Blockchain Papers

Mikołaj Barczentewicz

No abstract is available for this record.

Barbara Będowska-Sójka, Agata Kliber

No abstract is available for this record.

Mahadi Hasan Miraz, Rohana Sham, Noraini Ahmad, Mohammad Tariq Hasan · 6 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

Shrinivas Sonkar, Omkar Shinde, Harshal Rane, Pushkaraj Sahane · 5 authors

The Blockchain-Based Shipment Tracking System enhances supply chain management by leveraging blockchain technology to ensure transparency, security, and efficiency. Traditional supply chains often rely on outdated, paper-based systems, leading to scattered information, delays, and inefficiencies. Our system eliminates these challenges by providing a decentralized and real-time tracking solution where every update to a shipment’s status is securely recorded on the blockchain, ensuring all stakeholders have accurate and tamper-proof information. Built on the Ethereum blockchain, the system utilizes smart contracts written in Solidity to automate shipment tracking and management. It employs the Proof of Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism, which ensures efficient and secure transaction validation. To further enhance data security and integrity, SHA-256 hashing is applied to prevent unauthorized modifications. By integrating real-time tracking, immutable blockchain records, automated smart contract execution, and decentralized storage, the system reduces delays, minimizes fraud risks, and lowers operational costs. This innovative approach modernizes supply chain operations, making them more reliable, cost-effective, and resistant to disruptions, ultimately transforming logistics and transportation industries.

Min Lin, Ștefan Găman, Ruting Wang, Daniel Traian Pele

No abstract is available for this record.

Zubaida Rehman, Iqbal Gondal, Hai Dong, Mengmeng Ge · 6 authors

Eclipse attacks, which isolate victim nodes by monopolizing their peer connections, remain a critical threat to Ethereum’s consensus mechanism. To address this, we present a principled framework for detecting Eclipse attacks in Ethereum peer-to-peer networks, grounded in a formal adversarial model. Existing defenses are either ad-hoc or lack provable guarantees, leaving open questions about their reliability under adaptive adversaries. Our work aims to bridge this gap by formally defining eclipse attack detection as a security property. We specify soundness, completeness, and robustness theorems under bounded adversarial drift, and derive formal guarantees within false positive and false negative bounds, resilience to adversarial manipulation, and multi-node compositional reliability. We then instantiate a lightweight detection framework that maps packet-level traffic features to predictions using ensemble classifiers (Random Forest, XGBoost). The system was validated using a controlled Ethereum testbed and extended with CTGAN-generated synthetic traces to emulate networks of up to 100 nodes. Empirical evaluation shows that our framework achieves up to 96% F1-score with sub-second inference latency, well within Ethereum’s 12-second Proof-of-Stake validator time slots. These findings demonstrate that lightweight statistical features, when coupled with formal analysis, enable accurate, efficient, and scalable detection of network-level partitioning attacks. Our work establishes a deployable and theoretically grounded defense foundation for securing modern blockchain systems against eclipse adversaries.

Yaqoob Alshamsi

No abstract is available for this record.

Eashwar Sivakumar, Kiran Jot Singh, Paras Chawla, G. Geetha

The complex nature of smart contracts necessities the development of a novel adaptable framework. As blockchain technology continues to expand into diverse fields, the demand for secure, efficient, and transparent systems becomes increasingly critical. RBEDH is the integration of Role Based Access Control (RBAC), Event Driven Architecture (EDA) and Hybrid Functionalities. The framework is applied to the scholarly publishing sector, where academic integrity, transparency, and reliability are crucial for ensuring the credibility and trustworthiness of published research. The smart contracts are executed between authors, reviewers and publishers. Functionality test was conducted using Ganache, Ropsten, and Ethereum Mainnet. These evaluations confirmed the consistency and effectiveness of contract deployment. Vulnerabilities such as re-entrancy, integer overflow/underflow, unauthorized access were tested using Securify, Mythril, Smartcheck and Oynete. It is found that the system is secure and it not susceptible to any of the above vulnerability. Further timestamp dependency was tested through Manticore, Slither and Echidna and the test results indicate the absence of vulnerability. Scalability and performance analysis results proves that the proposed framework is better on the basis of average energy consumption, latency and memory requirement when compared with the existing literature.

