. In the development of this massive information system, all countries in the world are competing to modernize to benefit their countries, not only in the form of technology, but also into the economic field. In the economy is also known as a payment system that can be carried out by a person or a company in making transactions and so on. Transactions in the realm of companies can also be associated with the payment of salaries to employees or laborers. In paying wages to employees, of course, you can use any currency depending on the agreement by both parties, namely the company and the employees themselves. For example, payments using Bitcoin as a means of paying wages or salaries to laborers. This research uses an analytical descriptive method in the form of a literature study by discussing how the legality of Bitcoin in Indonesia as a means of payment and how to guarantee employee rights paid through Bitcoin..
The role of technology in everyday life has become more sufficient. This technology results in digitalization which gives rise to digital assets that later become crypto assets that use blockchain technology to store data. The development of these crypto assets presents a technology called Non-Fungible Token (NFT) which is a technology linked to a work of art or other digital assets that serves to protect the artwork or digital assets and as proof of ownership. NFT presents a new way for artists to sell their art more safely and avoid harmful actions. However, the widespread use of NFT technology has created a problem due to the lack of legality regarding NFT. The formulation of the problems discussed in this thesis are: 1. What is the legal certainty for digital assets in the form of Non-Fungible Tokens (NFT) on the Opensea digital platform? 2. What is the legality of Smart Contracts in each transaction of Non-Fungible Token (NFT) through the Opensea digital platform? The research method used is a normative juridical research method, taking a statutory approach and having a descriptive-analytical nature. From the results of this research, can be seen that NFT has not been clearly regulated in Indonesian positive law, resulting in a legal vacuum. Regulations regarding Crypto are regulated by Bappebti as the governing body. Bappebti itself has not specifically regulated NFT regulations in Bappebti regulations. Besides that, other arrangements are seen through the Civil Code which regulates NFT as an intangible object ITE Law which regulates the implementation of the transaction. And regarding the protection of its Intelectual Property Rights through the Copyright Law. Then regarding the validity of the Smart Contract in Non-Fungible Token (NFT) transactions it is considered valid in Indonesian positive law based on the Pacta sunt servanda principle and must be based on the compliance of Article 1320 of the Civil Code.
Lelang melalui Non-fungible Token (NFT) merupakan fenomena yang cukup baru yang terjadi di era digital, sehingga perlu dicarikan standar hukumnya. Dalam lelang melalui Non-fungible Token pembeli hanya melakukan penawaran melalui website dan dikenakan biaya yang cukup tinggi untuk setiap penawarannya. Sedangkan pembayarannya menggunakan uang kripto (cryptocurrency). Kajian ini bersifat kualitatif dengan pendekatan normatif dalam menjawab permasalahan bagaimana hakikat lelang aset digital melalui NFT dan bagaimana perspektif Hukum Ekonomi Syariah. Kajian ini berkesimpulan bahwa jual beli benda digital sebenarnya tidaklah dilarang, termasuk jual beli NFT dengan teknologi blockchain yang kecanggihannya dapat menyimpan data tanpa bisa dihapus, sehingga dapat meminimalisir terjadinya pemalsuan. Namun karena undang-undang di Indonesia telah menetapkan rupiah sebagai alat pembayaran yang sah di negara Indonesia, maka jual beli aset digital dalam bentuk NFT menjadi tidak sah karena alat pembeliannya menggunakan cryptocurrency. Selain itu, lelang aset digital melalui NFT untuk saat ini juga dilarang bagi umat Islam karena Majelis Ulama Indonesia menetapkan hukum haram terkait penggunaan cryptocurrency disebabkan belum adanya underlying atau otoritas yang mengaturnya, sehingga mengandung unsur gharar, dharar dan qimar, yang dikhawatirkan tidak membawa maslahah bagi pengguna cryptocurrency sehingga diharamkan.
