This paper analyzes the current status of the engineering supervision process in construction and infrastructure projects in China. It discusses the existing problems, such as low efficiency of supervision, distorted monitoring data, resource waste, and environmental damage. Based on extensive literature research and combining the consensus mechanism, ECDSA encryption algorithm and so on, the paper proposes the idea of integrating blockchain technology with the engineering supervision process. This includes the decision of blockchain type, the use of digital signature technology to implement responsibility, and the construction of a hybrid blockchain system using the blockchain's consensus mechanism. The paper presents the general design, the design of the system structures, and the design of modules of the system. Through this system, project participants can verify their identities and share sensitive information confidentially, thereby improving the efficiency of supervision work and preventing data forgery, reducing resource waste, decreasing carbon emissions, and minimizing environmental damage.
A green supply chain economy considering environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors improves the chances of functional growth through minimal risk factors. The implication of sophisticated technologies such as the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) and the blockchain improves the optimization and evaluation of ESG performance. An IIoT-Blockchain-based Supply Chain Economy Evaluation (IB-SCEE) model is introduced to identify and reduce functional growth risk factors. The proposed model uses green blockchain technology to identify distinct transactions’ economic demands and supply distribution. The flaws and demands in the circular economy process are validated using the IIoT forecast systems relying on ESG convenience. The minimal and maximum risks are identified based on economic and distribution outcomes. The present investigation highlights the significance of ongoing ESG-conceptualized research into blockchain-based supply chain economics. Companies who recognize the blockchain’s potential can improve corporate governance, environmental impact, and social good by increasing transparency, traceability, and accountability. A more sustainable and responsible future for global supply chains can be shaped through further research and development in this field, which will make a substantial contribution to the scientific world. This information is individually held in the green blockchain for individual risk factor analysis. The proposed model improves the recommendation and evaluation rate and reduces the risk factors with controlled evaluation time.
Pierluigi Gallo, Eleonora Riva Sanseverino, Giuseppe Sciumè, Gaetano Zizzo
This paper outlines the European perspective on circularity in the energy sector and details how blockchain could support it. Moreover, while the need for raw materials and e-fuels is increasing (due to the economic, industrial, and societal ecological transformation to slow down the pace of climate change), their supply becomes more and more risky. Therefore, technologies to support tracing and certification are in the spotlight. To achieve resilience to new threats, Europe is focusing on circularity in all fields. Circularity requires the tracing of substances and devices, food, and products, to retrieve and recycle as much as possible. Besides the need to limit the exploitation of the planet’s resources and thus stay within the planetary boundaries, circularity is tightly connected to strategic dependencies on highly unstable or politically distant countries. This issue is further aggravated by the Russia-Ukraine crisis. Digital technologies, like Distributed Ledger Technologies, can well support the implementation of circularity in many fields. The paper identifies challenges and proposes potential solutions related to the implementation of circularity. It also explores the application of circularity principles in the energy sector, with a focus on energy communities. Energy communities involve local stakeholders coming together to generate, consume, and manage renewable energy collectively. Overall, the paper provides insights into the European perspective on ecological transition, highlighting the importance of systemic transformation, resilience, and circularity in addressing climate change and achieving sustainability goals. It explores the role of digital technologies, such as Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLTs), in supporting circular practices and discusses specific applications in the energy sector.
Raden Aditya Kristamtomo Putra, Mita Wahidiyat, Donna Carollina, Fairuz Iqbal Maulana
Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) now becomes the latest digital currency phenomenon. This phenomenon began in 2014 and widely used in nowadays. Based on this phenomenon, this research was carried out. The research conducted to do overview research related to Non-Fungible Tokens based on the SCOPUS database from 2017-2021. From the search results of the SCOPUS database, it was found that there were 68 studies related to Non-Fungible Tokens from 2017-2021. The most numerous documents are conference papers (N=37) and the publication source with the most documents (N=5) is Lecture Notes In Computer Science Including Subseries Lecture Notes In Artificial Intelligence And Lecture Notes In Bioinformatics. The country with the most Non-Fungible Token keyword research is the United States (N=14). While the subject area of research that discusses the most Non-Fungble Token is Computer Science (N = 54). Based on the results, the research trend over Non Fungible Token is related to 2 cluster which is about Blockchain and Technology. So, there is there are still many opportunities for other research to be carried out outside the two clusters and their relationships.
