Ethereum is a multifaceted ecosystem shaped by diverse commitments and aspirations. This dissertation focuses on a relatively understudied micro-culture within Ethereum, known as “public goods” represented by a subcultural group known as “Regens”. Unlike the dominant financial use cases of blockchain, Regens aim to harness blockchain technologies for communal and participatory purposes, often through blockchain operated digital institutions known as decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs). I focus on Giveth - a well-known public goods DAO within the Ethereum ecosystem. Using an empirical approach grounded in ethnography, I map its culture, governance practices, and labour dynamics. Through this analysis, I examine how blockchain mediated infrastructures can both enable and constrain political life. In particular, I trace how blockchain infrastructures challenge traditional conceptions of democracy through the concept of ‘coordination,’ a central organizing principle that characterizes DAO governance. Examining how Giveth’s governance mechanisms operate in practice, I argue that while Giveth and similar public goods DAOs endeavor to address the problems inherent in existing traditional political systems, they often end up producing the same plutocratic outcomes. Drawing on Marxist theory of labour and value, I also demonstrate that despite Giveth’s noble intentions to reimagine non-profit work through blockchain, the reality is that members continue to sacrifice significant time and resources in pursuit of the project’s mission. This reveals a fundamental contradiction within such initiatives: while projects like Giveth aim to dismantle hegemonic neoliberal structures, they paradoxically reproduce and extend many of the same conditions they seek to overcome by embedding market computational logics and game-theoretic principles at the core of their operational design. Nevertheless, I emphasize on the potential of DAOs to foster alternative world-building practices, serving as spaces for the development of creative political imaginaries that can advance collective organizational efforts and greater participation when designed with intention.
Shahbaz Siddiqui, Sufian Hameed, Muhammad Rafi, Syed Attique Shah · 5 authors
The development of blockchain consensus mechanisms has put sustainability, scalability, and efficiency first in the list of cryptocurrency studies. As Bitcoin still uses the energy-intensive Proof-of-Work (PoW) algorithm, Ethereum is in the process of switching from PoW to Proof-of-Stake (PoS) with the Ethereum Merge in September 2022. The cause of this change was the rising energy prices, bottlenecks in scalability, and increased concerns among the global population regarding the environmental effects of PoW-based mining. Our study provides a rationale for the Ethereum transition by comparing and contrasting the volume of transactions, network performance through hash rate, and electricity consumption of Bitcoin and Ethereum in their PoW stages.With the help of both historical trend and predictive modelling in the form of the ARIMA framework, the obtained results showed that Bitcoin and Ethereum had different dynamics of growth under PoW, which was increased hash and energy expenditures but limited throughput. The ARIMA-based analysis achieved a mean absolute error (MAE) of 27.76, a root mean square error (RMSE) of 31.16, and a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 26.08, which provided an overall forecast accuracy of 73.9%. These measures show that there is a medium predictive reliability, and volatility is mainly caused by sudden changes in mining intensity and market forces. The predictions further indicated that under PoW, Ethereum would have experienced a steep rise in operational energy consumption and congestion of its network transactions, which would have weakened network sustainability.Results thus confirm that the switch of Ethereum to PoS was not only an environmental need but also a strategic optimization of a transaction to scale higher, operational overhead reduction, and alignment with sustainable and ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) goals on a global scale. This piece leads to a better comprehension of the trade-offs between PoW and PoS, as well as the Ethereum consensus shift as the turning point in the evolution of blockchains—establishing a precedent of other cryptocurrencies that can select a balance between performance, security, and sustainability.
