Blockchain Papers

Amrendra Singh Yadav, Vincent Charles, Dharen Kumar Pandey, Somya Gupta · 6 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

Bhawana, Sushil Kumar, Rajkumar Singh Rathore, Upasana Dohare · 7 authors

Renewable Energy Sources (RESs) are gaining considerable attention to reduce human dependence on fossil fuels and minimize harmful gases in our surroundings. Existing literature on energy trading focused on providing renewable energy to smart homes, smart buildings, and smart offices to fulfill their daily energy demands obtained from RESs. Besides, Electric Vehicles (EVs) use either power grid energy or a battery exchange mechanism to recharge their low EV batteries. The continuous use of power grids to recharge low EV batteries causes a significant load on power grids. Due to this, power grids are inadequate to fulfill the ever-increasing demands of EVs in the future. In this context, we propose a Blockchain Enabled Energy Trading (BEET) framework oriented EV charging. A system architecture of the BEET framework is presented to describe the functioning of each layer and its associated entities. We formulate an optimization problem that maximizes the revenue in the energy trading process using a knapsack optimization. Smart contracts are designed on the consortium blockchain network to sell and buy renewable energy to aggregators and from producers, respectively. Moreover, an EV charging mechanism is designed to intelligently allocate renewable energy to consumers at a low price. A comparative analysis is performed with state-of-the-art works in terms of charging price, revenue, throughput, and latency. The results indicate that the BEET framework outperforms compared to state-of-the-art works to address the renewable energy demand problem to realize E-mobility. It is clarified that the data considered in the experimental analysis were obtained from statistical simulations in realistic E-Mobility environment settings.

Luoyi Sun, Guowei Hua, Ruud Teunter, T.C.E. Cheng · 5 authors

The rapid development of blockchain has inspired many traditional centralized intermediaries to transform their transaction models, especially for the peer‐to‐peer market. Lately, the token‐based (blockchain) system (with cryptocurrency) is gaining popularity. However, little is known about the (comparative) performance of different operating types. In this study, we build an analytical framework to find the optimal strategies for the token‐based and non‐token‐based blockchain (as a special application scenario) platforms and derive the essential model properties and characteristics. We analytically show how the optimal mining bonus depends on the fraction of reserved tokens sold to customers and on the price‐to‐sales ratio. Furthermore, we obtain several actionable findings for choosing suitable platform types under different scenarios. The shift from the non‐token‐based platform to the token‐based platform may yield greater social welfare unless the non‐token‐based system operates with a much larger ride price, which we show to be unrealistic for the considered Beijing case through numerical studies. Moreover, we find that the matching probability for the token‐based platform is predominantly higher than that for the non‐token‐based one. Besides, government interventions may encourage a path toward a fair consensus mechanism or a high decentralization level in order to enhance social welfare. One unanticipated finding is that a higher decentralization level may lead to a lower mining capacity shortage and so to a more efficient system, indicating that the combination of blockchain and the sharing economy has much potential.

Aasha Kantekar

This project proposes a blockchain-based framework from the existing centralized framework for a ride- sharing service and implements the same as a decentralized application based on smart contracts on Polygon Blockchain. A ridesharing system helps riders to reach a particular destination driven by the owner of the ride. Most services available in the market are centralized and hosted by a third party which gives them the authority to monitor features like fare calculation, user data, etc. Privacy and trust are major concerns in such a system. The purpose of our project is to make a decentralized application for ride sharing where all transactions, fare calculation, matching and information is stored on a Distributed Ledger. The ledger will be accessible to all the peers in the network. This will match users with rides in a decentralized way without relying on third parties of any centralized network which makes the system transparent and reliable. The data on blockchain is immutable. Hence, this technology is used to store rides and user information to maintain security and ensure user privacy. Finally, this project provides guidance for future research with the promising and important directions in blockchain-based ride-sharing services. Key Words: Blockchain; Peer to peer network; Security; Transactions; Ridesharing; Smart Contract; Polygon.