Non-Fungible Token atau NFT telah memperoleh popularitas yang signifikan dalam industri kripto-aset dalam beberapa tahun terakhir. Hadirnya NFT tersebut tentunya juga memberi suatu permasalahan baru seperti adanya konten yang merugikan masyarakat misalnya dalam kasus penjualan foto Kartu Tanda Penduduk atau KTP. Penelitian ini analisis terhadap kasus penggunaan NFT sebagai media dalam penjualan foto KTP. Dalam analisis kasus tersebut, penulis menjelaskan bagaimana Perlindungan hukum terhadap pemilik Foto Data Pribadi di dalam KTP yang diunggah sebagai NFT dalam platform NFT dan Tindakan hukum yang tepat terhadap pelaku penyalahgunaan foto Data Pribadi di dalam KTP berdasarkan hukum positif di Indonesia. Secara keseluruhan, penelitian ini mengungkapkan bahwa NFT memiliki potensi yang besar sebagai suatu media yang dapat merugikan masyarakat apabila disalahgunakan. Oleh karena itu, diperlukannya upaya penegakan hukum dan regulasi yang memadai terkait dengan penjualan KTP sebagai Aset Digital NFT, agar selanjutnya dapat memanfaatkan teknologi NFT ini secara lebih efektif dan berkelanjutan.
This research examines dispute resolution in Indonesia relating to Non-Fungible Token (NFT) trading digital artworks such as drawings, photographs, paintings, animations, unique collections, music, animated videos, original works of art or works that are still in physical form can be converted into digital works due to piracy, plagiarism, mutilation of works of art and then marketed in digital form. This study aims to analyze the settlement of Non-Fungible Token (NFT) trade disputes for digital artworks. The methodology used in this study uses a normative juridical method. Normative juridical research is legal research that places law as a building system of norms. The results of the study explain that there is a legal vacuum in Indonesia relating to the settlement of disputes over Non-Fungible Token Trade (NFT) digital artworks.
<em>Cryptocurrency as a virtual currency managed by a decentralized system makes it immune to government interference and allows it to transact under pseudonyms. This has the potential for cybercrime and illicit transactions, especially money laundering. This study aims to compare legal instruments in Indonesia, the US, and Germany regarding the use of cryptocurrency as a money laundering tool and to analyze the readiness of Indonesia to respond to this crime. This study is normative legal research conducted using a comparative and statutory approach. These findings show that the US and Germany have extensively regulated crypto. In the US, Crypto transactions are considered MSB, subject to BSA compliance. Each transaction must comply with AML, KYC, and CIP requirements. In Germany, Cryptocurrency is considered a personal asset. The crypto trading must meet the KYC and AML requirements. Indonesia needs advanced regulations because crypto is only considered an investment asset. The investigation is difficult because cryptocurrency is transacted pseudonyms, so connecting pseudonyms with real people is challenging</em>
Penelitian ini menganalisis implikasi hukum yang terkait dengan kepemilikan hak atas kekayaan intelektual pada platform CryptoKitties. CryptoKitties adalah sebuah platform permainan berbasis blockchain yang memungkinkan pengguna untuk membeli, memiliki, dan melakukan perdagangan dengan kucing virtual yang unik. Kucing-kucing ini direpresentasikan oleh aset digital yang disebut non-fungible tokens (NFT), yang memberikan kepemilikan eksklusif kepada pemiliknya. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan (statute approach). Hasil penelitian ini ditemukan pengguna mengakui dan setuju bahwa dapper (atau, sebagaimana berlaku, pemberi lisensi) memiliki semua hak hukum, kepemilikan dan kepentingan dalam dan untuk semua elemen lain dari aplikasi, dan semua hak kekayaan intelektual di dalamnya, namun kepemilikan kekayaan intelektual non-fungible tokens (NFT), sepenuhnya dimiliki oleh pengguna. Dan dapper memberikan hak eksklusif kepada pengguna terhadap aset digital yang mewakili kucing virtual yang unik.