Giacomo Vella, Valeria Portale, Daniel Trabucchi, Luca Gastaldi
This study investigates how blockchain-based platforms redefine traditional innovation platform models by analyzing Ethereum as a paradigmatic case.While classical platforms are characterized by centralized governance and selective openness, Ethereum introduces a decentralized architecture that structurally embeds openness, composability, and permissionless participation into its protocol.Drawing on a qualitative single-case study based on over 100 secondary sources, this research explores three dimensions: governance and orchestration, complementor engagement, and architectural modularity.Findings highlight that Ethereum operates through multi-actor orchestration, where governance is distributed among core developers, the Ethereum Foundation, decentralized autonomous organizations, and community contributors.Complementors engage directly with the platform, leveraging smart contracts and token-based incentives to build interoperable applications without the need for approval from a central authority.Moreover, Ethereum extends composability beyond core-periphery dynamics, enabling peer-level recombination of complements through public, reusable smart contracts.A comparative analysis with traditional platforms and open-source ecosystems positions Ethereum as a novel archetype of innovation platform, blending open-source governance with blockchain-enabled modularity and decentralized economic coordination.The study advances platform theory by proposing new conceptualizations of openness, modularity, and governance in decentralized digital ecosystems.
This chapter positions political geography as a critical lens through which to investigate the rise of cyberlibertarian post-Westphalianism—a phenomenon shaped by Web3 infrastructures, GenAI systems, and decentralized techno-politics. Building on sustained fieldwork in Silicon Valley since August 2022 and prior research, the chapter interrogates how libertarian ideologies embedded in Web3 are reconfiguring notions of sovereignty, governance, and socioeconomic coordination. It compares three paradigmatic formations: Network States (Srinivasan), rooted in crypto-libertarianism; Network Sovereignties (De Filippi), grounded in commons-based governance; and Algorithmic Nations (Calzada), emphasizing cultural self-determination and data sovereignty. Engaging with critical voices such as Jarrad Hope and David Golumbia, the chapter reveals the ideological tensions at the core of cyberlibertarianism, particularly its propensity to reinforce elitism and obscure structural inequalities. It argues that while decentralization promises new affordances for digital citizenship, it risks consolidating power in technocratic enclaves unless governed through pluralistic and inclusive frameworks. Drawing on theories of innovation systems and AI economics, the chapter calls for hybrid governance models that prioritize solidarity, transparency, and institutional reflexivity. Ultimately, it proposes that political geography must play a central role in reimagining post-Westphalian digital orders that are democratic, accountable, and socially just.
This chapter explores the technopolitical dynamics underpinning the monopolistic rise of data-opolies—dominant tech corporations such as GAFAM—and their implications for democracy in the age of AI. Drawing on Calzada’s conceptual framework and action research, it investigates how algorithmic governance in smart cities displaces democratic deliberation, eroding civic trust and transparency. The chapter critically engages with Web3 technologies—blockchain, DAOs, and data cooperatives—as possible countermeasures to platform capitalism, while remaining attentive to their ideological tensions, especially the crypto-libertarian vision of “Network States” à la Srinivasan. By linking the governance of AI systems with Richard R. Nelson’s “Moon and Ghetto” metaphor, the chapter underscores a key paradox: technological innovation soars, yet foundational democratic deficits remain unresolved. Through a multidisciplinary lens, it interrogates how decentralized infrastructures might reclaim digital sovereignty and foster more equitable innovation systems. The chapter concludes by proposing a pluralistic governance model rooted in algorithmic transparency, data ethics by design, and multistakeholder engagement—critical steps toward re-democratizing the datafied city.
This chapter critically investigates the concept of data-opolies —a term coined by Maurice Stucke to describe the monopolistic control over data by dominant tech corporations such as Google, Apple, Facebook, Amazon, and Microsoft (GAFAM). It explores how this concentration of data power threatens democratic resilience, distorts competition, and exacerbates socio-political inequalities. Drawing from Echeverría’s Telepolis , Cancela’s Utopías Digitales , and Lehdonvirta’s Cloud Empires , the chapter unpacks the network effects that entrench data-opolies and their capacity to manipulate user behavior, public opinion, and market dynamics. The chapter contends that these monopolistic structures erode democratic accountability and civic trust by fostering opaque algorithmic governance and undermining citizen agency. In response, it proposes emancipatory datafication strategies , including data cooperatives, algorithmic transparency, and participatory infrastructures, aimed at reclaiming democratic control over digital systems. Special attention is given to the sociopolitical implications of digital nomadism and e-diasporas as new global patterns of democratic interaction. Finally, the chapter offers a visionary assessment of Web3 technologies—blockchain, DAOs, and data cooperatives—as a potential counterweight to data-opolies. By advancing transparency and user agency, Web3 is presented as a foundation for inclusive, decentralized, and empowered digital democracies fit for the algorithmic age.
