The development of the modus operandi of money laundering become a major concern. Cryptocurrency technology has the potential to become a new media for money laundering because law enforcement officials still use to this technology, this technology which has a pseudonymous and even anonymous character is a new means for money laundering perpetrators to disguise their crimes. This study aims to examine how cryptocurrency is used as the modus operandi of money laundering and how is the readiness of regulations in Indonesia, especially Law No. 8 of 2010 in prosecuting money laundering offenders with the cryptocurrency modus operandi. This study uses a normative juridical method with legal materials from literature studies and uses a statutory regulation approach. The results of this study are the use of crypto as a mode of money laundering due to peer-to-peer networks, namely the absence of third parties to supervise crypto transactions, high user privacy, and transaction flexibility. Abstrak. Berkembangnya modus operandi pencucian uang menjadi perhatian utama. Teknologi cryptocurrency berpotensi menjadi media baru TPPU dikarenakan masih awamnya teknologi tersebut oleh aparat penegak hukum, teknologi yang memiliki karakter pseudonymous bahkan anonymous ini menjadi sarana baru bagi pelaku TPPU untuk menyamarkan kejahatannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji bagaimana pemanfaatan cryptocurrency sebagai modus operandi TPPU dan bagaimana kesiapan regulasi di Indonesia khususnya Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 2010 dalam menjerat pelaku TPPU dengan modus operandi cryptocurrency. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dengan bahan hukum studi kepustakaan dan menggunakan pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan. Hasil penelitian ini adalah pemanfaatan kripto sebagai modus pencucian uang dikarenakan jaringan peer-to-peer yaitu tidak adanya pihak ketiga yang melakukan pengawasan transaksi kripto, privasi pengguna yang tinggi, dan fleksibilitas transaksi. Kata kunci: Modus Operandi, Cryptocurrency, Pencucian Uang, Indonesia
Putri Azura Hana Haryadi, Taupiqqurrahman Taupiqqurrahman
Perkembangan teknologi informasi mendorong hampir seluruh bidang dalam kehidupan masyarakat menjadi sesuatu yang berbentuk digital terutama dalam bidang perdagangan. Saat ini masyarakat lebih memilih sesuatu yang bersifat praktis, cepat, dan efisien sehingga berbagai platform digital digunakan dalam kegiatan sehari-hari. NFT merupakan aset digital yang kepopulerannya meroket beberapa tahun ke belakang ini. Adanya karya pada NFT sudah seharusnya karya NFT tersebut bisa dijadikan objek jaminan fidusia. Permasalahan dalam penelitian ini adalah bagaimana potensi NFT sebagai objek jaminan fidusia serta bagaimana keabsahan NFT apabila dijadikan objek jaminan fidusia. Metode penelitian ini adalah yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan undang-undang. Hasil penelitian ini menyatakan bahwa dalam konteks regulasi, Indonesia sudah memberikan suatu peluang atau potensi NFT sebagai jaminan fidusia yang berasal dari Undang-Undang Hak Cipta. Terdapat regulasi di Indonesia yang berkaitan untuk dijadikan ketentuan apabila menjadikan NFT sebagai jaminan fidusia. Itu menjadi cara agar pembebanan jaminan fidusia pada NFT tetap sesuai dengan ketentuan yang ada dan tidak melanggar hukum. Potensi tersebut perlu dilakukan penambahan regulasi yang lain terkait dengan NFT sebagai objek hak cipta. Selanjutnya, kedudukan NFT sebagai objek jaminan fidusia belum sah secara khusus, begitu pula legalitasnya. Berdasarkan regulasi-regulasi terkait yang sudah berlaku, terlihat potensinya untuk dibuat atau dikembangkan suatu produk hukum sebagai regulasi tambahan baru yang mengatur secara khusus dan terperinci. Dengan begitu, masyarakat dapat memanfaatkan NFT dengan maksimal dan bukan hanya sebagai investasi namun dijadikan hal lainnya seperti objek jaminan. Pemanfaatan NFT perlu diiringi dengan produk hukum dan ketentuan yang mengatur secara khusus untuk memberikan perlindungan dari segi hukum.