Marumbo Sichinga, Jimmy Nsenga, Eric Nizeyimana

Vehicle based logistics are hinged on their ability to timely deliver goods, services, and people. The classical expression of “time is money” comes alive in the logistics industry yielding potentially huge financial and health consequences in case of missing deadlines. This is especially the case for time sensitive pharmaceuticals, delivery of perishable goods, delivery of people travelling, delivery of services in fault fixing/recovery sector. All these use cases motivate the need for an immutable, secure, and immortalized process of tracking time. To solve this challenge, this paper presents prototype-based research that integrates the 4th industrial revolution technologies of vision Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based Optical Character Recognition (OCR) and blockchain. The developed prototype features a Raspberry-PI board embedding a camera, an Artificial Intelligence (AI) model to recognize plate letters from the image and a crypto wallet to sign the logging of plate number and time events on the NEAR blockchain, an emerging sharded, proof-of-stake, layer-one blockchain that is simple to use, secure and scalable. The effective operation of the developed prototype has been validated inside a campus parking and shows an accuracy of 80%. The benefits of transparency, security, and immutability of the blockchain combined with the intelligence, data capture, and processing of IoT will enable to develop accountability solutions trusted by all different logistic stakeholders.

Rim Abdallah, Jérôme Besancenot, Cyrille Bertelle, Claude Duvallet · 5 authors

The maritime industry is moving towards a digital ecosystem to achieve substantial mutual profits. To achieve this, there have been attempts to combine existing, disjointed systems into more efficient, standardized platforms that can be scaled up. However, this transition has faced challenges. To address these issues, it is suggested that innovative technologies such as blockchain be utilized due to their alignment with the sector’s needs. This study uses a triangulation approach by examining a mix of literature, web-based data, applications, and projects to showcase the contribution of blockchain and its potential use cases. We also explore its potential use cases based on other sectors using projection and parallelism. Additionally, the study delves into limitations and possible solutions. This research acts as a preliminary study for the implementation of blockchain in the maritime industry, and advocates for its use as a revolutionary approach. The findings will be beneficial for scholars, policy makers, and practitioners in the maritime industry.

Ming Li, Jianghong Feng, Su Xiu Xu

No abstract is available for this record.

Ayush Singh, Ayushman, Abhisekh Kumar Yadav, hivendra Mishra · 5 authors

Abstract: The idea of sharing economy provides rise to distinctive concepts and develops innovative businesses. This text aims to relate the good town concept by introducing the good transport system and explores the opportunities of adopting blockchain technology in ridesharing services. Blockchain technology could be a distributed, suburbanized public ledger that allows peer-topeer transactions in a very secure means with no third party. This proposes a blockchain-based framework from the prevailing centralized framework for a ride-sharing service and implements a similar as a suburbanized application (DApp) primarily based on good contracts on Ethereum Blockchain. exploitation good contracts facilitate the users with automated transactions, removes the intermediaries, and allows varied activities to be carried out safely and firmly. Implementation of good contracts is finished exploitation of the Solidity programming language. This DApp uses the min matching algorithmic program to match riders requesting rideshare to avoid wasting total travel distance. With the overwhelming growth in the usage of crypto currencies, good contracts usage in applications as projected during this paper will rework the sharing economy.

Jinyu Wei, Zihan Liang, Yaoxi Liu, Xin Yang

This study aims to solve the problem of environmental pollution caused by industry through the upgrading and transformation of the supply chain, supply chain resource allocation, and related aspects. Specifically, environmental friendliness is added to the resource-matching problem of the cloud platform supply chain. Additionally, learning theory and dynamic evaluation systems are introduced when creating a preference sequence. The deferred-acceptance algorithm is used for matching. Finally, the automatic matching of blockchain smart contracts ensures the interests of both matching parties. Through the analysis of the example at the end of the study, we found that (1) the deviation table of demand side 5 and supply side 7 in the example shows that the deviation between demand side 5 as demand side and supply side 7 is only 11.55186, and the deviation between supply side 7 as demand side and demand side 5 is only 6.56778, and both sides form a high-quality pairing when matched with other partners. No excessive waste of its resources occurs. (2) Effectively ensure the openness and transparency of the supply chain production process; (3) The impact of environmental factors on enterprises is fully considered. In the analysis of the calculation cases, it can be found that demand side 10 has extremely high requirements for the environmental friendliness of its partners, and although supplier 2 has a very high preference for demand side 10, it is not successfully matched because the environmental friendliness of its own enterprise is not up to the standard, while supplier 1 has an environmental friendliness of up to 92 and is finally matched with Demand side 10; (4) Through the comparison test in the appendix, it can be found that the improved GS algorithm achieves the distinction between positive and negative partners. After multiple rounds of scoring, positive demand side 1, 3 was matched with positive supply side 2, 4, which can strengthen the enthusiasm of both partners and avoid negative cooperation.

