In materials science, utilizing globally distributed data is essential for advancing materials design through technologies such as materials informatics. Achieving this requires secure, transparent, and efficient methods for managing and sharing materials data. This study explores the potential of blockchain, smart contracts, Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs), and the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) within the Web3 framework for managing and sharing materials data. We developed and tested a prototype data management system using a thermophysical properties dataset. This system facilitates NFT minting, data storage on IPFS, and secure, traceable ownership transfer of NFTs, enhancing traceability, transparency, and security in data sharing. Additionally, decentralized systems employing blockchain technology, smart contracts, NFTs, and IPFS effectively address vulnerabilities associated with single points of failure common in traditional centralized systems. This study offers valuable insights for future materials design, demonstrating the efficacy of blockchain and related technologies in managing and sharing materials data.
Studi ini membahas metode konsensus di cryptomining, serangan umum, dan pencegahannya. Blockchain awal menggunakan Proof of Work (PoW), yang tidak efisien energi dan rentan keamanan. Proof of Stake (PoS) dikembangkan untuk meningkatkan desentralisasi dan efisiensi energi. Protokol seperti Proof-of-Search (PoS) dan Proof-of-Publicly Verifiable Randomness (PoPVR) menawarkan alternatif PoW, mengatasi penipuan dan serangan denial-of-service. Penelitian ini juga mengevaluasi perilaku penambangan strategis dan metode deteksi serta pencegahan serangan. Model konsensus hibrida, seperti Hybrid PoW-PoS, menggabungkan kekuatan PoW dan PoS untuk melawan serangan mayoritas. Temuan menekankan perlunya keamanan yang kuat dan pemantauan berkelanjutan untuk mencegah aktivitas jahat dan memastikan keadilan serta keberlanjutan penambangan kripto. Makalah ini mengumpulkan analisis dari berbagai jurnal untuk meningkatkan keamanan dan efisiensi penambangan kripto.
The rapid development of information and communication technology has significantly impacted various aspects of life, including Islamic education. This paper aims to design a future model of Islamic education that integrates advancements in technology, artificial intelligence (AI), Web3, and the metaverse. The research method used is a literature review with a qualitative approach. The findings indicate that technology can enhance accessibility, interactivity, and personalization in Islamic education, while AI supports adaptive learning and educational data analysis. Web3 offers decentralization and data security, and the metaverse enables immersive and collaborative learning environments. The implications of this study highlight the need for a curriculum responsive to technological advancements, teacher training, and adequate technological infrastructure to support the implementation of Islamic education in the digital era.
Semakin pesatnya perkembangan teknologi Internet of Things (IoT) , keamanan dan privasi data menjadi tantangan utama yang harus diatasi. Teknologi Blockchain menawarkan solusi yang menjanjikan melalui desentralisasi, transparansi, dan integritas data, yang diimplementasikan melalui Smart Contract . Penelitian ini berfokus pada optimasi penggunaan Blockchain dalam mendukung sistem IoT, termasuk upaya meningkatkan efisiensi konsumsi gas pada Smart Contract . Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa integrasi Blockchain dalam sistem IoT tidak hanya mampu meningkatkan keamanan data, tetapi juga mendukung pengelolaan informasi secara lebih efisien.
