La tecnologa ha marcado un claro punto de inflexin en todos los mbitos del entorno actual, suscitando un cambio en el know how de las actividades empresariales, estableciendo nuevas pautas de actuacin en el mercado.Dentro de las tecnologas disruptivas que, de forma notable, estn incidiendo en estas ltimas podemos citar la cadena de bloques.Una de las obras de referencia en materia de Blockchain es, precisamente, la presente monografa.Como es conocido, el Blockchain es un anglicismo que se traduce como cadena de bloques.Representa un procedimiento informtico -protocolo-inicialmente creado con el objetivo de soportar las criptomonedas cuyo paradigma es Bitcoin.Esta ltima presenta dos caracteres diferenciadores bsicos, respecto a la moneda tradicional o decimonnica, a saber: la voluntariedad y su naturaleza descentralizada.La disrupcin que suscita en los medios de pago, en el espacio mercantil, estriba en que las criptomonedas, con carcter general, han operado al margen de las monedas fiduciarias.Podemos manifestar que los valores en los que las mismas oscilan se encuentran fuertemente condicionadas por la ley de la oferta y de la demanda.Blockchain es el soporte de Bitcoin, es decir es el protocolo informtico que sirve de base a la criptomoneda ms notable en la actualidad.La cadena de bloques constituye una combinacin de distintas tecnologas con un fin acreditativo.Es, en definitiva, una novedosa manifestacin de lo que se ha llamado economa colaborativa.Constituye, adems, una herramienta de carcter acreditativo que fomenta la aportacin/invocacin del procedimiento con el fin de sustentar las pretensiones de las partes frente a una posible controversia.Se ha dicho, con acierto, que la figura que analizamos es como un libro pblico de contabilidad.Ms bien, puede decirse que se erige en un instrumento registral o tabular que cuenta con una tabla indeleble o compartida como
El objetivo de esta investigación fue saber si realmente las inversiones en el Bitcoin son riesgosas o no, y conocer más acerca de este nuevo mercado de Monedas Virtuales. Esta investigación se llevó acabo de manera documental, analizando la información disponible en el campo para así buscar la principal causa de incertidumbre de este mercado internacional, y conocer así sus principales ventajas y desventajas, con esto identificar si son riesgosas o no, y así poder ayudar a los lectores a tener una mejor y más sencilla idea, sobre este mercado para saber si la inversión resultara o no. Los resultados mostraron que invertir en este momento en Bitcoins no es lo más indicada, pero en un futuro, no muy lejano, este mercado será más estable y seguro para hacer cualquier tipo de inversión y transacción.
The Ecuadorian State isorganized territorially in regions, counties, cantons and rural parishes. The county of Manabi located in the coastal region of the Ecuador, has 24 cantons, being part of its territory the cantons Jipijapa, Pajan and 24 Mayo, located in the south of the county. In this Andean country the two main commercial species of Coffea that are cultivated are: Arabic Coffea L. (Arabic coffee) and Coffea canephora former Pierre Froehner (robust coffee), being the low national production the central problem of the Ecuadorian coffeeculture, added it, the faulty public administration of the sector, that limits their reactivation. In this context the present work has as objective to sketch the main results of the diagnosis to determine the main problems and factors that influence in the process of administration of the coffeeculture and to suggest the implementation of a model of public administration on agroecologicals bases for its reactivation that leaves from the Decentralized Autonomous Governments, articulating and integrating to the coffee farmers to the organizations of producers and other key local actors linked to the coffee sector. For the development of the field work it was appealed to the method of investigation action - participative and to techniques of scientific investigation. The results show that the public administration is even faulty and disjointed, which impacts in the low production and productivity of the coffee, disorganization of the producers, low educational level, validity of an aged rural leadership and loss of credibility in the organizations is evidenced.