Issula, Noora

Tämä opinnäytetyö tarkastelee lohkoketjuteknologian ominaisuuksia ja hajauttamisen keskeisiä periaatteita. Työn ensisijaisena tavoitteena oli perehtyä Ethereum-lohkoketjuverkossa toimivan ja erityisesti digitaalisiin hallintatodistuksiin (NFT) perustuvan hajautetun sovelluksen kehittämiseen. Tämän lisäksi tavoitteena oli tarjota yksinkertaistettu perusta älysopimusten ja hajautettujen sovellusten kehittämiseen. Työn kehys muodostuu aihetta ympäröivästä kirjallisuuskatsauksesta ja oman henkilökohtaisen kehitysprojektin toteutuksen sekä tulosten raportoinnista. Aluksi perehdytään hajautettujen tietokantojen keskeisiin periaatteisiin vertaillen näiden vahvuuksia ja rajoitteita suhteessa keskitettyihin tietokantoihin. Tarkastelun kohteena on myös lohkoketjuteknologian vallitsevat rajoitteet ja sen haasteet sekä tietoturvallisuus ja sen hallinta. Lisäksi syvennytään tarkemmin työhön toteutetussa kehitysprojektissa hyödynnettyyn Ethereum-alustaan ja sen erityispiirteisiin. Oman kehitysprojektin toteutus nojautui työn alussa esitellyn teorian lisäksi muun muassa Ethereumin ja Solidityn dokumentaation. Kehitysprojekti toteutettiin hyödyntäen Scaffold-ETH 2 -työkalupakkia ja sen tarjoamaa kehitysympäristöä. Tämä mahdollisti syventymisen älysopimuksen ja sovelluksen hajautettujen toiminnallisuuksien kehittämiseen yksinkertaistaen lisäksi muun muassa käyttäjäinteraktioiden toteutusta sekä sovelluksen testaamista kehitysprosessin aikana. Projektissa toteutettu älysopimus perustuu ERC-721-standariin, joka on kehitetty erityisesti NFT-pohjaisten sopimusten kehykseksi. Toteutuksessa hyödynnettiin lisäksi hajautettua tiedostojärjestelmää (IPFS) mintattavan NFT:n kuvatiedoston ja metatietojen tallennukseen. Kehitysprojektin tuloksena saatiin toteutettua kevyt testiverkossa toimiva prototyyppimallinen hajautettu sovellus, joka mahdollistaa NFT:n luomisprosessin eli minttaamisen käyttäjän valitsemalla kuvatiedostolla. Sovelluksessa on myös äänestystoiminto, jossa NFT-kohtaiset äänet kirjataan lohkoketjuun sisäisesti. Käyttäjän minttaamien tokenien lukumäärä on rajoitettu enintään kolmeen, ja jokaisella käyttäjällä on käytössään vain yksi ääni. Tämä kehitysprojektin tuotos havainnollistaa hyvin, kuinka lohkoketjujen ja älysopimusten avulla voidaan luoda lisäarvoa ja käyttäjien välistä vuorovaikutusta sovelluksen sisäisesti, ilman tarvetta kolmansille osapuolille tai keskitetyille järjestelmille.