Abstract: Blockchain technology is a transformative distributed ledger paradigm that enables secure, transparent, and tamper-resistant data management without centralized authorities. At its core lies the consensus mechanism-the protocol through which distributed nodes agree on a single canonical transaction history. This paper presents a structured review of major blockchain consensus schemes including Proof-of-Work (PoW), Proof-of-Stake (PoS), and Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT), as well as emerging hybrid models such as Avalanche and Polkadot. The analysis evaluates sustainability, scalability, security, and decentralization characteristics, offering a comprehensive comparison across these mechanisms. The findings highlight inherent trade-offs related to energy consumption, throughput, finality, validator governance, and fault tolerance. The study concludes by identifying open research challenges important for designing next-generation blockchain systems capable of supporting large-scale, mission-critical applications. Keywords: Avalanche, Blockchain, Consensus Mechanisms, PBFT, PoS, PoW, Scalability, Security, Sustainability. Title: Study and Comparative Analysis of Blockchain Consensus Mechanisms Author: Dr. N. R. Ananthanarayanan, Mr. Suresh Subbu International Journal of Recent Research in Mathematics Computer Science and Information Technology ISSN 2350-1022 Vol. 12, Issue 2, October 2025 - March 2026 Page No: 1-15 Paper Publications Website: www.paperpublications.org Published Date: 25-November-2025 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17711245 Paper Download Link (Source) https://www.paperpublications.org/upload/book/Study%20and%20Comparative%20Analysis%20of%20Blockchain-25112025-2.pdf
Background/purpose. This research was conducted to address the growing need for more secure, transparent, and efficient solutions for the issuance and management of university degrees. The main purpose of the study is to evaluate which Blockchains are best suited for this application, aiming to enhance the reliability and speed of degree-related transactions. Materials/methods. The study is based on a comparative evaluation of several leading Blockchains (Ethereum, Polygon, Cardano, Stellar, and EOS), using criteria such as scalability, security, ease of implementation, transaction speed, and associated costs. Results. The results show that Stellar is the best-suited Blockchain for managing degrees, due to its very low transaction fees and high speed. EOS ranks second, offering low fees but requiring more complex resource management. Ethereum has higher transaction costs, while Polygon and Cardano offer a balanced mix of cost and performance. Conclusion. The main conclusion of the study is that Stellar is the most appropriate option for university degree management. However, the final choice should be based on the specific needs of each institution.
Blockchain transformative technology that enables secure, decentralized, and immutable transaction recording through a network of cryptographic blocks, enhancing transparency and trust without the need for a central authority or intermediaries. The Ethereum platform builds upon this foundation by facilitating the development of decentralized applications (dApps) and smart contracts, which automate processes and improve operational efficiency. In higher education, the Student Activity Credit Unit (SACU) system exemplifies the application of blockchain by managing both academic and non-academic achievements, thus promoting a holistic approach to student development and enhancing essential soft skills like leadership and teamwork. By leveraging a decentralized system built on Hyperledger Besu, the SACU ensures that student records are secure, transparent, and scalable, while providing real-time monitoring and verification of achievements. This paper evaluates the decentralized student’s achevements record model, demonstrating its improvements in transparency, security, and efficiency over existing systems, ultimately preparing graduates for professional success and fostering trust in the recognition of their qualifications.
A diploma is a document or certificate given to someone who has completed formal education. Diplomas are generally used as a benchmark for someone to get a job and identity in the eyes of the social environment. Many people think that a diploma is something meaningful or essential, so diplomas are often faked which violates legal norms and violates someone's Intellectual Property Rights (IPR). To anticipate counterfeiting, in Indonesia, there is currently a National Diploma Numbering (PIN) system and an Online Diploma Verification System (SIVIL), but unfortunately, the diploma database storage is still centralized which still allows illegal hacking to occur. On this basis, this research was created to able to provide a safer and more reliable diploma recording system solution, by utilizing Blockchain technology it is possible that every diploma issued can also be turned into a digital asset in the form of an NFT diploma, which is easy to track without having to face traditional bureaucratic obstacles. The NFT diploma functions as a representation of ownership, academic credentials, or identity as a sign of a student's educational history. This research aims to determine the performance of the Blockchain storage system on the Polygon network using smart contracts and IPFS. Apart from that, this research will compare the performance with previous research that used Polygon's layer-1, namely Ethereum. In smart contract cost testing, it was found that each Polygon transaction fee only requires 2.26% of the Ethereum transaction fee. Meanwhile, Quality of Service testing resulted in a throughput of 48.6-49.6 Kbps, packet loss of 0%, and latency of 42.07-44.13 m/s. The results show the potential for better cost efficiency and performance on the Polygon network compared to Ethereum.