René Mesías Villacrés Borja, Mónica Elizabeth Bonilla Manobanda, Sergio Enrique Fierro Barragán, Mario Enrique Escobar Gortaire
This paper focuses on the results of the research carried out to determine the incidence of Fair Trade as a factor in reducing the poverty of small cocoa producers in the province of Los Rios, Ecuador. It also aimed to ascertain if there are guaranteed aid that will grant them a more direct access to the market for their products, under fairer and more equitable conditions. A mixed research design was used in the study. The qualitative activity was focused on observation, interviews, compilation of documents, registers, materials, and exchanges developed with cocoa producers to collect the information and know their criteria and opinions on the conditions and standard of living. This, however, was carried out from a quantitative point of view. The greatest amount of information was achieved through a structured survey with the application of a multivariate option questionnaire applied to a sample of 177 farmers. The main results obtained revealed that Fair Trade is a key element in reducing poverty levels as long as it is a fundamental part of the territorial development plans of Decentralized Autonomous Governments at all levels. Also, trade unions provide real support to farmers and they also assert their claims using a more continuous use of development premiums, adjustment of minimum guaranteed prices, and pre-financing.
Natali del Rocío Torres Peñafiel, Rosa Ellis Bell Heredia
La provincia de Chimborazo se caracteriza por su riqueza etnica intercultural, en especial por su cultura indigena que resalta aquellos principios y valores que datan de la nacionalidad Puruha y que tanto se lucha por rescatar. En este articulo se desarrolla un procedimiento denominado FOCOA para fomentar una cultura organizacional autoctona en aras de una mejor gestion en los gobiernosautonomos descentralizados (GAD) municipales de la provincia de Chimborazo; procedimiento que considera la interculturalidad como eje transversal. Su metodologia se sustenta en los metodos historico-logico y sistemico, asi como en los procedimientos de analisis y sintesis, descriptivo, induccion y deduccion; y, ademas, se implementan tecnicas de investigacion cuantitativas y cualitativas. / Chimborazo province is characterized by its intercultural ethnic richness, especially by its native culture that stresses those principles and values dated from the Puruha nationality, which they so strongly fight for rescuing. In this article, a procedure named FOCOA for promoting an autochthonous organizational culture is developed, in order to achieve a better management in the municipal decentralized autonomous governments (GAD) in Chimborazo province. This procedureconsiders the intercultural character as a cross axis. Its methodology is based on historical, logical and systemic methods, as well as in the procedures of analysis and synthesis, of induction and deduction and in descriptive procedures. Techniques of quantitative and qualitative research are also carried out.
El crecimiento exponencial de los bitcoins ha llevado a la necesidad de la AEAT de potenciar sus herramientas de seguimiento de las transacciones relacionadas con monedas virtuales, y a la Dirección General de Tributos a pronunciarse (aunque de manera escasa) sobre su tributación. En materia de imposición directa, las rentas derivadas de la compraventa y de minado de bitcoins tributarán como rendimientos de actividades económicas en el Impuesto sobre la Renta de las Personas Físicas (o, en su caso, como ganancias/pérdidas patrimoniales) o como ingresos en el Impuesto sobre Sociedades. Desde el punto de vista del Impuesto sobre el Valor Añadido, la compraventa de bitcoins se considera una actividad sujeta y exenta, mientras que el minado de bitcoins no tendría la consideración de prestación de servicios onerosa en el sentido de la jurisprudencia del Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea. En el Impuesto de Actividades Económicas, tales actividades deberán incluirse, como regla general, en el epígrafe 831.9 de la sección primera, «Otros servicios financieros n.c.o.p.» y en materia del Impuesto sobre el Patrimonio, los bitcoins deberán ser declarados por su valor de mercado a 31 de diciembre de cada año. Finalmente, y respecto del modelo 720, el Anteproyecto de Ley de Medidas de Prevención y Lucha contra el Fraude Fiscal contempla expresamente la obligación de informar sobre la tenencia de monedas virtuales situadas en el extranjero.
In the Ecuadorian national sphere, tourism has enjoyed sustainable tourism initiatives by the Ministry of Tourism and states that Ecuador must convert each of its tourist sites into destinations of excellence, in this argument it is important to observe the rights of nature and of the environment within the framework of good living, so that emphasis should be placed on how to contribute from cantonal Autonomous Decentralized Governments to the development of tourism in coastal areas. The objective of this study is to identify fundamentals associated with sustainable tourism development in areas of the Ecuadorian coast, where environmental impacts caused by tourism activity are inferred, in this sense, it is observed that the tourism management carried out on the beaches of the Ecuadorian coast has negative effects important regarding the organization and equipment that have led to the disorderly and expansive use in these sites. Based on the results of the research, gaps related to the management of sustainable tourism are detected, contributing to the coming conception of a model for tourism management in coastal cantons, which will improve the strategic planning of tourist orientation of the same and the decision making of the local actors involved in the development proposed by the country.