Deconcentration is an important element in the administration of the state. Its existence is not only in administrative law order, but also in Constitutional law because - like decentralization - it concerns the foundations and organization of the state. If decentralization gave birth to local government (autonomous region), then deconcentration gave birth to local state government (administrative area). These administrative areas are headed by what is known theoretically as a Prefector. For the Indonesian context, the prefector is held by the governor in such a way that the governor has a dual position, namely as the head of the autonomous region of the province as well as the prefector. The laws governing local government in Indonesia use the term representative of the center in the regions for the designation of prefector. Since the reformation until now, the administration of government from the center to the regions seems to have marginalized deconcentration as the governance structure. There was a strong impression during the reform era that looked at deconcentration as if were the antithesis of democracy. The impression was so strong that deconcentration and administrative areas were no longer included in the post-amendment 1945 Constitution. The deconcentrative authority possessed by the governor to revoke Regency/City Regional Regulations (Perda) that are contrary to higher laws, public interests, and decency, was annulled by the constitutional court in its decision in 2016. Furthermore, budgeting and regulation and formation the apparatus that assists the governor as the central representative in the regions appears to be running slowly. In this way the question arises: is the implementation of deconcentration effective by the governor as the representative of the central government in the regions? To answer this question, research was carried out on the implementation of the deconcentration. The results of the research show that the implementation of the deconcentration has not been effective due to various limitations: limited tools, limited rules, and limited authority
The presence of four new autonomous regions (DOB) in Papua completes the number of provinces in Indonesia to 38. This study examines the formation of the new autonomous region in Papua from the perspective of state administrative law. This type of research is juridical normative with a statutory, concept, and case approach. The study results show Law Number 2 of 202,1, which eliminates preparation areas, even though the preparation areas are crucial in forming a new autonomous region. With asymmetric decentralization, special autonomy will be imposed on the new autonomous regions in Papua, which have specificity regarding authority, finance, and institutions. However, there are several notes, such as the Governor and DPRP formed from the results of the 2024 simultaneous elections & regional election; as a result, the acting governor is equipped with crucial authority that is prone to conflict of interest. This article also provides ideas and recommendations regarding the formation of the Papua new autonomous region as follows: 1) The implementation of primary areas in the process of forming the Papua new autonomous region; 2) The government immediately issued government regulation of Desartada; 3) Maximizing the participation of indigenous Papuans in the establishment of the new autonomous region in Papua.
Technological advances always lead to various implications in people's lives, not least in the aspect of buying and selling transactions. In the current era, the dynamics of buying and selling transactions are enlivened by the presence of Non-Fungible Tokens (NFT); as an asset embodied in the form of a digital token. Furthermore, one of the components of NFT is the existence of smart contracts; as the presence of smart contracts also raises legal issues. This legal research aims to examine and examine the problems of smart contracts when they become evidence in a dispute; while at the same time reviewing the validity of smart contracts in the positive legal system in Indonesia. This legal research uses primary legal materials and secondary legal materials with a conceptual approach and legislation. The results of this study state that there is no legal instrument that regulates smart contracts, so the implementation of smart contracts is legal under Indonesian law. On the other hand, the existence of a smart contract as a form of an agreement is subject to the enforcement of Article 1320 of the Civil Code, so that the smart contract fulfills the components of the agreement as required in the legislation
Transaksi jual beli yang berbasis internet telah mereformasi transaksi jual beli yang terjadi secara konvensional, di mana transaksi antara Perkembangan teknologi yang sangat pesat membawa kemajuan pada hampir seluruh aspek dalam kehidupan manusia, khususnya pada metode pembayaran baru dalam kegiatan e-commerce, yaitu alat pembayaran virtual atau yang lazim disebut dengan mata uang virtual Bitcoin. Penulisan skripsi ini bersifat deskriptif yang merupakan penelitian yuridis normatif dan alat pengumpul datanya adalah studi dokumen yaitu dengan menganalisis peraturan perundang-undangan yang berkaitan dengan permasalahan dalam tesis ini dan analisis data adalah analisis kualitatif. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa aspek hukum mata uang virtual bitcoin sebagai alat pembayaran masih belum jelas dasar hukumnya. Akibat ketidakjelasan tersebut transaksi menggunakan bitcoin belum dapat dikatakan sah.
Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) are one of the technological innovations that provide convenience for every human being, especially in the context of business and economic opportunities. Features such as anonymity, decentralization, and its online scope are undeniably a double-edged knife phenomenon. On the one hand, it makes things easier, but on the other hand, it has the potential to become a platform for criminal acts such as money laundering, personal data violations, and copyright plagiarism. So that the urgency of special regulations should be considered, but with a progressive nature and paradigm so that NFT innovation does not die just because the law does not adjust to the times. Progressive law is a solution and answer to the phenomena that occur, where the legal paradigm and its enforcement must be in accordance with the moral system, the times, and the values that live in society to achieve substantive justice. Practical breakthroughs such as utilizing the latest technology can be developed to assist the law enforcement process in cyberspace.
This study aims to analyze the impact of a legal vacuum on digital art in NFT (Non-Fungible Token) as a violation of intellectual property rights and find out how the current regulation regarding digital art in NFT is viewed from Intellectual Property Rights. The era is growing, presenting the development of technological sophistication which is one of the things that is most needed by humans. One form of this technological sophistication is the internet and smartphones. Humans can communicate, buy and sell transactions, and so on only through the internet. In terms of buying and selling transactions, the emergence of NFT as a digital asset has become a trendsetter favored by many parties because the presence of NFT can be utilized in the arts, business and entertainment industries. The research method used in this research is normative juridical research with a case study approach and legislation. The results of this study conclude that due to the legal vacuum of digital art in NFT, it triggers the occurrence of violations that can harm certain individuals such as plagiarism, theft of works and even forgery and fraud. It is necessary to add regulations regarding all activities within the NFT itself, including the legal sanctions. This study seeks to explain all the possibilities of criminal acts that may occur and their settlements based on the Law relating to Intellectual Property Rights. Tujuan studi ini yaitu menganalisa kekosongan hukum atas seni digital dalam NFT (Non-Fungible Token) sebagai pelanggaran hak kekayaan intelektual dan mengetahui bagaimana pengaturan saat ini mengenai seni digital dalam NFT ditinjau dari Hak Kekayaan Intelektual. Zaman yang semakin berkembang, menghadirkan perkembangan kecanggihan teknologi yang menjadi salah satu hal yan paling dibutuhkan oleh manusia. Salah satu bentuk dari kecanggihan teknologi ini adalah internet dan smartphone. Manusia dapat melakukan komunikasi, transaksi jual beli, dan lain sebagainya hanya lewat internet saja. Dalam hal transaksi jual beli, kemunculan NFT sebagai sebuah aset digital menjadi trendsetter yang digemari banyak pihak karena kehadiran NFT dapat dimanfaatkan dalam industri seni, bisnis dan hiburan. Studi ini menggunakan Metode yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan studi kasus dan undang-undang. Hasil penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwasanya karena adanya kekosongan hukum terhadap seni digital dalam NFT, memicu terjadinya pelanggaran-pelanggaran yang dapat merugikan oknum-oknum tertentu seperti plagiarisme, pencurian karya bahkan pemalsuan dan penipuan. Sehingga perlulah penambahan peraturan mengenai segala aktivitas di dalam NFT itu sendiri termasuk sanksi hukumnya. Kajian ini berupaya menjelaskan segala kemungkinan-kemungkinan tindak pidana yang mungkin terjadi beserta penyelesaiannya berdasarkan pada regulasi terkait Hak Kekayaan Intelektual.