Omobolaji Olufunmilayo Olateju

Blockchain-based tokenization is transforming agricultural finance by enhancing efficiency, transparency, and security. This study focuses on small farmers and agribusinesses, evaluating the role of blockchain in mitigating fraud and cyber risks while improving financial accessibility. Using datasets from the World Bank Global Findex (measuring financial inclusion in agriculture), Ethereum blockchain transaction records (analyzing tokenized asset security and fraud detection), and FAO Agristats (assessing financial efficiency in agricultural markets), the study provides an empirical assessment of tokenization's impact. Methodologically, logistic regression is employed to predict fraud risk based on financial accessibility and regulatory strength, while anomaly detection using Z-scores identifies irregular blockchain transactions. Additionally, a Difference-in-Differences (DiD) regression model evaluates financial efficiency improvements, measuring the impact of tokenization on loan disbursement times, transaction costs, and transparency. The findings indicate that tokenization reduces loan disbursement times by 31.3%, lowers transaction costs by 37.3%, and increases financial transparency by 40%. Fraud occurrences were 15% lower in blockchain-enabled transactions, with a weak correlation (r = -0.064) between digital finance adoption and fraud rates, suggesting that governance weaknesses rather than digitalization alone influence fraud risks. The study recommends advanced smart contract security, decentralized identity verification, regulatory oversight, and oracle network integration to enhance blockchain security in agricultural finance. These insights underscore the importance of multi-layered cybersecurity strategies in securing tokenized agricultural investments, benefiting farmers, agribusinesses, and financial institutions while fostering a more transparent and efficient agri-finance ecosystem.

Mustafa Yalçın

No abstract is available for this record.

Nicola Dimitri

No abstract is available for this record.

Giacomo Vella, Valeria Portale, Daniel Trabucchi, Luca Gastaldi

This study investigates how blockchain-based platforms redefine traditional innovation platform models by analyzing Ethereum as a paradigmatic case.While classical platforms are characterized by centralized governance and selective openness, Ethereum introduces a decentralized architecture that structurally embeds openness, composability, and permissionless participation into its protocol.Drawing on a qualitative single-case study based on over 100 secondary sources, this research explores three dimensions: governance and orchestration, complementor engagement, and architectural modularity.Findings highlight that Ethereum operates through multi-actor orchestration, where governance is distributed among core developers, the Ethereum Foundation, decentralized autonomous organizations, and community contributors.Complementors engage directly with the platform, leveraging smart contracts and token-based incentives to build interoperable applications without the need for approval from a central authority.Moreover, Ethereum extends composability beyond core-periphery dynamics, enabling peer-level recombination of complements through public, reusable smart contracts.A comparative analysis with traditional platforms and open-source ecosystems positions Ethereum as a novel archetype of innovation platform, blending open-source governance with blockchain-enabled modularity and decentralized economic coordination.The study advances platform theory by proposing new conceptualizations of openness, modularity, and governance in decentralized digital ecosystems.

Samuel Fosso Wamba, Fred Riggins

This mini-track focuses on how smart contracts and artificial intelligence (AI) in blockchains are used to automate decision analytics to provide new services.Smart contracts can track changes and automate decision-making in supply chain systems, ledgers recording ownership transfers, and decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs) governance.The rapid development of blockchain technology and smart contracts in the last ten years has fueled a dramatic increase in commerce in the crypto space.Decentralized financial services (DeFi), supply chain systems, healthcare delivery, manufacturing systems, and agriculture are all being impacted by the emergence of distributed ledger technologies (DLTs) enabled by smart contracts.Smart contracts are executable codes that run on blockchains like Ethereum to facilitate, monitor, and execute transactions and agreements between parties without using traditional trusted third parties.These smart contracts automate the decision analytics required for commerce between two or more parties.Artificial intelligence is essential in detecting fraud and misuse, allowing these systems and organizations to run without human intervention.If blockchain commerce is to become widespread, it is vital to understand the characteristics and best practices needed for effective and efficient smart contracts and how AI enables these systems to operate autonomously.This mini-track encourages authors to share new and interesting theoretical and methodological perspectives on topics relevant to academic researchers and practitioners.It welcomes work-in-progress that examines existing and extended theories using smart contracts and AI in blockchain autonomous systems and organizations.It gives special consideration to research submissions when the author(s) commit to including an industry partner in their presentation.It welcomes research that reflects a range of current research methods, including case studies, analytical models, conceptual studies, econometrics, and frameworks.A range of research areas were suggested, including:

Siddharth Verma

Proof-of-Context (PoC) protocols aim to ensure fairness and integrity in smart contract execution by cryptographically binding on-chain transactions to verifiable off-chain contextual data. Traditional consensus mechanisms (e.g., Proof-of-Work, Proof-of-Stake) focus on ordering and validation of transactions but do not address whether the contextual conditions that should govern contract execution are satisfied. In this manuscript, we propose a novel PoC framework that leverages decentralized oracles, zero-knowledge proofs, and time-stamped Merkle commitments to provide verifiable evidence that all pre-specified preconditions and environmental parameters were met at execution time. We detail the design of the protocol, implement a prototype on an Ethereum testnet using Chainlink oracles and zk-SNARKs, and conduct a performance evaluation under varying network and workload conditions. Our results show that PoC incurs a modest overhead—on average 5% additional gas cost and 200 ms added latency per proof generation—while dramatically enhancing auditability and reducing the risk of context-based manipulation or dispute. We conclude that PoC protocols offer a practical mechanism for enforcing fairness in a wide range of decentralized applications, from DeFi loans conditioned on real-world data to NFT minting events gated by dynamic criteria. Finally, we discuss the scope, limitations, and future research directions for broader deployment.

Руслан Ханиев

Данная работа посвящена исследованию вопроса обеспечения целостности производственной информации в окружении высокой автоматизации с помощью блокчейн-технологии. Задачи, которые решались в ходе исследования: 1. Исследование вопроса применения блокчейн-оракулов в промышленности для обеспечения целостности данных. 2. Разработка архитектуры соответствующего решения для промышленных производств. 3. Разработка модульной структуры в виде программного кода и рекомендаций по его встраиванию в промышленное цифровое окружение. Работа была проведена на основе открытых данных о блокчейне и средствах обеспечения безопасности информации в промышленности в условиях автоматизированного производства. Был произведен теоретический обзор вопроса и изучение самой технологии блокчейн, как и рассмотрение уже существующих примеров в качестве части комплексных решений формата «умный завод». Были рассмотрены инструменты и внешние сервисы, позволяющие развернуть подобную структуру обеспечения безопасности и целостности информации без использования сторонних комплексных решений «из коробки». В результате была разработана архитектура системы с блокчейн-оракулом, обеспечивающим логирование всех производственных данных в блокчейн-сеть Polygon с возможностью использования как открытой сети, так и развертывания собственной, закрытой от сети Интернет. Были разработаны модули, доступные для встраивания в любую автоматизированную архитектуру, и даны рекомендации по дальнейшей доработке в зависимости от нужд предприятия. Для достижения данных результатов в результате были использованы следующие информационные технологии: Python, web3.py, Solidity, Ethereum, Polygon.

Ram Kumar Solanki, Ganesh R. Pathak, Amit Gadekar, Abhishek Dhore · 6 authors

The spread of Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) beyond its roots in cryptocurrency has led to a proliferation of blockchain frameworks with differing architectural philosophies, performance attributes, and applications in mind. This non-uniformity poses a significant problem for enterprises and developers who aim to find the best platform that suits them. The paper is based on a rigorous, multi-dimensional comparison of the four most crucial blockchain frameworks that encompass the breadth of the current DLT: Ethereum as an early smart contracts and decentralized application pioneer, Hyperledger Fabric for permissioned blocks designed to work in enterprise consortia, R3 Corda as a privacy-oriented ledger that is suitable to regulated industries, and Solana as a high-performance public blockchain that was developed to support web-scale applications. The paper breaks down the major architectural building blocks of each framework, including their permissioning models, data models, consensus models, and execution environments for smart contracts. Next, it compares their scalability and performance by combining the findings of notable benchmark experiments with relevant performance metrics (throughput and latency). Moreover, the paper investigates practical adoption by examining notable examples in financial services, supply chain management, and the fundamental growth of the Web3 economy. The most valuable output of this study is a synthesized framework selection matrix, which aligns platform abilities with the particular business and technical requirements as an evidence-based (observed in the field) guide that practitioners can use; at the same time, it will serve as a well-structured point of departure in future academic studies and research on the topic of distributed systems.