In blockchain ecosystems, maintaining transparency and privacy has become an ethical dilemma. This is because, while certain specific information of the user is shared to ensure transparency of transactions across networks, such information could be detrimental to the user, as there is a possibility of it being tampered with. For instance, in the Catalyst voting process in Cardano, users can still see the amount of ADA tokens being held by other users, which can influence their voting options, especially when large ADA holders vote in support of certain ideas or proposals. To discourage such challenges as voter manipulation and vote buying, this study proposed the implementation of zero-knowledge proof (ZKP) in blockchain ecosystems to enhance the transparency of the catalyst voting process and enhance efficiency and speed of result release. Using survey questionnaire and a multivocal literature review, this study was able to proof that ZKP cannot only be applied in the catalyst voting process to enhance its transparency, but also addressed potential challenges to its applications such as scalability, encourage trust and fairness of the voting system, and improve voter participation due to its user-friendliness. Mathematical models emphasize scaled voting as optimal for balancing inclusion and plutocratic control.
Kelvin, Richard Raymond, Fahrur Rozzi Nasution, Andrew Law · 7 authors
Teknologi blockchain, dengan karakteristiknya yang desentralisasi, transparan, dan tahan tamper, menawarkan solusi inovatif untuk mengatasi tantangan dalam sistem pembayaran tradisional. Dengan mekanisme konsensus seperti Proof of Work (PoW) dan Proof of Stake (PoS), blockchain dapat menjamin integritas data dan mencegah pengeluaran ganda. Keamanan transaksi terjaga melalui penggunaan kriptografi canggih, yang juga melindungi identitas pengguna. Meski demikian, implementasi blockchain menghadapi tantangan signifikan, termasuk skalabilitas, konsumsi energi, serta kompleksitas regulasi. Studi ini menganalisis pengaruh blockchain terhadap keamanan dan privasi dalam sistem pembayaran berbasis kriptografi, termasuk evaluasi teknik seperti Zero-Knowledge Proofs dan enkripsi homomorfik. Melalui pendekatan kualitatif berbasis analisis literatur dan studi kasus, penelitian ini mengeksplorasi aplikasi blockchain dalam berbagai sektor pembayaran, seperti pembayaran lintas batas dan micropayments, serta dampaknya terhadap peran lembaga keuangan. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa blockchain berpotensi meningkatkan efisiensi dan keamanan transaksi, meskipun isu regulasi dan privasi masih menjadi kendala utama untuk adopsi lebih luas.
The development of information technology has had a significant impact on various sectors, including the health sector. This research aims to implement blockchain technology with smart contracts in health data management to create a secure, transparent, and efficient system. The methods used include needs analysis, smart contract development, and system simulation using the Ethereum platform and IPFS-based off-chain storage. Data was collected through literature studies, interviews, observations, and system simulations. The results show that the smart contract successfully automates the process of granting and revoking data access permissions, with an average transaction time of under 2 seconds. The system ensures data security through encryption, private key-based authentication, and immutable transaction records. Off-chain storage overcomes blockchain's capacity limitations for big data such as medical imaging results, without compromising privacy. However, this research faces the challenges of high transaction fees on public blockchains and scalability of the system at large user scales. This research contributes to the development of innovative solutions for health data management with full control by patients, while improving the transparency and efficiency of the system.
Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) are a technological innovation that has been widely used to provide a form of digital reward. However, the application of NFTs in the social domain, especially in blood donation programs, has not been widely explored. This research aims to develop an NFT-based reward system using blockchain technology as an appreciation for blood donors. The system is designed and developed using the Ethereum test network due to its stability in decentralized applications. This research uses the research and development (R&D) method with the 4D model approach, which consists of the Define, Design, Develop, and Disseminate stages. In the Define stage, a needs analysis was conducted to determine the system specifications. The Design stage involves the design of a web-based system3 to support NFT management. In the Develop stage, the system was developed using the Ethereum testing network. The Disseminate stage includes system testing using the black box method to ensure that all key features, such as NFT claims and data transparency, function properly. The result of the research is an NFT-based blockchain application that allows blood donors to easily claim their NFTs as a form of digital recognition. The evaluation showed an acceptability score of 61.34%, indicating that this application is acceptable to the community and has the potential to increase blood donor motivation. The implementation of this system is expected to have a sustainable positive impact on increasing blood donor participation in the future.