Open access
Business, Innovation, and Economy
Diverse Applied Research Studies
Geography and Environmental Studies in Latin America
Mediante la elaboración de este trabajo se ha querido dar una visión general y sencilla de los elementos claves para conocer que es el bitcoin, como funciona y su evolución. Por ello presentamos los elementos técnicos básicos de su funcionamiento: la criptografía y el blockchain, que son básicos para entender las cuestiones relacionadas con su implantación, seguridad y estabilidad. Asimismo recogemos el perfil actual del usuario, su evolución en el tiempo y la presencia en diferentes países. Por último, se analizan las ventajas, inconvenientes y perspectiva del futuro. Finalizamos con una serie de conclusiones.
Juan Pablo Urdánigo Zambrano, Ángel Joel Yépez Rosado, Norma María Guerrero Chuez
En el estudio se detallaron aspectos relevantes para el rediseno de la carrera Ingenieria Ambiental, resultado del proyecto de Rediseno en la Universidad Tecnica Estatal de Quevedo, Ecuador. La demanda ocupacional se encuentra afin con el ejercicio real y posible de la profesion. En consecuencia, fue fundamental determinar la demanda ocupacional de ingenieros ambientales a nivel regional y local, considerando el Plan Nacional del Buen Vivir, Codigo Organico de Organizacion Territorial, Autonomia y Descentralizacion, Agenda de Desarrollo Zonal 5, Planes de Desarrollo y Ordenamiento Territorial Provinciales y Municipales, actores y sectores vinculados a la produccion. Esto permitio justificar la formacion de nuevos profesionales de la carrera de Ingenieria Ambiental, considerando los requerimientos establecidos en el Reglamento de Regimen Academico Ecuatoriano. De esta manera, se pudo evidenciar la relacion entre los campos de actuacion de los futuros ingenieros ambientales y las necesidades locales, nacionales y globales relativas a la problematica ambiental que enfrentan los asentamientos humanos, a fin de promover el desarrollo de la sociedad en armonia con la naturaleza. El principal demandante de mano de obra calificada en temas ambientales fueron las empresas privadas, seguido por los Gobiernos Autonomos Descentralizados Municipales, Provinciales, Parroquiales. En base al analisis de las necesidades se proyecto la necesidad de formar un total de 2565 ingenieros ambientales. PALABRAS CLAVE: Diseno curricular; Gobiernos Autonomos Descentralizados; sector privado; Educacion Superior. THE REDESIGN OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING CAREER. OCCUPATIONAL DEMAND BY PUBLIC POLICIES AND TRENDS OF ACTORS AND SECTORS LINKED TO PRODUCTION OF THE DEVELOPMENT AREA 5 COAST-CENTER, ECUADOR ABSTRACT The study detailed aspects relevant to the redesign of the Environmental Engineering career, a result of the Redesign project at Quevedo State Technical University, Ecuador. The occupational demand is related to the actual and possible exercise of the profession. As a consequence, it was essential to determine the occupational demand of environmental engineers at the regional and local level, considering the National Plan for Good Living, Organic Code of Territorial Organization, Autonomy and Decentralization, Zonal Development Agenda 5, Provincial Development and Territorial Planning Plans and Municipalities, actors and sectors linked to production. This allowed to justify the formation of new professionals of the race of Environmental Engineering, considering the requirements established in the Regulation of Ecuadorian Academic Regime. In this way, the relationship between the fields of action of future environmental engineers and the local, national and global needs related to the environmental problems faced by human settlements could be evidenced in order to promote the development of society in harmony with nature. The main claimant of skilled labor in environmental issues was private companies, followed by the Decentralized Municipal, Provincial and Rural Autonomous Governments. Based on the needs analysis, the need to train a total of 2565 environmental engineers was projected. KEYWORDS: Curricular design; Decentralized Autonomous Governments; private sector; Higher Education.