Rim Ben Fekih, Mariam Lahami, Salma Bradai, Mohamed Jmaïel

Defined as an agreement between multiple parties and systematically executed by a computer code, smart contracts enable trust-less execution without a third party. Despite the trusted implementations that smart contracts offer, including those based on standards, different security problems and vulnerabilities arise during their development and execution. To address these issues, multiple studies have proposed potential solutions, focusing particularly on the verification of smart contracts and considering the standard-based ones using formal verification techniques. However, the sheer amount of research makes it difficult to accurately articulate the state-of-the-art. To tackle this challenge, we propose a systematic literature review that deals with formal verification of ERC-based smart contracts. ERC (Ethereum Request for Comments) standards enable a range of functionalities, such as the creation and management of tokens. Thus, our review provides an overview of ERC standards and examines their related potential issues. Furthermore, we investigate existing solutions presented in 19 relevant studies published between 2019 and July 2023. We analyze and classify approaches to formal modeling, properties’ specification and techniques used in the verification of smart contracts. Finally, we discuss the research challenges and suggest some promising future directions to stir research efforts into this area.

Giacomo Vella, Valeria Portale, Daniel Trabucchi, Luca Gastaldi

This study investigates how blockchain-based platforms redefine traditional innovation platform models by analyzing Ethereum as a paradigmatic case.While classical platforms are characterized by centralized governance and selective openness, Ethereum introduces a decentralized architecture that structurally embeds openness, composability, and permissionless participation into its protocol.Drawing on a qualitative single-case study based on over 100 secondary sources, this research explores three dimensions: governance and orchestration, complementor engagement, and architectural modularity.Findings highlight that Ethereum operates through multi-actor orchestration, where governance is distributed among core developers, the Ethereum Foundation, decentralized autonomous organizations, and community contributors.Complementors engage directly with the platform, leveraging smart contracts and token-based incentives to build interoperable applications without the need for approval from a central authority.Moreover, Ethereum extends composability beyond core-periphery dynamics, enabling peer-level recombination of complements through public, reusable smart contracts.A comparative analysis with traditional platforms and open-source ecosystems positions Ethereum as a novel archetype of innovation platform, blending open-source governance with blockchain-enabled modularity and decentralized economic coordination.The study advances platform theory by proposing new conceptualizations of openness, modularity, and governance in decentralized digital ecosystems.

Ayman Mohamed Mostafa, Ehab R. Mohamed, Asmaa Hanafy, Faeiz Alserhani · 8 authors

Identity management (IDM) systems in cloud computing struggle to securely manage user identities and access privileges in distributed environments. However, centralized IDM solutions come with high trust costs, single points of failure, and a need for appropriate security response. This paper proposes a novel decentralized IDM framework utilizing blockchain technology and automatic provisioning (AP) techniques to improve cloud computing’s security, scalability, and operational efficiency. The framework employs Ethereum smart contracts and role‐based access control (RBAC) to ensure secure, transparent, and automated management of user identities. Key features include support for single sign‐on (SSO), multifactor authentication (MFA), and delegated proof‐of‐stake (DPoS) consensus for secure transaction validation. Our proposed scheme utilizes the Ethereum blockchain and smart contracts for managing user access, ensuring transparent and immutable record‐keeping. The scheme introduces RBAC mechanisms to ensure precise privilege allocation and dynamic updates. The scheme also supports key IDM processes, including SSO, MFA, and lifecycle management of identities. The framework incorporates DPoS consensus to enhance security for efficient transaction validation and the prevention of fraud. To address fraudulent activities, the scheme uses machine learning to detect blockchain fraud with 99.1% accuracy, demonstrating robustness and efficiency for large‐scale cloud infrastructures.