Stefano Balietti, Pietro Saggese, Stefan Kitzler, Bernhard Haslhofer
This chapter explores how Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs), a novel institutional form based on blockchain technology, challenge traditional centralized governance structures. DAOs govern projects ranging from finance to science and digital communities. They aim to redistribute decision- making power through programmable, transparent, and participatory mechanisms. This chapter outlines both the opportunities DAOs present, such as incentive alignment, rapid coordination, and censorship resistance, and the challenges they face, including token concentration, low participation, and the risk of de facto centralization. It further discusses the emerging intersection of DAOs and artificial intelligence, highlighting the potential for increased automation alongside the dangers of diminished human oversight and algorithmic opacity. Ultimately, we discuss under what circumstances DAOs can fulfill their democratic promise or risk replicating the very power asymmetries they seek to overcome.
Chapter 4, “The (Dis)Illusion of the Web3 Decentralization,” interrogates the technopolitical and socioeconomic promises of decentralization amid the rise of Web3 and Generative AI (GenAI). Drawing from iterative action research, including fieldwork in Silicon Valley and Washington, D.C., the chapter questions whether decentralization genuinely redistributes power or merely consolidates it within a tech-savvy elite. Framed within a post-Westphalian context, it identifies three emerging paradigms—Network States, Network Sovereignties, and Algorithmic Nations—as divergent responses to this governance transformation. Engaging with the intellectual legacy of Karl Polanyi’s critique of market fundamentalism and Richard R. Nelson’s call to bridge the “moon and the ghetto,” the chapter exposes how digital infrastructures may privilege computational capital while marginalizing civic participation. Web3, often mythologized as democratizing, risks replicating algorithmic hierarchies under the guise of innovation. GenAI amplifies these risks by introducing opaque decision-making architectures governed by proprietary models and technical gatekeeping. Ultimately, this chapter urges hybrid, inclusive policy frameworks attentive to both global asymmetries and local contexts. It advances the volume’s core agenda: to critically “unplug” prevailing digital governance narratives, reinvigorate normative commitments to justice, and propose a more democratic and equitable digital transition in the era of datafied democracies and AI-driven economies.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is increasingly framed as a driver of economic transformation, yet its capacity to alleviate poverty in the Global South remains contested. This article introduces the notion of AI Economics—the political economy of value creation, extraction, and redistribution in AI systems—to interrogate h ow innovation agendas intersect with structural inequalities. This article examines how Social Innovation (SI) systems, when coupled with decentralized Web3 technologies such as blockchain, Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs), and data cooperatives, may challenge data monopolies, redistribute economic gains, and support inclusive development. Drawing on Action Research (AR) conducted during the AI4SI International Summer School in Donostia-San Sebastián, this article compares two contrasting ecosystems: (i) the Established AI4SI Ecosystem, marked by centralized governance and uneven benefits, and (ii) the Decentralized Web3 Emerging Ecosystem, which promotes community-driven innovation, data sovereignty, and alternative economic models. Findings underscore AI’s dual economic role: while it can expand digital justice, service provision, and empowerment, it also risks reinforcing dependency and inequality where infrastructures and governance remain weak. This article concludes that embedding AI Economics in context-sensitive, decentralized social innovation systems—aligned with ethical governance and the SDGs—is essential for realizing AI’s promise of poverty alleviation in the Global South.