Ricardo Alberto Márquez Ramírez, Adelita Benilda Pinto Yerovi, Daniel Antonio Toro Castro
El futuro de la producción agrícola y alimentaria, dependerá de la disponibilidad de agua, de su escasez, su obtención, su acceso, su calidad y uso eficiente. El uso de tecnologías orientadas a reportar beneficios financieros y económicos a corto plazo, degradando el medio ambiente, son insostenibles. A nivel global se trata de mejorar la gobernanza del agua de riego. Esta, se puede definir como la construcción de un sistema político, legal, institucional-administrativo que afectará directa o indirectamente el uso, el desarrollo y la gestión del agua de riego y su provisión a diferentes usuarios e intereses de la sociedad. Las claves de la gobernanza son la participación social y la existencia de recursos que posibiliten la ejecución eficiente de obras que favorezcan la producción agrícola sostenible. El riego en el Ecuador está sujeto a presiones originadas en su demanda para satisfacer las necesidades sociales y su desigual distribución espacio-temporal. Actualmente se han modificado los marcos jurídicos, buscando a través de la descentralización y desconcentración de actividades estatales, sumar equitativamente a la comunidad y actores sociales a la gestión integral del agua, para mejorar la gobernanza del riego. Los elementos clave son los planes provinciales de riego y drenaje con financiamiento adecuado, desarrollados por los Gobiernos Autónomos Descentralizados Provinciales, integrando a organismos como los Consejos de Cuenca. La asignación de recursos y la participación ciudadana parecen resultar los eslabones más débiles de la cadena y restan dinamia a los esfuerzos para alcanzar la gobernabilidad del agua de riego en el Ecuador.PALABRAS CLAVE: Gobernanza; desarrollo sostenible; recursos hídricos; riego; Gobiernos Autónomos. THE GOVERNANCE OF WATER FOR IRRIGATION IN CONTEMPORARY ECUADOR ABSTRACT The future of agricultural and food production will depend on the availability of water, its scarcity, its access, its quality and efficient use. The use of technologies designed to report short-term financial and economic benefits that damage the environment, are unsustainable. On a global scale, the objective is to improve the governance of water irrigation. Which can be defined as the construction of a political, legal, institutional-administrative system that will directly or indirectly affect the use, development and management of water irrigation and its access to different users and society’s interests. The most important elements to water governance are social participation and the existence of resources that enable the efficient execution of works that favor sustainable agricultural production. Irrigation in Ecuador is subject of arising pressures from its demand to satisfy social needs and its uneven spatial-temporal distribution. By equally involving the community and other social factors in integrated water management, current legal frameworks have being modified to improve irrigation governance. The key elements are the provincial irrigation and drainage plans with adequate financing, developed by the Autonomous Decentralized Provincial Governments, integrating organizations such as the Basin Councils. Resource allocation and citizen participation seem to be the weakest links in the chain and dampen efforts to achieve irrigation water governance in Ecuador. KEYWORDS: Governance; sustainable development; water resources; irrigation; Autonomous Governments.
Bitcoin es un sistema de pago electronico que desde su aparicion en 2009 se ha posicionado como uno de los sistemas de pago de mayor uso, dando pie a que diversas empresas alrededor del mundo promuevan y adopten su uso. Por ello resulta de gran valor para el publico interesado en las nuevas tecnologias el poseer una vision general acerca de su funcionamiento y las implicaciones que su uso tienen en la actualidad. Este trabajo aporta un panorama del sistema de pago Bitcoin describiendo su funcionamiento, arquitectura, modo de operacion y algunas de las consideraciones financieras asociadas a su uso; se espera que este trabajo pueda ser utilizado como una introduccion para aquel interesado en el estudio del tema.
The Bitcoin to be a virtual currency and part of the cryptocurrencies had a fall, this was given by aspects such as speculation and fear of investors, the seasonality of cryptocurrencies by the so-called effect seasonal pattern that consists of abnormally high returns during the month of January compared to the rest of the year). On the other hand, there are the rules of governments and insecurity and the fear that they have reverse investments due to the accumulation of losses in their investments, including the people who use it as a means of payment and who do not have financial backing, cryptocurrencies is a subject where it is causing a lot of controversy at present that is very accelerated and entering countries considered great powers.