Hora, Harneesh Singh, Sahani, Rahul, Suthar, Aryan, Rizwan Khan, Sahil

<i>We present a decentralized NFT (Non-Fungible Token) marketplace built on the Ethereum blockchain. The platform allows users to mint, buy, and sell unique digital assets (e.g., art, collectibles) using Solidity smart contracts and a Web3-enabled frontend. All ownership records are stored on-chain for transparency and immutability, while large media data (images, metadata) are stored off-chain using IPFS. Users connect their wallets (e.g., MetaMask) via a React interface using Ethers.js, enabling peer-to-peer transactions without intermediaries. Key features include real-time transaction updates via blockchain event listeners and gas-optimized contract design. Security is enforced through standard libraries and audit practices to prevent common exploits (e.g., reentrancy, overflow). Performance evaluations show reasonable gas costs per transaction, demonstrating feasibility on Ethereum’s current throughput. Future work includes expanding cross-chain support and enhanced scalability.</i>

Edmund-Philipp Schuster, Kelvin Fatt Kin Low

Abstract Decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs), like blockchains, were expected to revolutionize the economy by solving the principal–agent problem in the corporate form. Yet, the very first DAO (“The DAO”) suffered a catastrophic hack that led to the Ethereum blockchain’s forking. Despite this failure, and the 2022 crypto markets collapse, enthusiasm for DAOs as corporate alternatives persists in crypto circles. Nine years on, however, DAOs remain a niche structure with little traction outside crypto projects. This chapter posits that this is due to fundamental flaws in the case for DAOs as corporate replacements. Crypto proponents often dismiss centralization and opacity as wholly undesirable, overlooking their functional value in business organizations. They also fail to recognize that blockchain’s security, transparency, and predictability are narrowly bound and come at a cost, rendering DAOs poorly equipped to handle the risks organizations face in the real world. These trade-offs explain why DAOs are less a revolution, more naïve wishful thinking.

Yusuke Kaneko

The rapid adoption of blockchain technology and generative AI contributes significantly to global electricity consumption, raising concerns about environmental sustainability. The first step in saving energy is to identify current consumption. However, since blockchain and generative AI are cloud-based services, it is difficult to understand electricity consumption outside one’s facilities. This creates a barrier for user companies and organizations seeking to increase the accuracy of calculating Scope 3 emissions. This study quantifies the electricity consumption of these technologies at a system-wide and per-use level. It compares them to traditional services such as payment networks and web search engines. Bitcoin, a Proof of Work (PoW) blockchain, consumes approximately 121 TWh, equivalent to 0.43% of global electricity consumption, and its energy demand per transaction is 720,000 times higher than that of the Visa payment system. Ethereum’s move to Proof of Stake (PoS) in 2022 reduces energy consumption by 99.988%, demonstrating the potential for efficiency gains. Generative AI models also have significant energy requirements, especially during the training and inference phases. For example, training GPT-4 required approximately 9450 MWh, and daily inference work exceeded 500 MWh. The results show that inference, driven by frequent user interaction, often exceeds the energy consumption of training. The study underscores the urgency of addressing these technologies’ environmental impact through strategies such as adopting energy-efficient consensus mechanisms and optimizing AI’s lifecycle. These findings are intended to guide organizations in refining their Scope 3 emissions calculations and adopting sustainable technology practices.

Paulo Caetano da Silva, Djalma Oliveira Costa Filho, Daniel Jose Diaz, José Alan da Silva Teixeira

Blockchain has received a lot of attention for multiple use cases and applications since the first works emerged about 15 years ago, with its use targeting cryptocurrencies. During this period, a wide variety of platforms (e.g. Ethereum, Hyperledger, and others web3 Blockchain platforms), tools, programming languages and other resources such as smart contracts were proposed. With the aim of better understanding the use of smart contracts in Blockchain-based systems, this article presents a systematic review of the literature on Blockchain application architectures that make use of smart contracts, applied in different areas. It is expected to bring together approaches for the design and implementation of smart contracts on the Blockchain.