Jon Lázaro, Martín Humberto Casadiego Santana, Maira Alejandra Jácome Márquez
El avance de las nuevas tecnologías y su permeabilidad en las ciencias jurídicas dio origen a una tecnología automatizable denominada “Smart Contracts” o contratos inteligentes, que aplicados al ámbito legal se denominan “Legal Smart Contract”, los cuales obedecen a una tecnología disruptiva de ejecución automática contractual que funciona a base de Blockchain. En la estructura piramidal normativa no existe una fuente formal robusta que, conforme al sistema positivista, garantice un régimen de responsabilidad sólido frente a los riesgos de estas nuevas tecnologías; no obstante, conforme al principio de neutralidad tecnológica es viable su aplicabilidad, atendiendo el deber de garantía que tiene el Estado en el uso de las Tic’s, empero, en materia laboral no hay consenso sobre su uso, en atención a los perjuicios que estas pueden causar en las relaciones laborales. Por lo anterior, este artículo realiza un análisis de esta nueva tecnología contractual, así como de los contratos laborales, con el objetivo principal de determinar los argumentos normativos que sustenten la aplicabilidad, alcances y limitaciones de esta tecnología disruptiva en los contratos laborales. Lo anterior, se desarrolló a partir de la dogmática y hermenéutica jurídica, con un enfoque cualitativo, aplicando métodos de interpretación como el exegético y sistemático, para abordar el tema objeto de investigación, mediante la revisión documental según la doctrina y la jurisprudencia en Colombia. Finalmente, esta investigación concluye en que los contratos laborales no pueden ser ejecutados por Legal Smart Contracts, atendiendo la imposibilidad de autoejecutabilidad de los requisitos requeridos por el Código Sustantivo del Trabajo, el objeto del derecho laboral y el poder dominante del empleador en la relación laboral.
Este artigo examina o papel significativo das mulheres no ecossistema emergente da Web3, apresentando as realizações de oito mulheres notáveis na área. Ele analisa como suas contribuições, incluindo inovações tecnológicas e o desenvolvimento de comunidades inclusivas, estão influenciando o futuro das tecnologias descentralizadas da internet. Além disso, o artigo discute a relevância de iniciativas como o Web3EduBrasil, que se concentram em capacitar e educar mulheres, promovendo assim a diversidade e a inclusão no espaço Web3. Esses esforços contribuem para a equidade de gênero, ao mesmo tempo em que incentivam a criatividade e a inovação na indústria.
BACKGROUND: The benefits of smart contracts (SCs) for sustainable health care are a relatively recent topic that has gathered attention given its relationship with trust and the advantages of decentralization, immutability, and traceability introduced in health care. Nevertheless, more studies need to explore the role of SCs in this sector based on the frameworks propounded in the literature that reflect business logic that has been customized, automatized, and prioritized, as well as system trust. This study addressed this lacuna. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to provide a comprehensive understanding of SCs in health care based on reviewing the frameworks propounded in the literature. METHODS: A structured literature review was performed based on the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) principles. One database-Web of Science (WoS)-was selected to avoid bias generated by database differences and data wrangling. A quantitative assessment of the studies based on machine learning and data reduction methodologies was complemented with a qualitative, in-depth, detailed review of the frameworks propounded in the literature. RESULTS: A total of 70 studies, which constituted 18.7% (70/374) of the studies on this subject, met the selection criteria and were analyzed. A multiple correspondence analysis-with 74.44% of the inertia-produced 3 factors describing the advances in the topic. Two of them referred to the leading roles of SCs: (1) health care process enhancement and (2) assurance of patients' privacy protection. The first role included 6 themes, and the second one included 3 themes. The third factor encompassed the technical features that improve system efficiency. The in-depth review of these 3 factors and the identification of stakeholders allowed us to characterize the system trust in health care SCs. We assessed the risk of coverage bias, and good percentages of overlap were obtained-66% (49/74) of PubMed articles were also in WoS, and 88.3% (181/205) of WoS articles also appeared in Scopus. CONCLUSIONS: This comprehensive review allows us to understand the relevance of SCs and the potentiality of their use in patient-centric health care that considers more than technical aspects. It also provides insights for further research based on specific stakeholders, locations, and behaviors.