The Non-Fungible Token is an opportunity for artists to introduce their digital works to the general public, but it can also become a real threat to artists' attempts to commercialize their digital arts. This research aims to complement the studies regarding prevention and law enforcement related to copyright infringement of Non-Fungible Token assets. The research method used by the author in this article is normative juridical research supplemented by interviews, and this research uses a statute approach that is carried out by examining all laws and regulations related to the copyright of a work. The Commodity Futures Trading Regulatory Agency cooperates with the Ministry of Communication and Information in terms of prevention by blocking content and data. Another preventive measure is for artists to register with and join the Collective Management Institute (LMK). In addition, special laws and regulations are needed that regulate the protection of Non-Fungible Token assets, as well as the role of copyright law enforcement agencies and the public, to minimize the occurrence of violations in the realm of copyright.
M.Pd. . Dra. Made Sulastri, Tiwa Cindy Claudia, Wulan Chorry Safira
Pesatnya perkembangan teknologi membawa dampak positif seperti ditemukannya mata uang virtual (cryptocurrency), salah satunya yaitu Bitcoin. Sistem Bitcoin yang memiliki jaminan kerahasiaan dan perlindungan ternyata menghadirkan dampak negatif seperti penyalahgunaan fasilitas jaminan untuk melakukan pencucian aset hasil tindak pidana korupsi. Hal tersebut mengakibatkan para penegak hukum mengalami kesulitan dalam upaya pemulihan asset negara (asset recovery). Oleh karena itu, dalam penelitian ini akan dibahas mengenai cara pencegahan dan penanganan permasalahan tersebut melalui optimalisasi digital forensik. Dalam tulisan ini akan dibahas pula mengenai kasus korupsi PT. Asuransi Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia (PT. ASABRI) dimana beberapa tersangka diduga telah melakukan pengelolaan dana asuransi untuk dikorupsi kemudian disalurkan ke dalam bentuk Bitcoin. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan yuridis normatif dan teknik pengumpulan data berupa Penelitian Kepustakaan dan Penelitian Virtual. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa optimalisasi digital forensik dapat dilakukan melalui 3 aspek yaitu penguatan regulasi, peningkatan skill akuntan forensik dalam dunia digital, serta penguatan kerjasama antar lembaga seperti Pusat Pelaporan dan Analisis Transaksi Keuangan (PPATK) dengan Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi (KPK) dan Kejaksaan.
Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengkaji dan menganalisis bagaimana legalitas penggunaan cryptocurrency sebagai alat investasi jangka panjang di Indonesia serta mengkaji dan menganalisis bagaimana perlindungan hukum bagi masyarakat atau para investor cryptocurrency di Indonesia, adapun jenis penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian skripsi ini yaitu menggunakan jenis penelitian normatif dengan metode pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan (statute approach) dan metode pendekatan konseptual (conseptual approach). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini didapatkan bahwa pesatnya perkembangan cryptocurrency menyebabkan jumlah para pengguna atau investor cryptocurrency juga meningkat pesat di Indonesia sehingga pemerintah Indonesia harus membuat regulasi atau peraturan untuk memberikan kepastian hukum bagi para penggunanya, legalitas penggunaaan cryptocurrency di Indonesia sendiri telah diatur dan diawasi langsung oleh Badan Pengawas Perdagangan Berjangka Komoditi (Bappebti) No 5 Tahun 2019 Tentang Ketentuan Tekhnis Penyelenggaraan Pasar Fisik Asset Krypto (Crypto Asset).
Ahmad Zakirullah Mohamed Shaarani, Fidlizan Muhammad, Azman Mohd Noor, Mohd Farihal Osman
Smart Contract is one of the new technological developments related to the Industrial Revolution 4.0 which emphasizes on the execution of contracts between two parties automatically based on the terms and conditions that have been agreed before. This concept minimizes the role of intermediaries that exist in traditionally executed contracts thus leading to positive effects such as cost reduction, saving time and money, less cases of fraud, manipulation and so on. Looking at the philosophy of smart contracts, it is in line with the Maqasid / Objectives of Syariah. However, the nature of this concept which relies on automation which means lack of human intervention in executing the content of the contract raises questions about shariah compliancy in the operationalization of this system especially regarding the function and eligibility of the computer system as a contracting parties rather that human, as well as what is fiqh adaptation for such concept, in addition to what is parameters and dawābit that is required to ensure that each product based on smart contracts is Shariah compliant in terms of its content, shariah monitoring process once the contract is executed, and other related issues. This study is based on a full library research where the concept of smart contracts is analyzed based on the framework of Shariah law in Muamalat, in addition to the latest technological developments related to it. The results of the study found that smart contract is an acceptable concept in Islam, but it needs some guidance and improvement to ensure it really coincides with the parameters required by Shariah, namely full compliance with the pillars and conditions of the contract, must also be in line with Maqasid al-Shariah and current applicable law, the existence of elements of compassion, consideration, tolerance/Tasāmuh and others.
