Many businesses seeking new capabilities that blockchains may offer are deterred from fully embracing the technology due to fears of the classic "vendor lock-in" and platform-capture into one specific blockchain. From an asset-centric perspective, most business applications seek certain desirable functional guarantees with regard to the state of the tokenized asset on the blockchain. These new capabilities must be accessible through standardized service interfaces. The emerging tokenized asset networks based on decentralized ledger technology must integrate seamlessly into existing financial IT systems through similar standard interfaces. As such, if blockchains are to be a foundational technology in the future Web3 Internet of Value, then several classes and types of standardized APIs must be specified, published, and widely deployed by the nascent tokenized asset industry. These standard APIs must provide business applications with a single uniform interface to the many and varied blockchains today, thereby reducing business IT costs and preventing platform-capture.
Ігри завжди були важливою частиною людської культури. Вони дають нам можливість розважатися, вчитися та спілкуватися з іншими. Останнім часом в галузі геймінгу набуває популярності новий тренд: веб-ігри з використанням технології Web3 [1, 2]. Основною метою цієї роботи було проаналізувати засоби розробки та створити модель Web3.0 гри на блокчейні Solana.
Статья посвящена рассмотрению сущности и содержания технологий Web3 и метавселенных в контексте общей компьютерной лингводидактики и обучению РКИ. Данная работа также содержит основные сведения, характеризующие общие тенденции в развитии интернет-технологий в данной парадигме. В статье рассматривается роль виртуального обучения (v-learning) и его основные характеристики применительно к реализации коммуникативного подхода к обучению языку в условиях дистанционного образовательного процесса. Описываются возможности метавселенных для создания виртуальных интерактивных образовательных пространств и языковых сред. Рассмотрены основные особенности метавселенных на примере проекта Spatial, позволяющего создавать интерактивные виртуальные пространства. Тезисы данной статьи иллюстрированы примером демонстрационного проекта виртуального образовательного пространства на платформе Spatial.io. The article is devoted to consideration of the essence and content of Web3 technologies and metaverses in the context of general computer assisted language learning and teaching Russian as a foreign language. This work also contains basic information characterizing general trends in the development of Internet technologies in Web3 paradigm. The article examines the role of virtual learning (v-learning) and its main characteristics in relation to the implementation of a communicative approach to language learning in the context of the distance educational process. The possibilities of metaverses for creating virtual interactive educational spaces and language environments are described. The main features of metaverses are considered using the example of the Spatial project, which allows you to create interactive virtual spaces. The theses of this article are illustrated by an example of a demonstration project of a virtual educational space on the Spatial.io platform.
Abstract This chapter defines the building blocks of Web3 to explore its implications for sustainable democracy. It explains the crash of the Terra ecosystem and compares it with the implosion of FTX, both to underscore the dark side of networks built on blockchain technology and to illuminate how all cryptocurrencies (crypto), as well as all investors, are not created equal. The chapter weighs the costs and benefits of crypto and decentralized finance (DeFi) at the present moment and explores emergent regulation. It argues that cryptocurrencies and DeFi will only serve democracy if governments and international organizations establish the right incentive structure for innovators and safeguards for investors in this space.
Jannik Lucas Sommer, Magnus Mølgaard Lund, Nicola Cibin, Michele Albano
The frequency of software supply chain attacks has reached unprecedented levels, primarily due to the increasing reliance on huge numbers of software and hardware dependencies, and the inherent vulnerabilities they harbor. Currently, vendors providing these software and hardware components share security advisories to centralized databases or post them on proprietary websites, which security engineers have to search manually to find vulnerabilities relevant for their systems. Furthermore, the security advisories often do not follow a standard machine-readable format, which results in the engineers having to manually analyze the documents. In this paper, SENTINEL, a novel solution for automating dissemination and discovery of security advisories leveraging Web3 technologies, is presented. In particular, the Ethereum blockchain is used by vendors to notify asset owners of novel vulnerabilities in their systems in a reliable and accountable manner. Evaluation tests conducted on the Ethereum Sepolia Testnet confirm that our proposal is a functional and functioning solution for securely disseminating and discovering security advisories utilizing a fully decentralized infrastructure. SENTINEL’s source code is released as open source software on GitHub.