How have socio-technical practices in blockchain and artificial intelligence (AI) communities shaped one another and society more widely? This article explores the different and overlapping materialities, practices, spaces and places that the two most hyped technologies of the 21st century are impacting and evolving within. Employing the concept and analogy of “the stack”, we show how Machine Learning (ML), and crypto-assets each developed separately and yet become deeply interconnected. In doing so, we pluralise the concept of the stack to trace how two techno-communities have cometh, collided and colluded (Three Cs) in ways that pose varying implications for labour and the enactment of value in hyper capitalist tech-driven economic geographies.
V zadnjem desetletju je zanimanje za kriptovalute močno naraslo. S tem je prišlo tudi do porasta kapitala, zaklenjenega v pametnih pogodbah, kar pa je hkrati povečalo tveganje za napade. Za preprečevanje napadov na pametne pogodbe je potrebna analiza programerskih vzorcev in okolja, v katerem se pametne pogodbe izvajajo. V prispevku obravnavamo varnost omrežja Ethereum in njegovo vlogo v razvoju decentraliziranih aplikacij (angl. decentralised Applications - dApps). Pregledamo uporabo Ethereumovega Virtualnega stroja (EVM), programskega jezika Solidity in zbirnika pri gradnji pametnih pogodb. Poleg tega opišemo varnostne izzive, s katerimi se sooča Ethereumov ekosistem, in analiziramo tri pretekle napade na decentralizirane platforme. Prispevek prinaša tudi konkreten primer napada na pametno pogodbo, ki izkorišča ranljivost v njeni implementaciji. Rezultat prispevka je prikaz pametne pogodbe, ki ob standardni uporabi deluje pravilno, vendar vsebuje ranljivost, ki jo je mogoče izkoristiti za neavtorizirano spreminjanje njenega stanja.
Tanusree Sharma, Yujin Potter, Kornrapat Pongmala, Henry Wang · 7 authors
Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs) resemble early online communities, particularly those centered around open-source projects, and present a potential empirical framework for complex social-computing systems by encoding governance rules within “smart contracts” on the blockchain. A key function of a DAO is collective decision-making, typically carried out through a series of proposals where members vote on organizational events using governance tokens, signifying relative influence within the DAO. In just a few years, the deployment of DAOs surged with a total treasury of $24.5 billion and 11.1M governance token holders collectively managing decisions across over 13,000 DAOs as of 2024 . In this study, we examine the operational dynamics of 100 DAOs, like pleasrdao, lexdao, lootdao, optimism collective, uniswap, etc. With large-scale empirical analysis of a diverse set of DAO categories and smart contracts and by leveraging on-chain (e.g., voting results) and off-chain data, we examine factors such as voting power, participation, and DAO characteristics dictating the level of decentralization, thus, the efficiency of management structures. As such, our study highlights that increased grassroots participation correlates with higher decentralization in a DAO, and lower variance in voting power within a DAO correlates with a higher level of decentralization, as consistently measured by Gini metrics. These insights closely align with key topics in political science, such as the allocation of power in decision-making and the effects of various governance models. We conclude by discussing the implications for researchers, and practitioners, emphasizing how these factors can inform the design of democratic governance systems in emerging applications that require active engagement from stakeholders in decision-making.