One form of utilizing the latest digital technology in Copyright is the Non-Fungible Token (NFT). Using a blockchain system to verify the authenticity of works, NFT can be a promising solution for intellectual property protection. However, due to the development of new technologies, research is still needed on how the legal problems of using Non-Fungible Token technology are related to Copyright. This research is a normative juridicial research using primary and secondary data. Data was collected using literature study and internet access, as well as data analysis using qualitative descriptive methods. The results of the research and discussion concluded that NFT technology still has several problems. The problem that occurs in the use of NFT is that there is no related regulation that regulates NFT, so there is no legal certainty to protect the public. Another problem is the theft of copyrighted works belonging to people who are converted into NFT. This is due to the lack of maximum verification of copyrighted works by the NFT marketplace.
Countries are using various sophisticated information technologies to help provide quality and transparent services. This research aims to explore the potential and models of using blockchain technology to overcome corruption problems in Indonesia. Proper utilisation of blockchain technology can increase accountability and reduce loopholes in corrupt practices. Blockchain is a distributed database with records (ledgers) shared by all network participants. Smart contract as a form of blockchain can help make the process more transparent and trackable. Since blockchain is a relatively new technology, very few studies have been done to explain its potential in the public sector, particularly with regards to issues of corruption. This study develops a model for the application of blockchain technology and conducts an in-depth analysis of its possibilities using a qualitative method and an exploratory approach. In-depth interviews, designed to get a big picture view of the blockchain development model in the public sector were conducted with several sources, namely the Director General of Asset Tracing KPK (Indonesian Anti-Corruption Commission), KPK Public Prosecutors, the KPK IT department, WIr Group, Financial and Development Oversight Agency (BPKP), and blockchain practitioners. The research was conducted between August and December 2022. The study's findings demonstrate how promising it is to use blockchain technology to lessen corruption. Distributed ledgers give governments new ways to improve transparency. The model that can be applied is ‘permissioned blockchain’ because it has a private nature. Blockchain application requires top management support, organisational readiness, and organisational support. To deepen understanding, further experimental research is needed to test the model.
Many policymakers and scholars have discussed concerns regarding terrorist group use of cryptocurrency in recent years. While some argue that the threat is still limited, others argue that the current usage of cryptocurrency does not match the entirety of features that terrorist groups require and desire. In the end, it is still critical to recognize that the cryptocurrency used for terrorist financing frequently depends on several influencing factors. This study aims to (i) investigate the utilization of cryptocurrency by Moslem-affiliated terrorists in Southeast Asia; (ii) map the case typology of cryptocurrency use in Southeast Asian terrorist funding; (iii) describe the regulatory challenges raised in Southeast Asia. This research is a type of doctrinal legal one using the statute, case, and conceptual approaches. The results of this study acknowledge the limited but increasing risk of terrorist financing by cryptocurrency over the 2015-2022 timeframe in Southeast Asia. Furthermore, the existing typology of cases uses smurfing and structuring techniques with high and medium levels of risk. This research ends by recommending actions that Southeast Asian country stakeholders can take to reduce the potential of cryptocurrency usage in terrorist funding by harmonizing their counter-terrorist financing regulatory approaches and implementing investigative best practices.