Web3 teknolojileri günümüz dünyasında hızla gelişmesi sonucunda toplumsal yaşantımız üzerinde yıkıcı bir etki oluşturmaya başlamıştır. Gelecekteki iş gücü ortamlarında vazgeçilmez olacağı öngörülen bu teknolojilerden doğru şekilde faydalanabilmek için özellikle üniversite öğrencilerinin bugünden doğru bir farkındalık geliştirmeye ihtiyacı vardır. Bu bağlamda üniversite öğrencileri arasında Web3 teknolojileri farkındalığını artırmak için düzenlenen eğitimler önemli hale gelmiştir. Bu araştırmada Gazi Üniversitesinin öğrencilerine ücretsiz olarak sunduğu Web3 eğitiminin üniversite öğrencilerinin Web3 teknolojilerine yönelik farkındalıkları üzerindeki etkisini çeşitli değişkenler açısından ortaya koymak amaçlanmıştır. Betimsel bir tarama çalışması olan bu araştırmanın örneklemi 387 Gazi Üniversitesi öğrencisinden oluşmaktadır. Araştırma verileri Web3 Farkındalık (WEB3F) Ölçeği ile çevrim içi ortamda toplanmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre Web3 eğitimine katılan üniversite öğrencilerinin Web3 teknolojileri farkındalık düzeylerinin ortalamanın üzerinde olduğu, öğrencilerin farkındalık düzeylerinin sadece internet kullanım geçmişine göre anlamlı bir farklılık gösterdiği; cinsiyet, yaş, sınıf düzeyi, eğitim düzeyi, eğitim alanı ve günlük internet kullanım süresi faktörlerine göre anlamlı farklılık göstermediği belirlenmiştir.
Mohammad Masoud, Yousef Jaradat, Ahmad Manasrah, Mohammad Alia · 6 authors
This work carried out a measurement study of the Ethereum Peer-to-Peer (P2P) network to gain a better understanding of the underlying nodes. Ethereum was applied because it pioneered distributed applications, smart contracts, and Web3. Moreover, its application layer language “Solidity” is widely used in smart contracts across different public and private blockchains. To this end, we wrote a new Ethereum client based on Geth to collect Ethereum node information. Moreover, various web scrapers have been written to collect nodes’ historical data from the Internet Archive and the Wayback Machine project. The collected data has been compared with two other services that harvest the number of Ethereum nodes. Our method has collected more than 30% more than the other services. The data trained a neural network model regarding time series to predict the number of online nodes in the future. Our findings show that there are less than 20% of the same nodes daily, indicating that most nodes in the network change frequently. It poses a question of the stability of the network. Furthermore, historical data shows that the top ten countries with Ethereum clients have not changed since 2016. The popular operating system of the underlying nodes has shifted from Windows to Linux over time, increasing node security. The results have also shown that the number of Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Ethereum nodes is neglected compared with nodes recorded from other regions. It opens the door for developing new mechanisms to encourage users from these regions to contribute to this technology. Finally, the model has been trained and demonstrated an accuracy of 92% in predicting the future number of nodes in the Ethereum network.
The music industry faces numerous challenges regarding tracking and distributing royalties. This article explores how a decentralized and transparent system for managing music royalties can be created with a smart contract implementation on the Polygon network, utilizing Chainlink oracles. By enhancing the efficiency and transparency of royalty distribution, this groundbreaking smart contract has the potential to revolutionize the music industry and stand as a blueprint for diverse sectors grappling with analogous challenges in intellectual property rights and revenue allocation. At its core, this smart contract, functioning on the bedrock of blockchain, ensures meticulous oversight of financial transactions between consumers and content creators. It streamlines the process and facilitates the collection of user view statistics crucial for strategic fund allocation. With the potential impact of transaction fees on the user experience of blockchain payments, a new solution has been developed that includes a payment channel that reserves significant amounts of funds and enables off-chain payments through specialized messages. By combining these technological advancements, we are taking a transformative step towards a more seamless and fair future in the complex world of royalty management. The application is structured into conventional backend and frontend segments, with the code available on Github.
Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Digital Rights Management and Security
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
The social network Twitter possesses a key characteristic: it is centralized, allowing Twitter Corporation to control data substitution and set moderation rules. However, this issue can only be resolved through the complete decentralization of the platform. To achieve this, blockchain technology is crucial as it enables the operation of decentralized applications with smart contracts serving as the foundation for system-user interaction. In this paper, we propose the minimum viable implementation of a similar social network called Brain Logger, which stores all necessary data in the NEAR blockchain network. Introducing a small fee for modifying data on the network ensures a solution to the aforementioned problems. The implementation includes a smart contract for blockchain networks and a web application frontend. The smart contract was developed using the NEAR software development kit in Rust, while the frontend was created in JavaScript using the React framework and Redux for local data storage. The code can be accessed on Github.