Chris Berg

No abstract is available for this record.

Selman Hızal

Internet of Vehicular Things (IoVT), as a subset of the Internet of Things (IoT), enhances safety, traffic management, and driver experience by connecting vehicles and facilitating data exchange. Indeed, the implementation of IoVT comes with its fair share of challenges, which include transparent and secure service management, security, privacy preservation, and prevention of malware attacks. Researchers have proposed reputation-based systems, including blockchain-supported ones, as effective solutions to address the challenges in IoVT, offering benefits such as integrity, authenticity, transparency, and privacy preservation support. On the other hand, cryptocurrency offers several advantages, such as decentralization, enhanced security, and lower transaction costs, making it an effective form of payment that can bypass traditional intermediaries and facilitate fast and borderless transactions with greater financial privacy and control for users. In this paper, a blockchain-based reputation management system is proposed that can collect information about the surroundings from intelligent vehicles, convert that data into appropriate information, and make necessary decisions regarding reported incidents. A cryptocurrency-based recovery system allows defaulters to recover their missing points through the use of digital tokens or assets, providing them with a transparent and decentralized mechanism for restoring their lost value or reputation. The proposed method for the cryptocurrency-based recovery system is implemented and tested using virtual machines, specifically utilizing the Ethereum blockchain and smart contract programming as proof of concept to showcase the functionality and feasibility of the system. Additionally, the packet structure and the throughput are also demonstrated to prove the efficiency of the proposed method.

Kadim Lahcen Nadime, Jamal Benhra, Rajaa Benabbou, Salma Mouatassim

The rapid growth of e-commerce has placed considerable strain on traditional logistics systems, prompting a need for innovative solutions to optimize delivery processes and enhance customer satisfaction. This research paper presents a decentralized crowdsourced delivery application that leverages blockchain technology and smart contracts to address the challenges faced by centralized logistics models. The proposed system allows e-commerce companies to outsource product deliveries to carriers from a diverse pool, offering greater flexibility and cost-effectiveness while also enhancing transparency and trust among all parties involved. Built on the Ethereum blockchain, the application manages both the delivery and return processes, generating verifiable proofs of delivery (PoD) and proofs of return (PoR) for each transaction. The paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the system architecture and the implementation of the application using smart contracts. Furthermore, it explores the potential impact of the proposed system on e-commerce companies, carriers, and customers, and identifies challenges and future directions for research and development in this field. The findings of this study contribute to the ongoing discourse on the transformative potential of blockchain technology and crowdsourcing in the e-commerce logistics industry, offering valuable insights into the design and real-world application of a decentralized delivery system.

Radu Ungureanu, Selver Softic, Emil Şt. Chifu, Ioan Turcin

No abstract is available for this record.

George Bouchagiar

Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLTs) have been widely endorsed in various areas and by numerous entities. With the promises of decentralisation, taking out the middlepersons and cost-efficiency, DLT-implementations seem desirable in various fields, from finance and copyright to health. However, all pros come with cons. DLTs’ architecture may by nature run counter to some data protection principles; this could limit or even halt innovation. Moreover, there is a tendency for (re)centralisation contesting the very nature of DLTs and risking having centralised systems serving the economic interests of the few big players, instead of the fundamental rights and freedoms of the many. Last, contemporary forms of DLTs, allowing for smart contracting, appear to challenge traditional contract laws. This contribution aims to address the above challenges. It argues that data protection laws, dynamically interpreted, could raise security thresholds and promote the development of user-friendly and decentralised DLTs, thus avoiding (re)centralisation; and that, while smart contracting appears suitable in various situations, it can be avoided where traditional legal contracts can better satisfy the individual needs and desires of the parties. Finally, the concluding section recommends that regulators wait for scientific advances in the field and carefully balance the fundamental rights and freedoms at stake before introducing DLTs in the public sphere. Keywords: Distributed Ledger Technologies | Decentralisation | Pseudonymisation | Smart Contracts

Kenji Saito, Yutaka Soejima, Toshihiko Sugiura, Yukinobu Kitamura · 5 authors

Since the Merge update upon which Ethereum transitioned to Proof of Stake, it has been touted that it resulted in lower power consumption and increased security. However, even if that is the case, can this state be sustained? In this paper, we focus on the potential impact of competition with other smart contract platforms on the price of Ethereum's native currency, Ether (ETH), thereby raising questions about the safety and sustainability purportedly brought about by the design of Proof of Stake.