Fakultas Ilmu Sosial Universitas Harapan Bangsa, Indonesia, Maya Ruhtiani, Yuris Tri Naili, Fakultas Ilmu Sosial Universitas Harapan Bangsa, Indonesia · 8 authors
Penelitian ini mengkaji mengenai permasalahan tindak kejahatan terhadap aset digital pada era metaverse dan bagaimana perlindungan hukum terhadap aset digitalnya. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui bagaimana perlindungan hukum terhadap aset digital pada era metaverse. Artikel ini diteliti dengan menggunakan jenis penelitian yuridis normatif. Dimana pada pembahasannya penelitian ini memprioritaskan kepada pengkajian penerapan norma hukum positif atau kaidah hukum yang diterapkan di Indonesia. Perlindungan hukum terhadap aset digital pada era metaverse berkaitan dengan ancaman keamanan dan privasi terhadap identitas, data, privasi, jaringan, ekonomi, tata kelola, dan efek fisik/sosial. Tindak kejahatan terhadap aset digital pada metaverse dilakukan dengan cara pencurian data oleh peretas, peniruan identitas pengguna metaverse, perusakan pada data pengguna dan penyebaran data yang bersifat pribadi. Selain itu kejahatan pada metaverse dilakukan terhadap Non-Fungible Token yang berkaitan erat dengan kekayaan intelektual pada hak cipta, merek dan desain industri. Perlindungan hukum terhadap aset digital pada metaverse dapat diproses di dunia nyata dengan mengimplementasikan peraturan perundang-undangan yang ada pada hukum positif di Indonesia yaitu dengan menerapkan sanksi pidana terhadap tindakan pelanggaran pada metaverse dengan mengimplementasikan Undang-Undang Nomor 27 Tahun 2022 Tentang Perlindungan Data Pribadi sedangkan untuk pelanggaran atau pencurian pada NFT dapat menerapkan aturan hukum pada Undang-Undang Hak Cipta, Merek dan Indikasi Geografis.
Non-Fungible Token (NFT) is a token on the blockchain network that is used as a token of authenticity in the ownership of digital work. Along with the development of NFT as one of the investment instruments in Indonesia, it certainly raises big questions in terms of taxation. The problems in this study include, how to regulate the imposition of taxes on digital NFT asset transactions and how to enforce the law if there is a taxpayer deviation from NFT digital asset transactions. This research method is qualitative and descriptive with a normative legal approach. The results of the study indicate that NFT digital assets do not have specific tax regulations in Indonesia, but in connection with the transaction being supported through cryptocurrency, the tax is imposed according to PMK Number 68/PMK.03/2022. In terms of law enforcement on tax payments on NFT digital asset transactions, administrative and criminal sanctions may be imposed in accordance with Law Number 28 of 2007 concerning General Provisions and Tax Procedures.
This study aims to know the cryptocurrency is a digital currency that is used as a medium for transactions or payments between people online (peer to peer). Cryptocurrencyis a virtual currency that is protected with a secret code that is complex enough to protect and maintain the security of the value of the currency. Several types of cryptocurrencies include ethereum, ripple, litecoin, dogecoin, mrai, dashcoin, and so on. Currently, cryptocurrency is an investment instrument that is quite attractive to the public, the popularity of crypto investment itself can be seen from the increasing number of cryptocurrency investors. Therefore,The Commodity Futures Trading Supervisory Agency (CoFTRA) of the Ministry of Trade as a regulator that oversees cryptocurrencies in Indonesia has begun to tighten supervision of crypto asset trading. The research used is normative legal research with a statutory and conceptual approach. The research stages were carried out by analyzing the Commodity Futures Trading Supervisory Agency Regulation Number 7 of 2020 concerning the Determination of the List of Crypto Assets that can be Traded in the Crypto Asset Physical Market (PerCoFTRA Number 7 of 2020), and Act No. 7 of 2011 concerning Currencies, to find out cryptocurrency legality in Indonesia. The protection carried out on crypto assets is by first registering the type of cryptocurrency with CoFTRA to be analyzed and determined to be tradable or not. The determination of tradable crypto assets is carried out through the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) valuation method which has several assessment criteria that must be met, where the conditions for crypto assets that can be traded on the physical asset market must be guided by CoFTRA No. 7 of 2020.
