100 users with 40 parking slots based on different auction models. The various performance parameters considered are profit for users, profit for parking slot owners, overall revenue of the system, scalability, computation time, and data storage cost. The performance results show that the PADaaV is secure and beneficial for users and parking slot owners.
Jan 1, 2022·Proceedings of the ... Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences/Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences
Hamza Sellak, Mohan Baruwal Chhetri, Zijin Huang, Marthie Grobler
Medical decision-making is moving away from the traditional one-off dyadic encounter between the patient and physician, and transitioning towards a more inclusive, shared decision-making process that also considers the inputs from other stakeholders. This ensures that a patient's decision is not only based on a medical opinion, but also includes other considerations such as impact on family members, legal and financial implications, and experiences of patients in similar situations. However, given the sensitive nature of health data and decisions, there are several challenges associated with safeguarding the privacy, security and consent of all contributors and assuring the integrity of the process. We propose a collaborative medical decision-making platform that uses a consensus building mechanism implemented using Blockchain-based Smart Contracts to address some of the above challenges, thereby giving the participants confidence that both the decision-making process and the outcome(s) can be trusted. We also present a proof-of-concept implementation using the private Ethereum Blockchain to demonstrate practicability.
Ridesharing entails the sharing of journeys in order to make optimal use of fuel by allowing people to go along the same route to share rides. It allows regular passengers to share trips with others, having the additive benefit of lowering travel costs and reducing traffic congestion. Most current ride choices rely on a centralized authority to enable the system, leaving it vulnerable to faults at a specific point in the system and raising concerns about privacy disclosure to attackers acting both within and outside. Furthermore, they are vulnerable to external threats and fraud, and the payment made by the current ride-sharing service provider is rather costly. As a result, we have proposed the system named EtherRider, based on the Ethereum blockchain technology. EtherRider enables drivers to provide transportation services without the need for a central system. Both the passenger and the driver will know about sharing ride details, secure their travel details, such as pick-up and drop-off locations, arrival/departure times, and secure payment through the ethereum blockchain.With a distributed ledger, drivers and riders could create a more user-driven,value-oriented marketplace.In the context of car-sharing systems, our work also indicates that the design of such an integrated platform is dependent on striking the correct balance between important design concepts (such as security and privacy, authenticity, traceability and reliability, scalability, and interoperability).
Blockchain is a revolutionary new technology that facilitates peer-to-peer transfer of value without the need for a centralised intermediary. It uses cryptographic hashing functions, consensus protocols and decentralised data storage to ensure security, decentralised trust, immutability and transparency of business transactions. Blockchain technology paired with smart contracts is a reliable method of automating business rules in an efficient and trustworthy mechanism. A smart contract is a self-executing piece of code that runs on a blockchain platform. Predefined rules between participating organisations are translated into smart contract functions to establish trust. Blockchain is undergoing rapid development and has revolutionary potential for application in Intelligent Transport Systems applications. Blockchain can be used to create a secure, reliable and decentralised autonomous system, creating the best use of legacy infrastructure and resources. One of the most important issues is security, caused by the evolution of ITS towards centralisation. Fast-growing technologies, including the Internet of Things (IoT) and cloud computing, allow most data processing, analysis and decision-making to be done by centralised systems. The distinguishing factor of Ethereum is that it is programmed according to user requirements, rather than providing users with a set of predefined transactions, such as Bitcoin transactions. As a result, it could theoretically be used to automatically and securely execute any transaction involving trust, security or persistence. Although Ethereum is a relatively new implementation of blockchain, it has sparked reaction because of its potential to change the way many businesses operate.
In this study, artificial intelligence, the Internet of things, and blockchain technology were combined to develop a vehicle-to-everything blockchain power trading and energy management platform with the objective of enabling multi-level power transactions for electric vehicle charging stations in or between commercial buildings. The proposed platform considers green power transactions across microgrids, bidirectional power and green power charging and discharging transactions in microgrids, demand response bidding, and vehicle-to-vehicle emergency rescue charging. This innovative architecture operates smart contracts and distributed ledgers independently; uses smart contracts to handle bidding, matching, and settlement of the power trading platform; and simultaneously employs the cloud and local distributed ledger nodes to chain the detailed real-time transaction information and power data on the ledger. In this manner, the security and fairness of data can be ensured; furthermore, a large amount of chaining information can be processed, and the chaining latency can be shortened. In addition, the communication protocols are integrated through the artificial intelligence of things. An energy management system (EMS) is proposed, which can perform optimal charging and discharging scheduling according to the power transaction matching results and then control charging piles and energy storage system devices. It can reduce the operating cost of microgrids in commercial buildings, increase the efficiency of green power utilization, and reduce power loss. In this system, power transactions are automatically and simultaneously executed in the EMS to achieve real-time supply and demand balance of regional microgrids.