E Sarvesh, Jinesh Jose, S. Chitrakala

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV), often referred to as drones, have the potential to revolutionize the healthcare industry. They offer speed and accessibility in delivering medical supplies, making them the superior mode of transport for inaccessible and remote areas. Though drone-based systems are advantageous, there is a need for an end-to-end system that could provide a secure platform to use drones in a flawless manner to perform transactions. Drones are vulnerable to hacking and data interception, which may lead to the exfiltration of collected data by malicious users. In this study, MedUAV, a prototype for a drone-based decentralized autonomous emergency medicine supply system, is proposed. It leverages the security aspects of blockchain and smart contracts. The proposed system is deployed and tested in the Polygon Main network, and significant conclusions about the performance of the system are discussed.

Juan Ignacio Ibañez, Francisco Ruiz

Blockchain technology and, more generally, distributed ledger technology (DLT) systems, face public scrutiny for their energy consumption levels. However, many point out that high energy consumption is a feature of (small block size) proof-of-work (PoW) DLTs, but not of proof-of-stake (PoS) DLTs. With the energy consumption of PoS systems being an under-researched area, we replicate, expand and update embryonary work modelling it and comparing different PoS-based DLTs with each other and with other non-PoS systems. In doing so, we suggest and implement a number of improvements to an existing PoS energy consumption model. We find that there may be significant differences in the energy consumption of PoS systems analysed and confirm that, regardless of these differences, their energy consumption is several orders of magnitude below that of Bitcoin Core.

D. Coll-Mayor, A. Notholt

The use of distributed data storage and management structures, such as Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLT), in the energy sector has gained great interest in recent times. This opens up new possibilities in e.g. microgrid management, aggregation of distributed resources, peer-to-peer trading, integration of electromobility or proof-of-origin strategies. However, in order to benefit from those new possibilities, new challenges have to be overcome. This work focuses on one of these challenges, which is the need to ensure interoperability when integrating DLT-enabled devices in energy use cases. Firstly, the use of DLTs in the energy sector will be analyzed and the main use cases will be presented. Then, a classification of DLT-Energy use cases will be proposed. Secondly, the need for a common reference architecture framework to analyze those use cases with a focus on interoperability will be discussed and the current activities in research and standardization in this field will be presented. Finally, a new common reference architecture framework based on current activities in standardization will be presented.

Xiangjuan Jia, Jing Xu, Mengwei Han, Qing Zhang · 6 authors

As one of the most concerned digital technologies in recent years, blockchain and distributed ledger technology are an important driving force for a new round of technological development. It is currently in the process of accelerating its evolution and maturity, and has gradually integrated with other digital technologies. It has been applied in many industries, providing decentralized solutions for various industries, realizing innovative storage models, and building a new trust system. As blockchain technology is officially incorporated into China’s new information infrastructure category, the application fields of blockchain have expanded rapidly, gradually extending from the financial field and government affairs to other fields in the real economy. At the same time, with the continuous development of the globalized economy, blockchain technology will also have a profound impact on international technological and economic development. Therefore, for the healthy and orderly development and real implementation of the blockchain industry, standardize the application of blockchain, effectively break through the cognitive and technical barriers between different countries, industries and systems on a global scale, prevent application risks, the development of the global blockchain industry needs standardization basis, which is particularly important and urgent. A sound standard system is an important key to the successful development of technology, and formulating the right standard at the right time for technology development helps ensure the ease of use and interoperability of the technology. From the perspective of international standardization, this article first introduces the general situation of ISO, ITU-T, IEEE, W3C and other international standardization organizations, and sorts out the status quo of the blockchain standardization working groups of mainstream international standardization organizations. All blockchain-related standards under development have been analyzed for the characteristics of international blockchain technology standards and industry application standards. Through data analysis, the overlaps, differences and conflicts in the field of international blockchain standard formulation are sorted out, and suggestions for blockchain standardization work in the application and development of blockchain technology standardization by international organizations and industries are put forward. The plans and layouts of future international standards are summarized to help the development of the international standardization of blockchain.