Introduction: E-commerce transactions that develop, of course, bring changes to agreements that have been carried out conventionally, the digital era has finally brought about a new world called the metaverse with a number of assets in the form of objects such as Non-Fungible Tokens (NFT) and Crypto Currency that only exist in cyberspace.Purposes of the Research: The purpose of this research is to examine how the validity of agreements in the digital era, especially regarding electronic contracts and the purchase of Crypto Currency and NFT from Indonesian law persperctive.Methods of the Research: This research is descriptive analytical with a normative juridical type using primary, secondary and tertiary data from literature studies, both legislation and legal literature and other documents.Results of the Research: Both electronic contracts and electronic signatures used in e-commerce already have a legal basis so that their use is not something that is prohibited. Talking about the validity of an agreement will not be separated from Article 1320 of the Civil Code which requires 4 points that must be fulfilled in order for an agreement to be valid in the eyes of the law. This also applies to buying and selling crypto and NFT. Crypto is actually a currency, not recognized by the state. However, crypto can be traded and recognized as a trading commodity. NFT does not yet have special regulations, but the legal requirements for buying and selling NFT are still met even if the transaction uses crypto.
Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) have become one of the hottest buzzwords of the pandemic period. One of the most important judgments was handed down in March – but published only in June – 2022 in Osbourne v Persons Unknown and Ozone (see [2022] EWHC 1021 (Comm)). In para. 13 of the judgment, Pelling QC stated that ‘[t]here is clearly going to be an issue at some stage as to whether non-fungible tokens constitute property for the purposes of the law of England and Wales, but I am satisfied on the basis of the submissions made on behalf of the claimant that there is at least a realistically arguable case that such tokens are to be treated as property as a matter of English law’. While this is only a dictum and the judgment on the proprietary freezing injunction originates from an application made without notice (where the other parties were not actively involved in the proceedings), it is still the first judicial opinion that asserts the property nature of NFTs. Shortly after this, in Janesh S/O Rajkumar v Unknown Person (‘Chefpierre’), the sale of certain NFTs was halted by an injunction of the Singapore High Court as well. This ruling is also claimed to confirm the property nature of NFTs under the law of Singapore.
This research is motivated by the dynamics and development of money laundering crimes that utilize a technological operating system known as cyber laundering as a result of increasingly massive technological developments. The modes and means of cyber laundering used are consistently growing, one of which is by using NFT which makes it even more difficult to trace and to prove. Evidentiary is indeed a problematic factor in this crime as there is no technological sophistication to be able to prove it. The formulation of the problems raised in this study, first; what is the modus operandi of cyber laundering via NFT? Second, what are the legal policy efforts towards proving cyber laundering crimes committed through the NFT platform in Indonesia? The research method used is normative juridical with a statutory approach. The data collection was carried out through a literature study. The results of the study show that the NFT modus operandi is carried out through the exploitation of digital artworks. This is caused by the absence of price limits, the lack of control so that there is no comprehensive policy. The difficulty of proving the crime of cyber laundering through cryptocurrency and NFT is due to its properties which strictly maintain the confidentiality of the account owner. Thus in order to be able to prove this crime apart from using balanced limited inverted evidence as stipulated in the crime of money laundering, new breakthroughs are also needed for NFTs to be tracked.
Cryptocurrency is the result of technological developments. The first cryptocurrency is bitcoin, introduced by Satoshi Nakamoto as a decentralized digital currency with a safe haven. Then over time, some countries recognized cryptocurrency as property are Netherlands, China, and others. Indonesia has classified cryptocurrency as a commodity. This study will discuss the legal views of property in Indonesian law regarding cryptocurrency. This study analyzed cryptocurrencies according to the material elements in Indonesian law, considering the classification of cryptocurrencies as commodities in Indonesia. This research applied a normative method with a statutory approach through primary and secondary legal materials, analyzed by descriptive analysis. This research found several material aspects in KUH Perdata that could be fulfilled in cryptocurrency. Law No. 19 of 2016 concerning Information and Electronic Transactions article 1 paragraph 2 mentions that Electronic transactions are legal acts carried out using a computer, computer network, or other media.