Estudio de la evolucion de las criptomonedas, desde el tradicional bitcoin al novedoso MUFG, haciendo especial mencion a la tecnologia “blockchain” y a sus potenciales utilidades.
Given that the global crisis is a cyclical phenomenon that directly affects the company's existence, this adaptation is a condition more than necessary to carry out an activity in a reliable way. Adaptation involves choosing innovative solutions that can withstand market in the current context, as the use of virtual currency Bitcoin as an alternative method in order to remove barriers, given that Bitcoin, a virtual currency created six years ago is not supported or controlled by any government or central bank and is freely traded, fluctuating depending on demand.
Feroz Ahmad Ahmad, Prashant Kumar, Gulshan Shrivastava, Med Salim Bouhlel
ON 12 JANUARY 2009 a pseudonymous entity signed a transaction that instructed a distributed network to transfer a small amount of digital currency to Hal Finney, one ofthe key figures of the cypherpunk movement. After a few minutes, the transaction was recorded on a distributed public ledger, permanently updating the balance ofbothparties. This transaction— the first Bitcoin transaction—marked the beginning of a new era of decentralized payment systems, ushering in a variety of financial Services that do not depend on any centralized clearinghouse or other financial middleman. Bitcoin is regarded by many as a powerful technological innovation that could disrupt many sectors, in the realm of finance and beyond. But the underlying technology on which the network operates, the Bitcoin blockchain can do much more than that. Just as the internet did in the early-1990s, blockchain technology carries with it a whole new range of promises concerning how decentralization can support and promote individual freedoms and autonomy. Blockchain proponents believe that Bitcoin and other cryptocurrency platforms will revolutionize mechanisms of value exchange in the same way that the internet transformed information sharing, by providing a platform for people to exchange digital resources, in a secure and decentralized manner without the need to rely on any intermediary or trusted authority. But this revolutionary potential also carries with it serious implications for censorship, intellectual property, and the regulated flow of information. A blockchain is a decentralized database of transactions maintained by a distributed network of computers, which all contribute to the verification and the validation of transactions. Once accepted, these transactions are recorded inside a “block” of transactions, which incorporates a reference to previous blocks. This creates a long chain of blocks—a “blockchain”—that stores the history of all transactions in a chronological order. Every block contains information about a particular set of transactions, a reference to the preceding block in the blockchain, and the answer to a complex mathematical puzzle that is used to validate the data associated with that block. A copy of the blockchain is stored on every computer in the network, making it virtually impossible for anyone unilaterally to modify the data stored on this decentralized database: if anyone tries to modify any transaction the fraud will be immediately detected by all other network participants.
Open access
43 source records
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
This study addresses the entrepreneurial systems from university campuses, theoretical foundations of business incubators and the analysis of entrepreneurship that contribute to the local development of Quevedo canton, Los Ríos province in Ecuador. There is a higher education institution in Quevedo canton where, in the case of the Técnica Estatal University of Quevedo, productive initiatives are boosted, developing programs with the aim of improving the economic situation of the community. It is important to point out that in the 2008’s Constitution of Ecuador family protection is decisively included, enacting the coordination of actors and resources from the mixed economy regulated by the Good Living (Sumak Kawsay), aiming at developing productive systems at all levels from the precarious economies supported by productive stimulus, as well as from local and provincial decentralized autonomous governments which have to include a percentage for the local productive complex assisted by these institutions in their budget. Higher education institutions should not isolate themselves from this reality and they should participate by becoming the link between the government (represented by local and provincial governments, subsecretaries and ministries) and the community. As a result of the situation educational institutions participate from the academia and production encouragement at all levels, making the most out of the expertise found in educators from different fields. A variety of studies on company systems, regional development and local entrepreneurship show that it has been demonstrated by different international institutions and organizations. The public sector has the capacity to act as a motor oriented to a more productive and sustainable economic model over time. In this research it is demonstrated the need of identifying new local entrepreneurships that foster economic projects that contribute to sustainable local development. By means of this system the Good Living is secured, turning into a necessary tool for development, showing the important role of design, performance and evaluation of the public policies in regional progress.