Vehicular networks promise features such as traffic management, route scheduling, data exchange, entertainment, and much more. With any large-scale technological integration comes the challenge of providing security. Blockchain technology has been a popular choice of many studies for making the vehicular network more secure. Its characteristics meet some of the essential security requirements such as decentralization, transparency, tamper-proof nature, and public audit. This study catalogues some of the notable efforts in this direction over the last few years. We analyze around 75 blockchain-based security schemes for vehicular networks from an application, security, and blockchain perspective. The application perspective focuses on various applications which use secure blockchain-based vehicular networks such as transportation, parking, data sharing/ trading, and resource sharing. The security perspective focuses on security requirements and attacks. The blockchain perspective focuses on blockchain platforms, blockchain types, and consensus mechanisms used in blockchain implementation. We also compile the popular simulation tools used for simulating blockchain and for simulating vehicular networks. Additionally, to give the readers a broader perspective of the research area, we discuss the role of various state-of-the-art emerging technologies in blockchain-based vehicular networks. Lastly, we summarize the survey by listing out some common challenges and the future research directions in this field.
For the development of blockchain smart contracts, a structured approach based on the principles of the Model Driven Architecture can be beneficial and facilitate the implementation of smart contracts. This paper presents such an approach, which, in combination with Unified Modeling Language (UML) Class and State machine diagrams, allows the smart contract structure and behavior logic to be modeled in several abstraction layers. This paper delves into details on how the model-to-model transformations from the specified Blockchain Platform Independent Model (PIM) with specified state-like behavior can be used to produce a Solidity Platform Specific Model (PSM). Subsequently, we elaborate on how the Solidity PSM is used for Solidity smart contract code generation by employing model-to-text transformations. The paper also demonstrates the process of our proposed transformations and code generation using smart contract code examples from Solidity documentation. Based on the examples, a Blockchain PIM is specified and transformed to Solidity PSM, which is then used for Solidity smart contract code generation. The generated smart contract code is then compiled, deployed on the Ethereum blockchain JavaScript virtual machine, and compared to the original smart contract code in terms of Solidity code metrics, similarity scores, and execution costs. The evaluation results indicate that our approach could be successfully used to model and later generate smart contract code.
Piero Fraternali, Sergio Luis Herrera González, Matteo Frigerio, Mattia Righetti
Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) is one of the most durable results of virtual currencies, which goes beyond the financial sector and impacts business applications in general. Developers can empower their solutions with DLT capabilities to attain such benefits as decentralization, transparency, non-repudiability of actions and security and immutability of data assets, to the price of integrating a distributed ledger framework into their software architecture. Model-Driven Development (MDD) is the discipline that advocates the use of abstract models and of code generation to reduce the application development and integration effort by delegating repetitive coding to an automated model-to-code transformation engine. In this paper, we explore the suitability of MDD to support the development of hybrid applications that integrate centralized database and distributed ledger architectures and describe a prototypical tool capable of generating the implementation artefacts starting from a high-level model of the application and its architecture.
Farhana Akter Sunny, Petr Hájek, Michal Munk, Mohammad Zoynul Abedin · 7 authors
For this study, the researchers conducted a systematic literature review to answer complex questions about the field of blockchain technology. We used an unbiased systematic review process to find works on blockchain-based applications and developed a Python code that searched various online databases. This paper provides an overview of the characteristics, mode of operation, and applications of blockchains in various domains such as transportation, commerce and industry, privacy and security, the financial sector, government, education, healthcare, and the Internet of Things (IoT). The aim was to identify the key research themes addressed in existing articles within each application domain and suggest future research directions for these domains. We analyzed a set of 750 articles published between 2015 and 2021 that dealt with blockchain applications. We found that financial management and security issues have been the main research focus since 2015. However, the use of blockchain in education has become a central research theme in 2021. Healthcare, IoT, and government applications have also grown in popularity. We furthermore analyzed some of the implementations of privacy mechanisms, as well as the challenges and future directions that need to be addressed for effective blockchain deployment. This study contributes to existing research by providing a comprehensive overview of blockchain application themes and their emerging areas for stakeholders in diverse sectors.
Ryan Shivers, Mohammad Ashiqur Rahman, Md Jobair Hossain Faruk, Hossain Shahriar · 6 authors
Ride-hailing and ride-sharing applications have recently gained popularity as a convenient alternative to traditional modes of travel. Current research into autonomous vehicles is accelerating rapidly and will soon become a critical component of a ride-hailing platforms architecture. Implementing an autonomous vehicle ride-hailing platform proves a difficult challenge due to the centralized nature of traditional ride-hailing architectures. In a traditional ride-hailing environment the drivers operate their own personal vehicles so it follows that a fleet of autonomous vehicles would be required for a centralized ride-hailing platform to succeed. Decentralization of the ride-hailing platform would remove a roadblock along the way to an autonomous vehicle ride-hailing platform by allowing owners of autonomous vehicles to add their vehicles to a community-driven fleet when not in use. Blockchain technology is an attractive choice for this decentralized architecture due to its immutability and fault tolerance. This thesis proposes a framework for developing a decentralized ride-hailing architecture that is verifiably secure. This framework is implemented on the Hyperledger Fabric blockchain platform. The evaluation of the implementation is done by applying known security models, utilizing a static analysis tool, and performing a performance analysis under heavy network load.