Non-Fungible Token (NFT) is a blockchain-based token that securely maps copyright ownership to digital assets, these digital assets exist on the blockchain network which have identification codes and metadata that are unique and different from each other (one-of-the-kind). . It can also be interpreted as a digital asset that represents a variety of assets that are considered unique. NFTs can be traded for digital assets (images, music, videos, virtual creations) where ownership is recorded in a smart contract on the blockchain. One of the difficulties faced is that it takes a very long time for NFT creators to create a large number of works of art in a short time. To make it easier for creators to create NFT images, Daniel Eugene Botha, or better known as Hashlips, created a Hashlips Art Engine algorithm that can be used to create many different NFT images based on the layers provided using the canvas API and node.js. The hashlips algorithm also generates metadata as an important role in the mechanism for searching and exchanging NFT data and measuring the percentage of rarity in the resulting image. In addition, this study also shows the time required to create NFT images.
Ilfa Stephane, Heru Saputra, Nasrudin Alhaj, Lakry Maltaf Putra
Many marine product companies currently have not implemented blockchain potentials in tracking systems. There could be found many errors in the transactions record. The purpose of this research is to implement blockchain as a fraud prevention system for transactions in marine product companies. This research is qualitative-exploratory research with data collection using documentation techniques from related literature. This study concludes that Blockchain can be used as an alternative to fraud prevention. Blockchain can be used because there is transparency with a distributed system, which makes the whistleblowing system more effective and independent, in fully implementing the principles of GCG (Good Corporate Governance). The results of the advanced system designed at a marine product company are to facilitate data collection of all goods to be sent this providing high-security guarantees because it implements a blockchain security system in this system, and places an integrated tracking system so that data and goods sent during the transaction can be tracked.
Virtual currency was designed as an alternative legal tender, originally for use in virtual communities, and certain online gaming sites. The number of such virtual currencies is constantly growing and reaching out to activities in the real world. Currently there are a large number of virtual currencies in circulation and they can be obtained either directly (through mining, bilateral transactions with investors, from companies that sell virtual currencies, purchase of certain goods, etc.) or indirectly through the exchange of virtual currencies. Cryptocurrency can also be referred to as unformed commercial objects; it is actually a digital form which can be used in electronic transactions. This study aims to analyze the existence of virtual money (cryptocurrency) in stock trading in Indonesia and find out the responsibility of money laundering perpetrators who use virtual money (cryptocurrency) in stock trading. The research method used is normative legal research. The results showed that the existence of virtual uag (cryptocurrency) in stock trading in Indonesia when used as currency unification, transacting, trading or as a means of payment with businesses in this case, especially stock trading in Indonesia, can be said to be invalid in terms of its use7 Of 2011 On Currency. Users of virtual money (cryptocurrency) in Indonesia are quite widely used in terms of business, which can be seen in Indonesia itself already circulating virtual money (cryptocurrencies) such as Bitcoin and Centcoin. Then, the responsibility of money laundering perpetrators who use virtual money (Cryptocurrency) in stock trading which is very negative for the state of Indonesia, especially in terms of business because people who have committed these crimes take advantage of technological advances unwisely so that perpetrators can be charged based on law no. 8 of 2010 on the prevention and eradication of money laundering. Keywords: Stock Trading, Cryptocurrency, Special Crimes