Intelligent manufacturing under Industry 4.0 assimilates sophisticated technologies and artificial intelligence for sustainable production and outcomes. Blockchain paradigms are coined with Industry 4.0 for concurrent and well-monitored flawless production. This article introduces Sustainable Production concerned with External Demands (SP-ED). This method is more specific about energy production and the distribution for flawless and outage-less supply. First, the energy demand is identified for internal and external users based on which sustainability is planned. Secondly, Ethereum blockchain monitoring for a similar production and demand satisfaction is coupled with the production system. From two perspectives, the monitoring and condition satisfaction processes are validated using federated learning (FL). The perspectives include demand distribution and production sustainability. In the demand distribution, the condition of meeting the actual requirement is validated. Contrarily, the flaws in internal and external supply due to production are identified in sustainability. The failing conditions in both perspectives are handled using blockchain records. The blockchain records reduce flaws in the new production by modifying the production plan according to the federated learning verifications. Therefore, the sustainability for internal and external demands is met through FL and blockchain integration.
Summer K. Mohamed, Sandra S. G. Haddad, Mahmoud Barakat, Bojan Rosi
Due to the complexity of building supply chain resilience (SCR) towards long-term environmental sustainability amendments, the use of emerging technologies such as Blockchain Technology (BCT) can be adopted as an innovative tool to enhance the sustainability and resilience of supply chains, especially in uncertain environments. Drawing on the Knowledge-Based View (KBV) and Dynamic Capability View (DCV), this research aims to demonstrate how the adoption of BCT can enhance the environmental supply chain performance (SCP). A total of 603 valid surveys were collected from respondents from manufacturing and service organizations in Egypt. The collected data were analyzed using structural equation modelling, and results revealed that BCT adoption alone had a negative direct impact on environmental SCP. However, when this relationship was mediated by SCR and sequentially mediated by customer integration and green customer information sharing, the results were positive. This research presents insights on how organizations can adapt to dynamic business environments, and, in addition, it extends the theories of KBV and DCV in an empirical contribution by filling the gap in understanding regarding how environmental SCP can be enhanced through the adoption of BCT.
Ala Abdulsalam Alarood, Adamu Abubakar, Abdulrahman Alzahrani, Faisal S. Alsubaei
The adoption of recycling and proper disposal techniques for electronic waste is crucial in advancing sustainable development. The traditional approaches of motivating people for collection of electronic waste are often insufficient due to inadequate methods reaching out, given incentives, calculating appropriate incentives associate to the task of gathering the electronic waste and a lack of transparency in the entire process. Insufficient collection of electronic waste could result in the release of numerous harmful substances into the environment. Prior research studies have been carried out to tackle the issue of electronic waste management in a broad sense. The findings of those studies indicated diverse strategies, each of which is relevant solely to a restricted range of electronic waste reprocessing circumstances. The current study has presented a proposed technique for incentivizing tasks and activities associated to collection of electronic waste through the adoption of vector space technique. Blockchain smart contact technology, has been used to implemented the strategy. The method used involves various well defined mapping of tasks, nature of activities, and their magnitude in order to derived an incentive. Some scenarios for the calculations of incentives are presented, and the findings reveals the based case is by utilizing weighting scale scheme where each tasks and activities are mapped to its associated inventive rather than providing fixed incentive values. Ethereum was used as digital token for each unit of incentive. This concept has contributed in encouraging personal accountability in the management of e-waste collection in order to cultivate sustainable behaviors for a long term solution.
In the rapidly evolving environment of the international supply chain, the traditional network of manufacturers and suppliers has grown into a vast ecosystem made of various products that move through multiple parties and require cooperation among stakeholders. Additionally, the demand for improved product visibility and source-to-store traceability has never been higher. However, traditional data sharing procedures in today’s supply chain are inefficient, costly, and unadaptable as compared to new and innovative technology. Blockchain technology has shown promising results for improving supply chain networks in recent applications and has already impacted our society and lifestyle by reshaping many business and industry processes. In an effort to understand the integration of blockchain technology in the supply chain, the proposed work consists of novel approach to improve the traceability in supply chain through the blockchain technology.