Blockchain technology has emerged as a transformative tool for data management in a variety of industries, including fintech, research and healthcare. We have developed a workable blockchain based system that utilizes non fungible tokens NFTs to tokenize and prove ownership of the academic institutions credentials. This makes it easier to create provenance and ownership documentation for academic data and meta credentials. This system enables the secure sharing of academic information while maintaining control, offering incentives for collaboration, and granting users full transparency and control over data access. While the initial adoption of these systems is crucial for ongoing service usage, the exploration of the user acceptance behavioural model remains limited in the existing literature. In this paper, we build upon the Technology Acceptance Model TAM, incorporating additional elements to scrutinize the impact of perceived ease of use, perceived usability, and attitude towards the system on the intention to use a blockchain based academic data and meta credentials sharing system. The research, grounded in user evaluations of a prototype, employs a TAM validated questionnaire. Results indicate that individual constructs notably affect the intention to use the system, and their collective impact is statistically significant. Specifically, perceived ease of use is the sole factor with an insignificant influence on the intention to use. The paper underscores the dominant influence of attitude towards the system on perceived usefulness. It concludes with a discussion on the implications of these findings within the context of blockchain based academic data and meta credentials sharing, incorporating NFTs for ownership definition.
Xianxian Wang, Muhammad Younas, Yicun Jiang, Muhammad Imran · 5 authors
Blockchain technology has revolutionized several fields, including finance, healthcare, and supply chain management. The unique features of blockchain, notably decentralization, trustworthiness, and security, have attracted considerable attention from researchers investigating its application in education. Within the education sphere, blockchain applications protect academic records, ensure their trustworthiness, reduce fraud, and improve the value of educational assets. Blockchain projects in education play a crucial role in establishing a more dependable and transparent system for verifying academic credentials and achievements, benefiting students and institutions alike. Many previous studies have provided limited insight into the practical implementation of blockchain technology’s role in education. This systematic study follows Okoli and Schabram guidelines to analyze the 64 articles published between 2016 and 2023. This review encompasses the latest blockchain applications, projects, benefits, and adoption challenges in education. In this study, four main themes are discussed: 1) what are the potential applications of blockchain in education 2) What Blockchain projects are currently implemented in education 3) What benefits does blockchain offer to the education sector 4) What challenges are associated with the adoption of blockchain in education. Each theme includes a detailed discussion and prospective evidence-based findings in this study. This study draws the researcher’s attention to leveraging blockchain technology in future research and encourages educational institutions to develop blockchain applications, transforming from traditional systems to digital platforms. This study also identifies future research directions and acknowledges limitations.
The blockchain-based applications such as food supply chain (FSC), healthcare are becoming increasingly popular due to their decentralized nature, distributed structure, and the ability to track products. Still, there are concerns regarding the privacy of transacted data, including personal identities, as all transactions are recorded on a ledger accessible to participating nodes. Existing technologies of privacy preservation are vulnerable to quantum attacks, which will pose a significant threat to blockchain applications in the future. To address this, a proposed model uses modified zero-knowledge scalable transparent argument of knowledge (ZK-STARK) in the blockchain FSC by utilizing three different polynomial interpolation methods. Performance measurements indicate that the fast fourier transform (FFT) outperforms the others. Unlike ZK-SNARK, ZK-STARK does not require a trusted setup, makes scalable and transparent. By defending against quantum attacks, this model enhances the security of the blockchain system. The blockchain-based FSC is implemented using hyperledger composer, with all entities completing transactions privately through ZK-STARK and smart contracts. But, ZK-STARK may add performance overhead into the blockchain FSC. Future work will aim to reduce the performance overhead of ZK-STARK, decide which operations should be off-chain or on-chain, and compare the performance of this new model to the existing system.
Revolusi smart sukuk sebagai platform transaksi terbaru telah menjadi isu yang cukup menarik dalam industri keuangan, terutama di era Society 5.0. Namun, penelitian terdahulu belum menemukan gap analisis dalam isu ini, terutama terkait potensi dan tantangan penggunaan teknologi blockchain dalam smart sukuk. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menginvestigasi potensi, manfaat blockchain dalam smart sukuk, memahami dampaknya terhadap keuangan Islam dan pengembangan ekonomi berkelanjutan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif studi kasus. Tahap yang dilakukan: 1) menyusun instrumen dan menentukan tempat penelitian; 2) tahap pengumpulan data dengan teknik wawancara yang tersusun kepada informan; 3) mengolah dan menganalisis data sekunder dan primer. Hasil penelitian ini BMT Bina Ummah menggunakan blockchain Ethereum ERC20 yang dapat mengefisiensikan biaya penerbitan, meningkatkan keamanan, mempermudah proses transaksinya; Penerbit harus memahami aspek kesyariahan dalam sukuk; Blockchain berpotensi besar namun belum dapat diterapkan di Indonesia. Smart sukuk membantu UMKM dalam mendapatkan pembiayaan lebih mudah, meningkatkan inklusi keuangan terutama di pasar modal syariah. Regulator terus berinovasi mengikuti perkembangan di industri keuangan. Smart sukuk meningkatkan transparansi, efisiensi, keamanan. Blockchain sangat mungkin untuk diterapkan dalam industri keuangan di Indonesia. Penyedia layananan blockchain maupun regulator akan melakukan inovasi mengikuti perkembangan zaman.