Regulation of money or currency in Indonesia is based on Law (UU) Number 7 of 2011 concerning Currency. Money is a symbol of state sovereignty that must be respected and proud of by all Indonesian citizens. In this study, the author discusses the implementation of cryptocurrency transactions in Indonesia according to the Regulation of the Commodity Futures Trading Supervisory Agency Number 5 of 2019 concerning Technical Provisions for the Implementation of the Physical Market for Crypto Assets (Crypto Assets) on the Futures Exchange, and discusses the Legal Protection in Cryptocurrency Transactions according to the Agency Regulations. Commodity Futures Trading Supervisor Number 5 of 2019 concerning Technical Provisions for the Implementation of the Physical Crypto Asset Market on the Futures Exchange in Indonesia. This writing uses descriptive qualitative method. The results of the study state that legal protection for the community is currently familiar with digital transactions and specifically during this pandemic.Keywords: Legal Protection; Cryptocurrencies; Crypto Asset AbstrakPengaturan uang atau mata uang di Indonesia didasarkan pada Undang-Undang (UU) Nomor 7 Tahun 2011 tentang Mata Uang. Uang merupakan simbol kedaulatan negara yang harus dihormati dan dibanggakan oleh seluruh warga negara Indonesia. Dalam Penelitian ini, penulis membahas mengenai Pelaksanaan Transaksi cryptocurrency di Indonesia menurut Peraturan Badan Pengawas Perdagangan Berjangka Komoditi Nomor 5 Tahun 2019 Tentang Ketentuan Teknis Penyelenggaraan Pasar Fisik Aset Kripto (Crypto Asset ) Di Bursa Berjangka, dan membahas tentang Perlindungan Hukum Dalam Transaksi Cryptocurrency Menurut Peraturan Badan Pengawas Perdagangan Berjangka Komoditi Nomor 5 Tahun 2019 Tentang Ketentuan Teknis Penyelenggaraan Pasar Fisik Aset Kripto (Crypto Asset) Di Bursa Berjangka di Indonesia. Penulisan ini menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptif. Adapun hasil penelitian menyatakan bahwa perlindungan hukum terhadap masyarakat saat ini sudah banyak mengenal transaksi digital dan khusus dimasa pandemic ini.Kata Kunci: Perlindungan Hukum; Cryptocurrency; Crypto Asset
Perkembangan teknologi berdampak pada kegiatan investasi khususnya jual beli Non Fungible Token (NFT) oleh Ghozali di Open Sea yang menggunakan smart contract dan cryptocurrency sebagai alat pembayarannya yang menimbulkan permasalahan mengenai sah atau tidaknya transaksi NFT mengingat belum terdapat peraturan hukum yang khusus mengatur transaksi NFT di Indonesia. Di lain pihak status hak ekonomi atas suatu karya NFT belum jelas mengingat smart contract bukanlah perjanjian lisensi sebagaimana diatur dalam Undang-Undang Hak Cipta. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memahami legalitas transaksi penjualan NFT yang dilakukan oleh Ghozali dihubungkan dengan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 71 Tahun 2019 Tentang Penyelenggaraan Sistem dan Transaksi Elektronik dan untuk memahami kepemilikan hak ekonomi atas hak cipta NFT yang dijual oleh ghozali di Open Sea. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan (statute approach), dan pendekatan konseptual (conceptual approach) dengan dihubungkan dengan kasus hukum yang diangkat. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian yuridis normatif dengan spesifikasi penelitian deskriptif analitis yang mengkaji berdasarkan sumber data sekunder baik berupa bahan hukum primer, sekunder dan tersier yang dikumpulkan dengan teknik studi pustaka (library research). Hasil penelitian ini menguraikan bahwa belum terdapat peraturan hukum yang mengatur secara khusus maka selama tidak merugikan pihak lain, tidak adanya pembatalan dari para pihak serta selama para pihak sepakat dan memahami segala resikonya maka penjualan NFT oleh Ghozali adalah sah secara hukum. Kepemilikan hak ekonomi atas karya NFT melalui smart contract bersifat terbatas bagi para pihak sehingga berbeda dengan hak ekonomi yang diberikan melalui perjanjian lisensi.
Penelitian ini mengkaji mengenai karakteristik bitcoin dikaitkan dengan peraturan perundang-undangan, kriteria benda yang dapat dimasukkan ke dalam harta pailit dan kedudukan bitcoin sebagai harta pailit serta hambatan-hambatan yang timbul dalam pemberesan harta pailit berupa bitcoin. Penelitian ini bersifat yuridis-normatif. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa bitcoin telah memenuhi klasifikasi benda tidak berwujud dan benda tidak bergerak. Di Indonesia, bitcoin ditetapkan sebagai aset kripto dan merupakan komoditi. Berdasarkan praktik kepailitan di Indonesia, benda yang didaftarkan sebagai harta pailit adalah benda-benda yang dapat dijadikan jaminan di bank dan memiliki nilai ekonomis. Bitcoin termasuk dalam kategori harta pailit namun memiliki hambatan-hambatan dalam proses pemberesan harta pailit yaitu dalam proses pencatatan harta pailit, mengamankan bitcoin sebagai harta pailit, mengoptimalisasi nilai bitcoin dan terkait mekanisme penjualan harta pailit.
