Study and Comparative Analysis of Blockchain Consensus Mechanisms

Abstract

Abstract: Blockchain technology is a transformative distributed ledger paradigm that enables secure, transparent, and tamper-resistant data management without centralized authorities. At its core lies the consensus mechanism-the protocol through which distributed nodes agree on a single canonical transaction history. This paper presents a structured review of major blockchain consensus schemes including Proof-of-Work (PoW), Proof-of-Stake (PoS), and Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT), as well as emerging hybrid models such as Avalanche and Polkadot. The analysis evaluates sustainability, scalability, security, and decentralization characteristics, offering a comprehensive comparison across these mechanisms. The findings highlight inherent trade-offs related to energy consumption, throughput, finality, validator governance, and fault tolerance. The study concludes by identifying open research challenges important for designing next-generation blockchain systems capable of supporting large-scale, mission-critical applications. Keywords: Avalanche, Blockchain, Consensus Mechanisms, PBFT, PoS, PoW, Scalability, Security, Sustainability. Title: Study and Comparative Analysis of Blockchain Consensus Mechanisms Author: Dr. N. R. Ananthanarayanan, Mr. Suresh Subbu International Journal of Recent Research in Mathematics Computer Science and Information Technology ISSN 2350-1022 Vol. 12, Issue 2, October 2025 - March 2026 Page No: 1-15 Paper Publications Website: www.paperpublications.org Published Date: 25-November-2025 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17711245 Paper Download Link (Source) https://www.paperpublications.org/upload/book/Study%20and%20Comparative%20Analysis%20of%20Blockchain-25112025-2.pdf