Ahmad Dahlan Salleh, Muhammad Amir Husairi Che Rani
Bitcoin is one of the most popular digital currencies in its community. It commenced with various innovations with a focus on transforming the world's monetary system, meanwhile bitcoin is faced with legitimate constraints, absence of regulation and becoming a tool to illegal activities. Generally, this paper aims to discuss the operating mechanism of bitcoin, as well as the ma?la?ah (public interest) and mafsadah (harm) that exist in the bitcoin financial system to measure its effectiveness in realizing the concept of ?if? al-M?l (preservation of wealth). Additionally, this paper lists several views of Islamic scholars and fatwas (legal pronouncements) related to the status of bitcoin according to Sharia and analyzes the relevance of using bitcoin as an instrument of payment according to the perspective of siy?sah sharciyyah (Islamic politics). The outcome of this discussion will explain the position of bitcoin as a new currency according to the Sharia perspective in realizing ?if? al-M?l (preservation of wealth)
Blockchain and cryptocurrencies have changed the way we transact and interact in the digital age. However, the rapid advancement of these technologies has resulted in major environmental impacts. Efficient implementation of blockchain requires the use of large amounts of energy and computing power, with consensus algorithms as the foundation. The purpose of this study is to investigate the environmental implications of blockchain and cryptocurrency implementation, as well as initiatives to mitigate these issues. The type of research is a library study (library research) using a qualitative method, namely by combining, collecting information or previous scientific papers on relevant topics. Along with the growing popularity of cryptocurrencies, the continuous mining process often results in large energy consumption and carbon emissions, sparking concerns about their long-term viability and environmental impact. Based on the results of previous research and research sources, the author found a solution to the problem of high energy consumption from the use of blockchain, namely: Proof of Stake (PoS), Proof of Authority (PoA), Sidechains and Layer-2 Solutions, Hardware Optimization, Implementation of Consensus Algorithms Based on RUST.
The role of counterfeit goods in the industrial industries has grown in recent years. Name recognition, sales, and bottom line results are all impacted. Authentic products can be located and counterfeit goods can be identified with the use of blockchain technology. Distributed ledger technology, also known as blockchain, is a digital system that records transactions in a decentralised database using a system of interconnected blocks. Since blockchain technology is impenetrable, no one block can be altered or compromised. Customers and users can verify the safety of a product without depending on other users thanks to blockchain technology. As mobile and wireless technologies continue to evolve, this investigation finds that rapid response (QR) codes offer a strong tool in the fight against product counterfeiting. Using a QR code scanner that is connected to a blockchain can help identify counterfeit products. One possible usage of this system is to create unique codes for products and store them in the database as blocks. It takes the user's one-of-a-kind code and checks it against records in the blockchain ledger. A notification will be sent to the consumer if the code matches. In any other case, the buyer will be alerted that the goods is counterfeit.
The blockchain technology and its applications, such as cryptocurrencies or non-fungible tokens, represent significant advancements in computer science. Alongside its transformative potential, human interaction with blockchain has led to notable negative implications, including cybersecurity vulnerabilities, high energy consumption in mining activities, environmental impacts, and the prevalence of economic fraud and high-risk financial products. Considering the expanding range of blockchain applications, there is interest in exploring its integration into K-12 education. For this purpose, this paper examines existing and documented attempts through a systematic literature review. Although the findings are quantitatively limited, they reveal initial concepts and ideas.