Dalam dunia Metaverse, diperkenalkan aset atau benda yang hampir sama dengan aset atau benda yuang berada dalam dunia nyata. Non-Fungible Token atau yang sering disebut dengan NFT yang merupakan sebuah token digital yang ditautkan dengan sistem besar Blockchain, yang dapat diperdagangkan. Sebagai obyek yang dapat diperdagangkan, maka perlu dicermati sifat kebendaan dari NFT dari sisi hukum perdata. Hal ini berguna untuk menentukan proses peralihan kepemilikan dari NFT itu sendiri. Di sisi lain tiudak semua negara sudah memiliki ketentuan yang mengatur mengenai aset digital. Unidroit Principles on Digital Assets and Private Law memberikan petunjuk dalam mengatur mengenai kepemilikan aset digital yang dilihat dari sisi hukum perdata.
Non-Fungible Token (NFT) is a new thing in Indonesia, as something new it is full of problems regarding the legality of NFT in Indonesia. Furthermore, when it comes to Intellectual Property Rights (IPR), is NFT an IPR and does it receive legal protection? This problem will be discussed in this study, using normative juridical research methods. Based on the research results, it is known that NFT is a digital asset that can be authenticated in order to create digital ownership certificates where these certificates can be traded. This NFT can be protected as intellectual property rights because in fact NFTs are works of art that are encrypted into the blockchain network. Because NFTs are works of art, works of music, videos, game items, etc. that are encrypted into the blockchain network, NFTs are often associated with copyrights.
The development of investment law in Indonesia, especially in digital assets, has experienced significant developments. Non-Fungible Token (NFT) is a form of digital asset that is currently widely found in the community. However, from a legal perspective, there is no regulation on NFT and how the legality of NFT transactions is related to the use of cryptocurrencies in it. Having established from the background above, this research aims to analyze the urgency of regulating NFT and how basically the legal construction of the NFT in the contract law perspective. This research is normative research using statute and conceptual approaches. The results of the study finds that the urgency of regulating the legal construction of NFT transactions in Indonesia is to provide legal certainty to investors and is related to the legality of NFT transactions in Indonesia if it is associated with the validity of cryptocurrencies. The legal construction of NFT transactions in Indonesia is that the construction is not a sale and purchase agreement, but instead the legal construction refers to exchange agreement as stated in Article 1541 BW whereas cryptocurrency and NFT here will be given extensive meaning as goods in order to comply with the provisions of Article 1320 of BW to fulfill the objective requirements, in particular, the halal cause.
Purwono Purwono, Pramesti Dewi, Safar Kurniawan Dwi
Manipulasi data kesehatan memicu keresahan masyarakat dan menurunkan tingkat kepercayaan terhadap langkah antisipatif yang dilakukan pemerintah Indonesia. Teknologi Blockchain menjadi salah satu solusi untuk mencegah data kesehatan yang berpotensi untuk dimanipulasi. Smart contract adalah protokol yang berjalan di jaringan blockchain. Metode ini mengikat suatu kesepakatan antara beberapa pihak dalam suatu perjanjian. Data kesehatan ini dapat dilindungi dari pihak internal dengan membuat kontrak cerdas antara dokter, pasien, dan pengelola website. Data diagnosis yang dibuat oleh dokter baru adalah valid jika pasien setuju. Administrator hanya dapat mengakses data jika disetujui oleh dokter dan pasien. Pengujian keamanan dilakukan melalui serangan injeksi SQL. Sistem yang belum menerapkan kontrak pintar dapat dikompromikan melalui uji injeksi muatan, sedangkan sistem yang telah menerapkan kontrak pintar hanya dapat memecahkan kueri login. Pengujian manipulasi data 10 kali setelah login berhasil menunjukkan bahwa data yang telah disimpan tidak dapat diubah karena memerlukan kontrak pintar
Uni Tsulasi Putri, Wihandriati Wihandriati, Muhammad Rizal Sirojudin, Sakti Oktasari