This paper delves into the crucial aspects of authentication and authorization in modern web applications with a focus on enhancing data security. It explores the use of Node.js, a versatile server-side language, for building web applications and discusses the significance of a secure website for establishing trust between clients and servers. The research covers the implementation of authentication using packages and hashing algorithms, emphasizing the importance of "salt" and "pepper" for password security. Authorization methods, including cookies, sessions, and middleware, are also explored. The paper highlights the necessity of robust security measures to safeguard user data from the dark web and points to future directions in web security, including the role of blockchain and artificial intelligence in the WEB3 landscape.
The emergence of the web3 paradigm and the proliferation of application-oriented blockchains opened new perspectives to the field of visual content and the management of underlying Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) by providing a level of trust and immutability previously unmatched. Yet, this novel association remains vulnerable to discovered flaws and highlights shortcomings endemic to the blockchain space. This thesis addresses five such issues relating to the two fundamental concepts of applicative blockchains, namely tokens and Smart Contracts, and of their interoperability (i.e., as the ability to seamlessly share data).The first two issues deal with tokens, i.e., the blockchain representation of assets, which have been under heavy fire from experts and the public due to their (1) centralized distribution and (2) general disregard for Intellectual Property Rights. While some issues tokens have faced result from a fundamental misunderstanding of what they are, severe technical limitations in their use and distribution have surfaced over the years. These limitations were also accompanied by regulatory pain points resulting in some of the biggest scandals of the past decade, generating an overall negative perception of web3 technologies.The following two issues relate to Smart Contracts, i.e., immutable blockchain software that notably power decentralized applications (dApps). Although they have fed into problems through human oversights and errors, their main issues lie in their (3) technical knowledge requirements and (4) limited on-chain computation capabilities. Indeed, the relative novelty of the concept makes these programming languages less developer-friendly than their web2 counterparts, and users must accept that the Smart Contract paradigm is not a substitute for legacy software and answers to its own rules.We begin by addressing these first four pain points by abstracting processes and designing, specifying, and implementing methodological frameworks that answer requirements stemmed from the gaps identified in our state-of-the-art study. The first four contributions are:• A zero-trust, systematic distribution means for sensitive Internet of Media Things (IoMT)-produced content powered by an automatic broker with escrow functionalities.• A zero-trust, rule-enforcing, marketplace-agnostic framework revolving around a paradigm shift putting Smart Contracts at the abstraction level of tokens.• A workflow enabling the systematic, blockchain-agnostic generation of Smart Contracts via formalized ontologies.• A methodology enabling the mutually beneficial association of web2 and web3 by allowing usually prohibitively expensive visual fingerprinting to occur in blockchain environments.Finally, we address the overarching issue of (5) applicative workflow versatility by demonstrating the interoperation of all four previous methodological contributions into an architecture supporting the entire lifecycle of visual assets in blockchains, from their authenticated creation to their tracked and IPR-compliant distribution. This combination not only demonstrates the ability of our technologies to be integrated into larger frameworks but their capacity to answer real-world challenges. Our parting words constitute a macro analysis of our methodologies and put our efforts into perspective with the blockchain space, opining on its short and long-term directions.
Kai Ma, Jintao Huang, Ningyu He, Zhuo Wang · 5 authors
Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) drive the prosperity of the Web3 ecosystem. By November 2023, the total market value of NFT projects reached approximately 16 billion USD. Accompanying the success of NFTs are various security issues, i.e., attacks and scams are prevalent in the ecosystem. While NFTs have attracted significant attentions from both industry and academia, there is a lack of understanding of kinds of NFT security issues. The discovery, in-depth analysis, and systematic categorization of these security issues are of significant importance for the prosperous development of the NFT ecosystem. To fill the gap, we performed a systematic literature review related to NFT security, and we have identified 142 incidents from 213 security reports and 18 academic papers until October 1st, 2023. Through manual analysis of the compiled security incidents, we have classified them into 12 major categories. Then we explored potential solutions and mitigation strategies. Drawing from these analyses, we established the first NFT security reference frame. Except, we extracted the characteristics of NFT security issues, i.e., the prevalence, severity, and intractability. We have indicated the gap between industry and academy for NFT security, and provide further research directions for the community. This paper, as the first SoK of NFT security, has systematically explored the security issues within the NFT ecosystem, shedding light on their root causes, real-world attacks, and potential ways to address them. Our findings will contribute to the future research of NFT security.