Thiago Dias Monteiro, Otavio Próspero Sanchez, Gustavo Hermínio Salati Marcondes de Moraes
Purpose The current scenario shows increased adoption of off-chain voting applications in decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs) to avoid complexity and costs for user engagement in their governance. This paper aims to comprehend the trends and patterns within the DAO community with off-chain voting systems and blockchain usage. Design/methodology/approach This exploratory study uses a two-pronged quantitative approach, combining descriptive statistical analysis and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis. Input data from different DAO proposals and votes were analyzed. Findings Results indicate that the 179 DAOs analyzed account for 26,538 proposals and 1,268,474 followers of the entire Snapshot base in January 2023, showing high concentration in engagement. The preferred social media communication channels are Twitter and GitHub, showing a decrease of Ethereum as a main chain, with Polygon and Binance Smart Chain already accounting for 22%. Basic voting can lead to greater user involvement in the voting process. Research limitations/implications This study complements the traditional governance theory perspective and advances in the emerging literature on DAOs and blockchain with an empirical analysis. Practical implications As blockchain technology gains increasing adoption, comprehending trends and patterns within the DAO community becomes pivotal in identifying opportunities and challenges for innovation and improvement. Social implications Findings can facilitate the development of improved governance models and decision-making processes for DAOs, leading to a more robust and sustainable ecosystem. Originality/value This study presents a broader IT-based governance foresight via blockchain while providing an understanding of the voting process, technology features and governance mechanisms for social community engagement and decision-making in DAOs.
A. S. (Ahmed) Al-Dulaimi, P. (Priya) Krishnan, L. M. (Lucas) Fernández
Ensuring workforce compliance has become a critical priority for global enterprises, particularly in sectors such as banking, healthcare, aviation, and logistics, where safety, security, and regulatory adherence are non-negotiable. Traditional drug testing, alcohol screening, and background verification workflows often rely on fragmented, paper-based, or siloed digital systems that introduce inefficiencies, data integrity risks, and audit challenges. These limitations hinder organizations from meeting the increasing demands of multi-jurisdictional compliance frameworks while also exposing them to reputational and legal risks. This article explores the design and implementation of a blockchain-enabled workforce compliance platform that reimagines the verification pipeline through the principles of immutability, decentralization, and cryptographic security. The proposed architecture leverages permissioned blockchain networks, integrated with smart contracts and distributed identity frameworks, to ensure that drug and alcohol testing results, criminal background checks, and employment verification records are securely stored, transparently auditable, and accessible only to authorized stakeholders. We present a comparative framework highlighting how blockchain-based compliance pipelines outperform traditional systems in areas such as tamper-proof recordkeeping, cross-border interoperability, and regulatory audit readiness. The study also emphasizes integration strategies with enterprise HR systems, third-party verification agencies, and global regulatory standards (e.g., GDPR, HIPAA, OSHA, and aviation compliance codes). Furthermore, the role of privacy-preserving technologies such as zero-knowledge proofs and decentralized identifiers (DIDs) is discussed in enabling compliance without compromising employee confidentiality. The findings demonstrate that blockchain-enabled compliance solutions deliver significant strategic value, including enhanced trust with regulators, reduced operational overhead, real-time verification capabilities, and a resilient defense against fraud or record tampering. By adopting a secure, transparent, and auditable compliance pipeline, global enterprises can build workforce ecosystems that are not only regulatory-compliant but also future-ready for emerging challenges in cross-border governance and digital workforce management.