Chen Zhao, Xingyuan Dai, Yisheng Lv, Jinglong Niu · 5 authors

Human and social factors are essential to transportation systems, yet top-down management fails to consider them sufficiently. Consequently, management strategies are not tailored to human needs and are inadequate in providing transportation intelligence. This article investigates a management architecture based on decentralized/distributed autonomous operations/organizations (DAOs) that considers both the technical and societal aspects in our transportation metaverse, TransVerse. This design maps people’s transportation needs in physical space to their digital counterparts in cyberspace, utilizing blockchain technology to guarantee the secure exchange of information and ultimately bring about the Internet of Minds (IoM). With the federated intelligence that emerged in IoM, we can devise reliable and prompt traffic decisions by incorporating consensus, community voting, and smart contracts into the organizational, coordination, and execution structure. Details on operational procedures and key technologies are also covered. To demonstrate the efficacy of DAOs-based management, a case study of world model-driven cooperative signal control is provided, indicating its promising application in future transportation management.

Omar Cliff Uchani Gutierrez, Guangxia Xu

Cities have been growing at an impressive rate, and with the advancement of technology and digitization, new ways have been proposed to provide cities with a certain level of autonomy and intelligence so that they can self-regulate tasks that currently take a lot of time for both citizens and authorities, and which also have a negative impact on the environment. We have recently experienced one of the most abrupt changes in history as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, where millions of people, businesses, schools, companies, governments, etc., have had to modify their ways of working, in addition to dealing with many other changes in the present moment, the most important of which is the transition to electronic transactions. This is a chance to progress toward smart city transformation and the implementation of models that assist citizens in their ordinary activities. One of the most common activities is the purchase of real estate. In this study, we propose a model to make the purchase and sale of real estate more equitable and fairer, and not just based on the amount of money. A smart home should be able to identify who its current owner is by functioning as an IoT badge, and, after the subject’s identity has been verified, it should be granted full access to all services, or else it should be blocked and/or alerted to the authorities. The use of smart contracts in a blockchain to transfer ownership of a smart home that includes, as inputs, those interested in acquiring a specific house and, as outputs, a person who chose the system based on the requirements previously established by the government of the Smart City. As a result, susceptibility to fraud or interference by a third person is reduced, and an individual’s security of living in a smart home, and therefore, in a smart city, is strengthened.

G. N. Vivekananda, Muhammad Aslam Jarwar, Mustafa Musa Jaber, Chander Prakash · 7 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

Wendong Chen, Haiqin Wu, Xiao Chen, Jinfu Chen

Numerous academic and industrial fields, such as healthcare, banking, and supply chain management, are rapidly adopting and relying on blockchain technology. It has also been suggested for application in the internet of vehicles (IoV) ecosystem as a way to improve service availability and reliability. Blockchain offers decentralized, distributed and tamper-proof solutions that bring innovation to data sharing and management, but do not themselves protect privacy and data confidentiality. Therefore, solutions using blockchain technology must take user privacy concerns into account. This article reviews the proposed solutions that use blockchain technology to provide different vehicle services while overcoming the privacy leakage problem which inherently exists in blockchain and vehicle services. We analyze the key features and attributes of prior schemes and identify their contributions to provide a comprehensive and critical overview. In addition, we highlight prospective future research topics and present research problems.

David Bell, Naeem Bilal

Online data trading has grown alongside the ever-increasing use of digital services. Industries are accruing the benefits of this data access to perform mission-critical tasks by analyzing available data for greater insight. Unsurprisingly, data trading has not focused on improved data seller protection with preferences and controls. The objective of this paper is to explore the enforcement of seller preferences within smart contracts using blockchain technology. Data trading is only possible when a buyer satisfies the conditions predefined by the seller. Geographic location, type or size of buyer's company are some examples of seller preferences. A preferences algorithm provides an automated contract between seller and buyer without the involvement of any broker or third party. Hybrid simulation (HS) methods are used to test and evaluate the viability of our novel data control approach.