Elias Ribeiro da Silva, Jacob Lohmer, Michelle Rohla, Jannis Angelis
Electric vehicles are perceived as a key technology to make mobility more sustainable, leading to a sharp rise in electric battery production and use. However, electric vehicle batteries are only a sustainable solution if they support decreasing the total impact of the supply chain, which makes circularity initiatives a key element in this transition. Currently, this is limited by the data sharing among actors in the supply chain on critical information needed to support a circular economy approach. In this study we explore how data sharing and information technology support the development of circularity in electric vehicle supply chains and examine the role of blockchain technology to address the circularity needs of battery tracking and capability sharing. To allow a comprehensive analysis, we conduct a case study in the electric vehicle battery supply chain, including companies from multiple tiers to capture all relevant perspectives. The results show that data sharing supports extended value chain activities, evolving from a linear to a circular supply chain perspective. It also indicates that blockchain technology supports removing existing barriers for a circular economy by facilitating transparency and traceability, especially for second-life applications beyond the dominant players in this industry.
Blockchain technology has gained significant attention for its potential to transform various industries, including supply chain management. In the context of integrated green supply chain management in China, this conceptual study explores the implications and potential benefits of blockchain technology. The study focuses on key aspects such as traceability and transparency, carbon footprint reduction and emissions tracking, smart contracts and automated compliance, and stakeholder collaboration and trust-building. Additionally, the study discusses the challenges and barriers to the implementation of blockchain in green supply chains, including technological challenges, legal and regulatory considerations, and adoption barriers. Future research directions, including empirical studies, comparative analysis, and policy implications, are also highlighted. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the potential impact of blockchain technology on integrated green supply chain management in China.
In the field of blockchain (BC) technology application in the food supply chain (FSC), a patent portfolio is collected, described, and analyzed using Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) modeling, with the aim of obtaining insight into technology trends in this emerging and promising field. A patent portfolio consisting of 82 documents was extracted from patent databases using PatSnap software. The analysis of latent topics using LDA indicates that inventions related to the application of BCs in FSCs are patented in four key areas: (A) BC-supported tracing and tracking in FSCs; (B) devices and methods supporting application of BCs in FSCs; (C) combining BCs and other ICT technologies in FSC; and (D) BC-supported trading in FSCs. Patenting of BC technology applications in FSCs started during the second decade of the 21st century. Consequently, patent forward citation has been relatively low, while the family size confirms that application of BCs in FSCs is not yet widely accepted. A significant increase in the number of patent applications was registered after 2019, indicating that the number of potential users in FSCs is expected to grow over time. The largest numbers of patents originate from China, India, and the US.
Matthew Quayson, Chunguang Bai, Lihua Sun, Joseph Sarkis
Abstract Globally, firms face increasing pressure to efficiently utilize resources and minimize costs and may do so through sustainable supply chains and circular economy practices. Emerging technologies, such as blockchain, to enable a circular economy have become a new industrial paradigm. However, firms require building dynamic capabilities through blockchain, which can be key to realizing circular economy model. This study introduces a framework for building blockchain‐driven dynamic capabilities for a circular supply chain. We further use the Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) method to evaluate three major dynamic capabilities and 18 sub‐dynamic capabilities and their interrelationships. The mining industry in Ghana sets the stage for this analysis. The study results show that although blockchain‐driven sensing dynamic capability, seizing dynamic capability, and reconfiguring dynamic capability are crucial for developing a circular supply chain, they do not strictly follow a sequence and overlap. We highlight various cause–effect relationships, providing insights into the role of sensing, seizing, and reconfiguring dynamic capabilities. That information is important to firms, stakeholders, and partners to draft an appropriate strategy to build blockchain‐driven dynamic capabilities for developing a circular supply chain.
Jasur Salikhov, Saidjahon Hayrutdinov, Timur Muminov
The objective of this study is to establish an efficient contractual coordination model for advancing the supply chain (SC) towards sustainability with blockchain technology. The problem of SC unsold product remanufacturing is investigated under the influence of efforts on recovery quality and information sharing within blockchain technology. Firstly, a functional model describes how the recovery quality affected by the added effort and demand of the remanufactured products is affected by the price. Secondly, the downstream SC faced market uncertainty with consumer sensitivity analyzed, and the SC information-sharing systems were reconsidered in order to improve consumer satisfaction. Then, under the conditions of information sharing and recovery quality efforts, the decentralized SC decision-making mode is discussed. The above demonstrates that the SC unsold products remanufacturing under the decentralized decision-making mode cannot be coordinated. To prove the efficiency of unsold products remanufacturing we investigated the centralized SC mode as a benchmark, which is known as the most efficient system. Finally, in order to effectively coordinate the whole chain, a mechanism of “cost and revenue sharing” is proposed, and the constraints of supplier’s choice of remanufacturing are given. The results show that the “cost and revenue sharing” mechanism can effectively coordinate the SC and the expected profits of downstream and upstream will be in win–win condition. Moreover, the “cost and revenue sharing” mechanism in a sustainable SC unsold product remanufacturing essentially builds an incentive among members to improve the efficiency of existing resource usage and the environmental implications.