Enterprise resource planning (ERP) platforms integrate critical business operations, including manufacturing, inventory, accounting, human resources, and supply chain management, into unified systems for automation and analytics. However, traditional centralized ERP architectures have notable limitations around security, transparency, costs, and process integrity. ERP data silos inhibit trust, provenance tracking, and collaboration across organizational boundaries. Recently, blockchain distributed ledger technology has emerged as a promising approach to transforming ERP by enabling decentralized verifiable workflows, immutable record keeping, and end-to-end transaction traceability. Blockchain offers a paradigm shift for ERP by distributing control across a peer-to-peer network organized around consensus, cryptography, and innovative algorithms. Early research and prototypes demonstrate blockchain's potential to enhance security, trust, provenance, automation, and standardization in enterprise systems. Blockchain ERP pilots show feasibility in supply chain tracking, accounting, procurement, manufacturing, and more. By sharing tamper-evident ledgers across companies, blockchain builds transparency, integrity, and collaboration into ERP workflows. Several technical concepts underpin blockchain ERP capabilities. Distributed ledgers cryptographically chain transaction records. Consensus protocols like proof-of-work and Byzantine fault tolerance enable unanimous agreement on valid state changes across nodes. Smart contracts automate multi-step workflows based on predefined conditions. Hashing, public-key encryption, and zero-knowledge proofs provide security and privacy. Together, these constructs allow decentralized and verifiable ERP processes. However, challenges remain prior to enterprise adoption at scale. Blockchain ERP must still overcome hurdles integrating with legacy systems, coordinating complex cross-organizational ecosystems, scaling transaction throughput and data storage, and reducing implementation costs. Data privacy also requires consideration under public blockchain models. In conclusion, blockchain shows immense yet nascent promise for revolutionizing outdated ERP platforms once integration, coordination, scaling, and cost obstacles are surmounted through further research and development. By transforming how enterprises architect and optimize mission-critical systems, blockchain may profoundly disrupt enterprise computing and business processes. The technology remains in its early stages but holds revolutionary potential for ERP and inter-organizational collaboration.
Today's technological advancements have made work more efficient. One of the breakthroughs in accounting technology is blockchain. This innovative system involves a distributed ledger that uses hashes to grant access to all users. For data accuracy, each user verifies the information before it is stored and shared with blockchain-connected users. This research aims to provide an understanding and overview to consider the application of blockchain technology in accounting based on developments that occur in blockchain. It is expected that this research can provide knowledge for practitioners and academics regarding the application of blockchain in an accounting perspective. This research uses a qualitative approach with a literature review method that utilizes secondary data. Researchers use innovation diffusion theory (IDT) to explain the developments that occur in blockchain. Data sources are obtained from journal articles, books, proceedings, websites and other relevant sources. As a result, the application of blockchain has the potential to change the current accounting paradigm and have a major impact on the accounting profession. A decentralized system helps transparency and accountability of information data. The use of smart contract systems and supporting triple entry systems increases the reliability of information on financial statements, reduces accounting fraud. Innovation in blockchain technology is also appropriate if its application is in accordance with the needs of the organization, so it is important for companies to prioritize needs and know the obstacles in their application.
This study addresses the substantial gap in the academic literature on blockchain technology literacy by proposing a Blockchain Technology Literacy Test (BTLT). Through a comprehensive literature review of eight databases, only nine publications with limited focus on blockchain technology literacy were identified. The inconsistency in definitions and predominant emphasis on cryptocurrency literacy further complicate the development of standardized assessments. Based on the results of the literature review and the development of the BTLT, with a focus on terms and technological aspects, an updated list of cryptocurrency literacy questions was proposed as the Cryptocurrency Literacy Test (CLT) to avoid duplications and redundancy in the assessment of relevant blockchain technology and cryptocurrency-related knowledge. The BTLT and CLT aim to distinguish between blockchain technology and cryptocurrency literacy, thereby ensuring comprehensive and accurate assessments. The findings emphasize the need for clear definitions and frameworks within the blockchain ecosystem and call for expanded research to include emerging applications, such as DeFi, DeSci, DAOs, and Web3. This study provides a foundation for future educational efforts and literacy assessments in blockchain technology and cryptocurrencies.