Pada satu dekade terakhir, kehidupan masyarakat semakin pesat bergerak memasuki era digital yang sering disebut era industri 4.0. Meskipun diawali dari kegiatan bisnis, berbagai aktivitas dalam dunia maya juga mulai dikenal di bidang pelayanan publik seperti e-signature, e-litigation, e-court, e-registration, dukcapil online dan sebagainya. Masifnya berbagai aktivitas elektronik tersebut didorong oleh derasnya arus kemajuan dan inovasi teknologi salah satunya smart contract pada sistem blockchain. Aplikasi smart contract blockchain digadang dapat digunakan selain berkaitan dengan cryptocurrency atau aset kripto, yakni antara lain untuk e-voting ataupemilu, rekam medis dan pendaftaran tanah. Pada tahun 2021, Menteri Agraria dan Tata Ruang/Kepala Badan Pertanahan Nasional RI mengeluarkan Peraturan Nomor 1 Tahun 2021 tentang Sertipikat Elektronik yang mulai berlaku sejak tanggal 12 Januari 2021. Peraturan tersebut memungkinkan dikeluarkannya Sertipikat Elektronik untuk pendaftaran tanah pertama kali atau untuk penggantian sertipikat lama menjadi Sertipikat Elektronik. Peraturan tersebut dapat disimpulkan merupakan implementasi Road Map Transformasi Digital yang dikeluarkan oleh Kementerian Agraria dan Tata Ruang/ Badan Pertanahan Nasional. Pada Road Map tersebut, salah satu poin yang disebutkan untuk tahun 2022 adalah Implementasi smart contract, smart escrow. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menganalisis tentang dinamika pengaturan pendaftaran tanah para era digital di Indonesia dan bagaimana potensi penggunaan smart contract untuk pendaftaran tanah di Indonesia. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian yuridis normatif. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah studi kepustakaan. Alat yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data sekunder berupa dokumen yang terdiri dari bahan hukum primer, bahan hukum sekunder, dan bahan non hukum. Data tersebut dianalisis secara kualitatif kemudian disajikan secara deskriptif.
Transformasi digital menjadi tren global yang telah mengubah cara bisnis dan pemerintahan di seluruh dunia. Di Indonesia, pemerintah dan sektor swasta sedang mempercepat transformasi digital dengan mengadopsi teknologi blockchain sebagai solusi untuk meningkatkan keamanan data dalam operasi sehari-hari. Beberapa proyek blockchain di Indonesia telah dilakukan, seperti verifikasi dan validasi sertifikat pendidikan, penyimpanan data medis, dan sistem pembayaran. Namun, implementasi teknologi blockchain di Indonesia masih menghadapi beberapa tantangan, seperti regulasi yang belum jelas, infrastruktur yang masih terbatas, dan kurangnya pemahaman tentang teknologi blockchain. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan dukungan dari semua pihak untuk mempercepat adopsi teknologi blockchain di Indonesia. Penelitian dan pengembangan lebih lanjut harus dilakukan untuk mengoptimalkan potensi teknologi blockchain dan mempercepat transformasi digital di Indonesia.
Artikel ini akan menjelaskan apa yang menyebabkan Cryptocurrency dapat berpotensi menjadi sarana praktik Money Laundering, serta untuk mengetahui pengaturan yang ideal yang dapat diterapkan untuk mencegah terjadinya Money Laundering yang menggunakan Cryptocurrency. Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian hukum normatif yang dilengkapi wawancara, sumber data berupa bahan hukum primer, bahan hukum sekunder, dan bahan non-hukum. Analisis data menggunakan teknik analisis preskriptif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan konseptual. Temuan menunjukan bahwa pencucian uang dengan Cryptocurrency merupakan A New Model of Money Laundering. Faktor utamanya disebabkan karena transaksi Cryptocurrency dapat dilakukan secara anonim atau rahasia dengan mensamarkan identitas profil penggunanya. Terdapat beberapa indikator Red Flag yang dipublikasikan oleh FATF yang dapat dicurigai sebagai tindakan Money Laundering pada Cryptocurrency. Untuk menentukan pengaturan ideal atau yang paling efektif dalam mencegah praktik money laundering yang menggunakan Cryptocurrency yakni dengan cara memperkuat regulasi yang secara komperhensif mengenai pengaturan transaksi Cryptocurrency. Serta pengawasan ketat pada pelaksanaannya, utamanya dalam hal mengatur penggunaan Non-Custodial Wallet. Lalu dengan cara memperkuat LPP serta PPATK dalam hal pemahaman mengenai Cryptocurrency serta perkembangannya dan juga untuk platform penyedia jasa Cryptocurrency perlu mempunyai suatu unit kerja atau divisi yang tidak hanya paham mengenai perkembangan teknologi, utamanya Cryptocurrency ini, namun juga mempunyai pemahaman yang mendalam mengenai program Anti-Money Laundering.