Guilherme Albuquerque, Carlo Kleber da Silva Rodrigues
Zcash is a proof-of-work (PoW) cryptocurrency that has gained attention due to its promise of enhanced user privacy. Notwithstanding, Zcash’s thorough acceptance notably depends on how profitable its mining process can be. To tackle this issue, we propose an analytical model to compute the mining hashrate under solo mining to achieve a liquid revenue equal to the minimum wage in the United States. In the sequence, we then estimate how profitable Zcash solo mining is based on that computed mining hasrate. Our proposed model spans crucial parameters of the whole mining process. In the experiments, we compare Zcash with the popular Bitcoin and also present a competitive analysis encompassing the ten top cryptocurrencies by market capitalization. Final results highlight that: (i) Zcash owns a value of hmin which is about eight orders of magnitude smaller than that of Bitcoin in all investigated scenarios, which refer to the ten least and most expensive american states in terms of electricity tariff; and (ii) Zcash is the second best cryptocurrency for solo mining among the aforementioned ten cryptocurrencies, being the only one whose protocol implements the concept of zero-knowledge proofs. Within this context, our key contribution is to provide the scientific literature with valuable insights to formally pave the way to develop practical analytical models for PoW-cryptocurrency systems, which may be chiefly valuable regarding competitive analyses in general.
Mrs.R. Subapriya, S. Karthikeyan, S. Karthikeyan, A.Gokul Prasath · 5 authors
This article provides a comprehensive review on the use of blockchain technology in supply chain management, with a focus on product authentication and traceability. It then reviews the existing literature on the use of blockchain technology in supply chain management, including case studies and surveys. The product supply chain is a complex process that involves multiple stakeholders, including suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, retailers, and customers. Ensuring transparency, efficiency, and security throughout the supply chain is a challenging task. This paper proposes a decentralized blockchain-based product supply chain management system with QR code verification that can improve transparency, efficiency, and security. The system allows manufacturers to enter product details, including brand name, logo and generates a unique QR code for each product. The QR code can be used by buyers to verify the authenticity of the product and track its movement through the supply chain. The methodology used includes Ganache, IPFS, Blockchain, Ethereum and Truffle.
To abate global carbon emissions, there has been an unprecedented push for carbon transparency in the manufacturing industry. However, with products becoming increasingly complex, they contain sub-assemblies with components that have sub-components supplied by different manufacturers. This creates a multi-tier supply chain that complicates the propagation of sustainability information necessary to compute the product's carbon emission due to the lack of oversight and potential loss of information from manufacturers in the multi-tier supply chain. Blockchain technology, characterized by its immutability, visibility, and traceability, is a promising medium to propagate sustainability information. Despite the fact that many papers have proposed a system that is viable for products with a multi-tier supply chain in the literature, we have not seen its proof-of-concept yet. This work first proposes a blockchain-enabled system that enables the propagation of environmental sustainability information in a multi-tier supply chain. This paper describes the architecture of the proposed blockchain system and the data structure of each block in the blockchain. Based on the defined architecture, we implemented the proposed blockchain system with Ethereum and tested it using the pseudo-multi-tier supply chain of a torchlight.
Muhammad Saad, Maaz Bin Ahmad, Muhammad Asif, Muhammad Khalid Khan · 6 authors
Internet of things (IoT) is being applied in every aspect of daily living to improve the quality of life. Waste management is a critical issue, especially for developing countries. The purpose of this study is to propose an IoT-driven state-of-the-art system for solid waste management for developing countries and urban areas. The lack of planning and availability of resources in urban areas have made a living in densely populated surroundings even more difficult. This research work provides a framework based on blockchain-enabled vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) in the realm of IoT. The step-by-step methods are proposed for the decentralized solution for solid waste management using blockchain-enabled VANET. Advanced ultra-high frequency (UHF) technology is used along with IoT devices for the real-time location of waste vehicles and the detection of waste bins. Geo-fencing techniques are also applied for the monitoring and timely collection of waste from the dump spots. Lastly, blockchain technology is applied in the proposed solution to make machine-to-machine (M2M) communication more secure, reliable and trustworthy across IoT devices. The experimental results are also obtained by deploying a pilot project in Karachi, Pakistan. The real-time dashboard is also obtained to demonstrate the daily statistics of the waste collection and performance of the waste vehicles. The results indicate the successful implementation of SSWMS to achieve real-time tracking, intelligent identification of waste bins, trash weighing, and keeping tabs on waste collection from dump spots using geofencing. In future, the blockchain-enabled VANETs can be applied for route management, intelligent transportation and fleet management systems (FMS) due to the inherent characteristics of blockchain and IoT.