Harshitha Reddy Chitukula, S. Phanindra Reddy, M.D.N. Akash and Ramesh Karnati In this paper, we explored the potential impact of Web3 technologies on the future of social media. Web3 technologies, such as blockchain and decentralized networks, offer new opportunities for social media users to own and control their data, leading to increased privacy and security.
In recent years, Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) have become a topic of discussion in society. NFTs have formed a new culture in the ownership of digital assets. The trading volume has increased, accompanied by the emergence of many creators in the local scene. With the significant opportunities recorded in this industry, many creator communities want to participate in presenting works that can be enjoyed by many people. By studying the variables of Web3 Brand Image and Photo Quality mediated by Collector Utilities Information on the Purchase Intention of prospective collectors in an NFT project, most of these variables have an influence, but one of them does not although it's not significant.
The emergence of the World Wide Web has revolutionized online communication, aiming to achieve global information sharing and communication. However, the current Web 2.0 architecture, which relies on centralized platforms, presents limitations such as restricted user rights, data privacy concerns, and dependence on centralized institutions. Web3, as a concept describing the next evolutionary stage of the internet, offers a solution to these issues by reshaping the internet infrastructure. Web3 provides a foundation for autonomous digital experiences and drives the advancement of the digital economy. This paper offers a thorough exploration of Web3, covering its key technologies, applications, challenges, and opportunities. We begin by introducing the core technologies behind Web3, followed by an exploration of its prominent applications. Finally, we analyze the challenges faced by Web3 and discuss potential research opportunities to address these challenges in the future. In summary, this study comprehensively elaborates on Web3 and lays a solid foundation for subsequent research work, encouraging researchers to explore new frontiers.
Federated Learning is susceptible to various kinds of attacks like Data Poisoning, Model Poisoning and Man in the Middle attack. We perceive Federated Learning as a hierarchical structure, a federation of nodes with validators as the head. The process of validation is done through consensus by employing Novelty Detection and Snowball protocol, to identify valuable and relevant updates while filtering out potentially malicious or irrelevant updates, thus preventing Model Poisoning attacks. The opinion of the validators is recorded in blockchain and trust score is calculated. In case of lack of consensus, trust score is used to determine the impact of validators on the global model. A hyperparameter is introduced to guide the model generation process, either to rely on consensus or on trust score. This approach ensures transparency and reliability in the aggregation process and allows the global model to benefit from insights of most trusted nodes. In the training phase, the combination of IPFS , PGP encryption provides : a) secure and decentralized storage b) mitigates single point of failure making this system reliable and c) resilient against man in the middle attack. The system is realized by implementing in python and Foundry for smart contract development. Global Model is tested against data poisoning by flipping the labels and by introducing malicious nodes. Results found to be similar to that of Flower.
Nir Chemaya, Lin William Cong, Emma Joergensen, Dingyue Liu · 5 authors
Decentralized Finance (DeFi) is revolutionizing traditional financial services by enabling direct, intermediary-free transactions, thereby generating a substantial volume of open-source transaction data. This evolving DeFi landscape is particularly influenced by the emergence of Layer 2 (L2) solutions, which are poised to enhance network efficiency and scalability significantly, surpassing the existing capabilities of Layer 1 (L1) infrastructures. However, the detailed impact of these L2 solutions has been somewhat obscured due to a dearth of transaction data indices that can provide in-depth economic insights for empirical research. This study seeks to address this critical gap by conducting a comprehensive analysis of raw transactions sourced from Uniswap, a central decentralized exchange (DEX) within the DeFi ecosystem. The dataset encompasses an extensive collection of over 50 million transactions from both L1 and L2 networks. Additionally, we have curated a wide-ranging repository of daily indices derived from transaction trading data across prominent blockchain networks, including Ethereum, Optimism, Arbitrum, and Polygon. These indices shed light on crucial network dynamics, such as adoption trends, evaluations of scalability, decentralization metrics, wealth distribution patterns, and other key aspects of the DeFi landscape. This rich dataset serves as an invaluable tool, enabling researchers to dissect the complex interplay between DeFi and Layer 2 solutions, thus enhancing our collective understanding of this rapidly evolving ecosystem. Its notable contribution to the data science pipeline includes the implementation of a flexible, open-source Python framework, enabling the dynamic calculation of decentralization indices, customizable to specific research requirements. This adaptability makes the dataset particularly suitable for advanced machine learning applications, including deep learning, thereby solidifying its role as a critical asset in shaping Blockchain as the foundational infrastructure for the intelligent Web3 ecosystem.