The use of Smart-Contract has a potential to revolutionize aspects of global trade, given its practical characteristics with complex security systems. The novelty of Smart-Contracts also puts existing regulations to the test despite of legal vacuum. The purpose of this research is to analyze the novelty of this technology that has the potential to be misused, given its novelty which makes Smart-Contract lack comprehensive studies. This lack of study can also be seen in law and regulations that have not anticipated the existence of the Smart-Contract method. The risk of system failure is potentially detrimental in the long term by using of Smart-Contract in Indonesia, given the practicality of business transaction methods. This research uses normative legal research with a conceptual and statutory approach by identifying the potential legal risks of supply chain Smart-Contracts from the perspective of contract law. The results of this study explain that the potential risks of implementing Smart-Contract technology not only have an impact on financial aspects but also produce risks resulting from program failures or system errors. This system failure has the potential to be misused and endanger the interests of the parties involved in it. Indonesian legislation in electronic transactions has not specifically regulated the risk of failure or error in the smart contract system. The suggestion in this research is that stakeholders classify Smart-Contract into Indonesian legal rules so that business actors can have steps in mitigating risks arising from the use of Smart-Contract in the supply chain process.
Non-Fungible Token (NFT) is a new digital platform that helps artists empower their work with easy access and secure tools and methods that can be used easily. The problem is how is the legal protection of NFT technology as an intellectual work identity? How is the NFT form a solution in protecting Indonesia’s intellectual property rights in a review of Law Number 28 of 2014 concerning Copyright? The research method uses a juridical-empirical approach. By using primary and secondary legal materials obtained from literature and field studies by means of observation and interviews. The results of research on legal protection of NFT technology as the identity of intellectual works explain that in Indonesia itself there are no specific regulations that strictly regulate NFT as objects of legal protection, considering that NFTs are born through a process of creation (which is followed up with conversion/printing) where NFT is basically electronic data. NFTs become objects of digital artwork so that NFTs can be categorized as creations in accordance with the provisions of Article 1 Number 3 of Law Number 28 of 2014 concerning the Copyright Act and regulated in the provisions of Law Number 19 of 2016 concerning Information and Electronics, and Regulations Government Number 71 of 2019 concerning Implementation of Electronic Systems and Transactions. The NFT form can be a solution in protecting Intellectual Property Rights in Indonesia when viewed from Law Number 28 of 2014 concerning Copyright that the certainty of ownership rights in every digital artwork which is then converted into NFT has its own code or token. In addition, this form will be difficult to imitate from various forms of plagiarism in intellectual property.
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Non-fungible tokens, also known as NFTs, are a special kind of digital record of ownership that is utilized in a certain manner to guarantee validity and uniqueness of intangible goods. Due to its features, NFTs become interesting among art creators and even asset collector. Transactions on NFT create incredible values, which raises a number of legal issues, particularly in the realm of intellectual property rights related to copyright. This research aims to explains the connection between the existence of NFT and current copyright law in Indonesia focusing on the ownership and transfer of rights from the purchasing of NFTs. The author will try to compare on other jurisdictions (Ireland & Germany) concerning the copyright legal framework. Furthermore, the practice by licensing method in current NFTs marketplace will also be demonstrate through this paper. The research methodology employed is a normative juridical approach with an analytical and descriptive research design. Based on the research conducted, there is still a legal gap in Indonesian copyright law, particularly in the realm of NFTs and the idea of droit de suite, which has existed in intellectual property right concept globally. Finally, this paper will present several recommendations for the government and other relevant stakeholders upon NFTs transactions.