Khiem H. G, Khanh H. V, Huong H. L, Quy T. L · 12 authors
The management and disposal of various types of waste (including industrial, domestic, and medical waste) are worldwide issues, which are particularly critical in developing nations such as Vietnam. Given the extensive population and inadequate waste treatment facilities, addressing this challenge is of utmost importance. Predominantly, the majority of such waste is not processed for composting but is instead subjected to elimination, thereby posing severe threats to public health and environmental safety. Furthermore, insufficient standards in existing waste treatment plants contribute to the rising volume of environmental waste. Emphasizing the process of waste recycling instead of total elimination is an alternate strategy that needs to be considered seriously. However, the implementation of waste segregation in Vietnam is still not sufficiently prioritized by individuals or organizations. This study presents a unique model for waste segregation and treatment, leveraging the capacities of blockchain technology and smart contracts. We also scrutinize the adherence or non-compliance to waste segregation mandates as a mechanism to incentivize or penalize individuals and organizations, respectively. To address this, we employ Non-Fungible Token (NFT) technology for the storage of compliance proofs and associated metadata. The paper’s primary contributions can be delineated into four components: i) presentation of a waste segregation and treatment model in Vietnam, utilizing Blockchain technology and Smart Contracts; ii) application of NFTs for storage of compliance-related content and its metadata; iii) offering a proof-of-concept implementation rooted in the Ethereum platform; and iv) executing the proposed model on four EVM and ERC721 compliant platforms, namely BNB Smart Chain, Fantom, Polygon, and Celo, to identify the most suitable platform for our proposition.
Abstract In recent years, many core technologies of Industry 4.0 have advanced significantly, particularly the integration of big data technology and cloud manufacturing (CMfg). The decentralization and traceability features of blockchain technology (BCT) provide an effective solution to provide trusted resource service in CMfg. Service composition is a core issue of CMfg to increase the value of digital assets. However, existing research on service composition based on BCT suffers from both the blockchain proof-of-work (PoW) mechanism and the service composition problem need to consume large computational overheads, as well as the blockchain fork problem affecting the system’s reliability, which reduces the usefulness of these schemes. To solve these problems, this paper proposes a novel multi-objective service composition architecture for blockchain-based CMfg (MOSC-BBCM). In MOSC-BBCM, first, a blockchain-chained storage structure is designed for the actual manufacturing cloud service constraint and scale dynamic changes, which can fully use the historical service information and accelerate the search for high-quality solutions. Second, to reduce the squandered computing resources in the PoW, a mining mechanism based on multi-objective service composition and optimal selection is proposed, where miners competitively solve a nondeterminate polynomial-hard problem to replace the mathematical puzzle. Finally, an incentive mechanism based on the environment selection method is proposed, which can avoid the fork problem while distributing on a labor basis. The effectiveness of the proposed MOSC-BBCM is verified in simulated numerical experiments of CMfg, which shows that the architecture provides a flexible and configurable scheme for blockchain-based CMfg with high availability.
Corporations increasingly consider sustainability as an important goal and set net zero carbon emissions targets, consequently looking towards their electricity procurement to achieve them. Guarantees of Origin (GOs) are widely used as insurances for the renewability of electricity supplies and proofs of compliance to renewable standards; however, they suffer from structural problems. Their transactional history cannot distinguish between those traded among market actors and the ones that come directly from power plants, giving rise to transparency issues. Certificate trading dissuades producers from investing in an increase in renewable capacity resulting in lack of additionality while complex frameworks and administrative structures emerge to keep track of the vast network of GOs. These issues can be resolved through the introduction of blockchain networks which can provide transparency and help incentivise renewable investment while increasing automation and process simplification. This review explores the benefits and challenges of blockchain implementation for GOs and proposes a rethinking of how this scheme may fulfil the future needs of the energy sector.