Nir Chemaya, Lin William Cong, Emma Jorgensen, Dingyue Liu · 5 authors
Decentralized Finance (DeFi) is reshaping traditional finance by enabling direct transactions without intermediaries, creating a rich source of open financial data. Layer 2 (L2) solutions are emerging to enhance the scalability and efficiency of the DeFi ecosystem, surpassing Layer 1 (L1) systems. However, the impact of L2 solutions is still underexplored, mainly due to the lack of comprehensive transaction data indices for economic analysis. This study bridges that gap by analyzing over 50 million transactions from Uniswap, a major decentralized exchange, across both L1 and L2 networks. We created a set of daily indices from blockchain data on Ethereum, Optimism, Arbitrum, and Polygon, offering insights into DeFi adoption, scalability, decentralization, and wealth distribution. Additionally, we developed an open-source Python framework for calculating decentralization indices, making this dataset highly useful for advanced machine learning research. Our work provides valuable resources for data scientists and contributes to the growth of the intelligent Web3 ecosystem.
Mutlu Tahsin Üstündağ, Gizem Yıldız, Mustafa TANRIVERDİ, Togay Seçkin BİRBUDAK
In this study, it is aimed to analyze the articles on Web3 and present the general situation about Web3 to researchers. Within the scope of this purpose, the trends of the studies published on Web3 according to years, the trends of the journals in which they were published, the institutions and countries that contributed the most, the keywords used in the studies, the topics and themes based on the studies, and the distribution of research areas were revealed. The research is based on bibliometric analysis. A total of 280 articles published in WoS and SCOPUS databases were analyzed. WoSViewer and Bibliometrix programs were used in data analysis. The findings were analyzed and interpreted separately in WoS and SCOPUS. As a result of the research, there was a significant increase in studies on Web3 in 2022, and the journals with the highest number of publications in WoS and SCOPUS differ. The countries that contributed the most to Web3 were China, The USA, India, England, Germany. The most cited countries are China, the USA, India, England, Iran and Canada. In general, it can be said that countries and institutions have conducted studies on Web3 by addressing many issues related to Web3. Within the scope of the results, Web3 studies address many different disciplines with many topics. However, there is a need to deepen the studies. The policies, practices and even the laws created by countries on Web3 are important for studies on Web3. Blockchain is one of the most studied topics, but it is understood that there are some hesitations about blockchain security. For this reason, Web3 studies can be conducted to increase blockchain security.
<p>If tokenized assets are to be a reality in the future decentralized Web3 then transaction keys need to be distributed and under the control of the asset-owners. This requires a careful design of wallet systems based on trusted hardware. A core feature needed for wallet systems is the attestation of the state of the transaction keys in the wallet without disclosure of the keys. This feature is relevant for relying parties such as insurance providers who need to perform risk assessment based on the security quality of the environment inside the wallet system that is protecting the transaction keys. In the longer term, all key-bearing devices that participate in a decentralized tokenized asset network will need to be hardened using trusted hardware, with attestation capabilities for detecting and countering cyberattacks.</p>
Umer Majeed, Sheikh Salman Hassan, Zhu Han, Choong Seon Hong
In the rapidly evolving landscape of Web3 and blockchain technologies, decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs) have emerged as innovative structures that operate autonomously through blockchain and smart contracts, eliminating the need for centralized control. The federated learning (FL) process, akin to an information flow under structured transparency, involves local models (LMs) as inputs and the global model (GM) as the output for each global iteration. The lack of transparency and security in traditional FL systems can be attributed to the centralized validation of LMs and GM updates. In this paper, we propose DAO-FL, a smart contract-based framework that leverages the power of DAOs to address these FL challenges. DAO-FL introduces the concept of DAO Membership Tokens (DAOMTs) as a governance tool within a DAO. DAOMTs play a crucial role within the DAO, facilitating members’ enrollment and expulsion. Our framework incorporates a Validation-DAO for decentralized input verification (DIV) of the FL process, ensuring reliable and transparent validation of LMs. Additionally, DAO-FL employs a multi-signatures approach facilitated by an Orchestrator-DAO to achieve decentralized GM updates, and thus decentralized output verification (DOV) of the FL process. We present a comprehensive system architecture, detailed execution workflow, implementation specifications, and qualitative evaluation for DAO-FL. Evaluation under threat models highlights DAO-FL’s out-performance against traditional centralized-FL, effectively countering input and output attacks. DAO-FL excels in scenarios where DIV and DOV are crucial, offering enhanced transparency and trust. In conclusion, DAOFL provides a compelling solution for FL, reinforcing the integrity of the FL ecosystem through decentralized decision making and validation mechanisms.