Recently, the concept of smart contract has come to existence as an alternative for a more technologically sophisticated digital contract. Smart contract operates based on the blockchain technology, does not involve a third party and has self-executing ability; allowing an implementation of a contract with zero risk of failure. In regards to this, HARA, an agriculture start-up company, created a self-titled platform that focuses on data exchange in the decentralized agriculture sector in order to provide consumers with the access to data. Some of the data provided by HARA include farmer identifications; cultivation data; specific location data; ecology data; market information and transaction data which are collected from various sources. However, an in-depth study is required to better understand smart contract and its contract law application. This study is normative legal research and used the conceptual and statutory approaches. Smart contract and its self-executing or self-enforcing ability does not render a revision or renewal of the contract by the contracting parties impossible. In this case, the responsibility of the platform provider to meet the terms of the contract can still be requested. The concept of smart contract, which is also categorized as an electronic agent, has met the Indonesian requirements for contract validity. The distinct feature of a smart contract is its self-executing/self-enforcing ability. Furthermore, there are five legal relationships that exist among the users of the HARA application.
ABSTRAK Kemunculan dari Non-Fungible Token atau yang dikenal sebagai NFT cukup berdampak pada sebagian industri ditanah air terkhusus di industri seni. Salah satu dampak buruk dari kehadiran NFT adalah berkenaan dengan pelanggaran pornografi di dunia siber. Terlihat secara fakta bahwa di dalam pasar digital NFT terdapat akun akun yang menjual gambar dan konten yang bermuatan porno dan melanggar kesusilaan. Penulisan ini menggunakan pendekatan yuridis normatif, dengan tujuan dari penelitian ini, tentunya untuk memberikn sanksi kepada pelanggar kesusilaan kepada para pemilik akun tersebut. Selain itu tidak hanya pelaku yang bisa terkena jeratan hukum melainkan penyelenggara sistem elektroniknya pun bisa mendapatkan sanksi berdasarkan hukum Indonesia, penyelenggara sistem elektronik dapat diberikan sanksi berupa sanksi administrasi yaitu pencabutan izin. Sanksi ini diberikan sebagai bentuk tanggung jawab hukum para penyelenggara sistem elektronik yang berada di wilayah hukum Indonesia. ABSTRACTThe emergence of Non-Fungible Tokens or known as NFTs has had quite an impact on some industries in the country, especially in the arts industry. One of the bad effects of the presence of NFT is related to pornography violations in cyberspace. It can be seen in the fact that in the NFT digital market there are accounts selling pornographic images and content that violate decency. This writing uses a normative juridical approach, with the aim of this research, of course, to give sanctions to violators of decency to the account owners. In addition, it is not only perpetrators who can be subject to legal entanglement, but also the organizers of the electronic system can get sanctions under Indonesian law, the organizers of the electronic system can be given sanctions in the form of administrative sanctions, namely revocation of permits. This sanction is given as a form of legal responsibility for electronic system operators in the Indonesian jurisdiction.
Information and communication technology advancements has spawned numerous innovations, including cryptocurrency. Cryptocurrency is a currency that only exists in Indonesia as a digital asset. The volatile and uncontrollable value of cryptocurrencies causes investors to suffer losses. This study aims to determine the legal protection of cryptocurrency investors in Indonesia under Consumer Protection Law. This study employs a descriptive qualitative methodology with a normative approach through legislation. According to the findings of this study, The Consumer Protection Act provides legal protection for cryptocurrency investors by regulating the rights and responsibilities of consumers and business actors.