Edgar Roberto Dulce Villarreal, J. Garcia-Alonso, Julio Ariel Hurtado Alegría
Purpose The use of technology applied to the care of ageing adults is a key strategy to increase the effectiveness of health care delivery, thus contributing to a higher quality of life for ageing people.However, a general and important concern is data security and privacy.Given the security provided by Blockchain (BC), the interest in this technology is growing at an accelerated pace in different contexts, and support for aging is no exception.Security in this type of technologies rests, among other things, on Smart Contracts (SC), immutable decentralized programs for BC platforms that enforce, monitor and execute agreements, without the intervention of a trusted third party.Due to the variety of technologies and their particularities, the development of SCs is a complex process, since the architectural constraints of each platform must be considered.This paper presents a Model Driven Engineering (MDE) tool that automatically generates SCs using the Solidity programming language, in the context of a senior care process, for deployment on the Ethereum platform.This tool complements and serves as a starting point for the framework presented in (E.R. D. Villarreal, et al. 2023).For this purpose, an Ethereum SEPM Platform Specific Metamodel and a Model to Text Transformation to generate the SCs (SEP2Solidity) are presented (See the additional material in a public repository 1 ).As a proof of concept, a metamodel, a model and a deployed SC was generated and implemented, using the functionality assessment on the Elderly Nursing Core Set (ENCS) (M, Lopes.2013).The ENCS assesses quality of life in terms of functioning among ageing adults (based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF)).Method Our aim to contribute to the care of ageing people began with the identification of a problem (Dulce, E., Hurtado, J. 2021).We have analyzed the contributions that BC can have in the care of ageing people and identified shortcomings of BC technology, directly in the development of SC.In the literature review, we have analyzed the significant contributions that MDE technology can have to perform the specification and transformation of SC between different BC platforms.Based on MDE, we have created a 4-level architecture, where we have defined the real-world elements (M0), the models (M1) and the meta-models (M2) required for the whole MDE ecosystem (Figure 1).For the construction of the metamodel, we followed the interactive and iterative approach proposed in (N.Sanchez, 2022) this, allows the specification of model fragments by domain experts.These fragments can be annotated with descriptions about the intent or requirements of certain elements.A metamodel is automatically induced, which can be interactively refactored and then compiled into an implementation metamodel for different platforms and purposes.In our case for the Ethereum BC platform.The Eclipse Modelling Framework development environment was used (eCore as metamodel, Acceleo for m2t transformation) and also, Remix IDE was used for SC deployment.Results and Discussion With the metamodel created, the model of an SC for the ENCS administration was created, then, with the m2t transformation, the source code of the SC was generated.Remix was then used to implement and deploy the SC (deploy.docxfile in the supplementary material).The data obtained in Remix shows the successful deployment of the SC.Furthermore, the results indicate that our metamodel is able to generate: constructors, users, assets, global and local variables, primitive data types, functions, mappings, structures, events, among others, required in SCs for Ethereum BC platforms, preserving the syntax of the solidity.Likewise, our tool can contribute in the maturation and specification of SCs that support ageing care, directly in secure and privacy data management, e.g., ENCS, since ultimately the management of their data depends on well-structured SCs.Also, moving forward in our work, we will create this same scenario for other BC platforms and programming languages.This will enhance SC transformation between different BC platforms, contributing to the interoperability and security of this entire ecosystem.
Blockchains implement decentralized monetary systems and applications. Recent advancements enable what we call tethering a blockchain to a primary blockchain, securing the tethered chain by nodes that post primary-chain tokens as collateral. The collateral ensures nodes behave as intended, until they withdraw it. Unlike a Proof of Stake blockchain which uses its own token as collateral, using primary-chain tokens shields the tethered chain from the volatility of its own token. State-of-the-art tethered blockchains either rely on centralization, or make extreme assumptions: that all communication is synchronous, that operators remain correct even post-withdrawal, or that withdrawals can be indefinitely delayed by tethered-chain failures. We prove that with partial synchrony, there is no solution to the problem. However, under the standard assumptions that communication with the primary chain is synchronous and communication among the tethered chain nodes is partially synchronous, there is a solution. We present a tethered-chain protocol called Aegis. Aegis uses references from its blocks to primary blocks to define committees, checkpoints on the primary chain to perpetuate decisions, and resets to establish new committees when previous ones become obsolete. It ensures safety at all times and rapid progress when latency among Aegis nodes is low.
The article closely reads a discussion paper by the National Institution for Transforming India (NITI) Aayog and a strategy paper by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) advocating non-financial use cases of blockchain in India. By noting the discursive shift from transparency to trust to adjustably transparent enacted in these two documents, and consequently the Indian state's redescription of blockchain, the paper foregrounds how blockchain systems are being designated as "decentral" but have recentralizing effects where the state reinvents and re-establishes itself as an intermediary. The paper illustrates how discursive shifts concerning trust, transparency, (de)centralization and (dis)intermediation are crucial sites for investigating redescriptions of emerging sociotechnical systems.