The development of underlying technologies in blockchain mostly revolves around a difficult problem: how to enhance the performance of the system and reduce various costs of nodes (such as communication, storage and verification) without compromising the system's security and decentralization. Various layer-1 and layer-2 protocols have provided excellent solutions for this challenge. However, they cannot yet be considered as a ``silver bullet". This paper proposes EZchain -- a novel decentralized ``scale-out" ledger system designed for web3.0, aiming to enable blockchain technology to truly support ledger applications in large-scale fully decentralized networks. Without compromising security and decentralization, EZchain successfully accomplishes the following milestones: 1) Scalability: The theoretical throughput of EZchain can be infinitely expanded, nearly unaffected by bandwidth and other resource constraints. 2) Consumer-Grade Hardware Compatibility: EZchain is designed to be compatible with consumer-grade hardware, supporting storage, computation, and verification requirements. 3) Efficient Transaction Confirmation: EZchain strives to maintain transaction confirmation delays within one minute. Our prototype experiment demonstrates that under typical daily bandwidth network conditions, EZchain's performance in all aspects approaches that of the accounts in centralized payment systems. This provides a solid infrastructure for realizing mobile payments in web3.0.
This project embarks on a spatial inquiry into Web3. Often hailed as the next iteration of the internet, Web3 is more than a facelift; it’s a calculated unveil that prompts us to re-examine Web2’s participatory past. Importantly, Web3’s algorithmic architecture both expands the web’s horizons and reflexively delineates its own perceptual identity. As it rises alongside digital platforms’ hegemony, we must scrutinize the territories it foregrounds — the very “wheres”— and the underlying “whys” that sculpt its distinct vantage for vested agendas. Drawing insights from media studies, critical data studies, and STS, this project focuses on influential powers sculpting the interplay between corporate developers and the Web3 landscape. The theoretical framework is primarily organized around the concepts of news cartography, architects’ gaze, and software performativity. Methodologically, this tripartite study leans on multiple ethnographic works to go beyond just studying tech structures, capturing both material and discursive forces that mold them. My empirical focus is grounded in specialist journalistic publications (in chapter 1), ethnographic observations, and aggregated data of sites (in chapters 2 and 3). Each chapter underscores its rationale for data collection, yet aliging with the ethos of infrastructure ethnography. My research pivots on the argument that Web3 gives rise to “algorithmic spatiality.” It extends beyond software’s materiality, echoing geographers’ assertions that (digital) space is programmed, assembled, and arranged. Thus, I view Web3 not just as a deliberate construct, but also as a dialogical practice of shaping and organizing its very essence. Influenced by Massey’s (1999) portrayal of power as spatial-relational dynamics, I employ “power-geometries” as a foundational lens to discern the varied influences of Web3 on sociality. This juxtaposes with the pervasive power of existing digital platforms, often termed the Web2 status quo, awaiting transition. For new media research, approaching Web3 with an algorithmic and spatial lens invites us to see sociality as a dynamic reshaping, subtly directed by coded practices, often obscuring their corporate genesis. I argue that to truly fathom our unfolding digital landscape, it’s imperative to closely scrutinize the pivotal roles of key actors. Especially, the corporate-scripted agents, in all their forms, actively molding these emerging topographies.
Juanjuan Li, Xiaolong Liang, Rui Qin, Fei–Yue Wang
As the key component of the emerging Web3, Decentralized Autonomous Organizations and Operations (DAOs) enables decentralized decision-making and governance mainly driven by blockchain and smart contracts. This paper first provides a comprehensive examination of DAOs’ evolution, tracing their historical development and the progression of their definitions and underlying concepts. Then, it presents their classical governance models founded on token economics and analyzes typical practical cases, subsequently identifying the current dilemmas faced by DAO governance. To address these dilemmas, TRUE Autonomous Organizations and Operations (TAOs) are proposed, which underscores the trustable, reliable, usable, efficient and effective essence of decentralization. Besides, the distinctions between TAOs and DAOs are discussed from perspective of the value systems, governance structures, incentive allocation, decision-making model. Furthermore, it highlights the research issues that need to be addressed to realize the full potential of TAOs.