Chen Ben Tolila, Yarden Hovav, Kiril Danilchenko, Hadassa Daltrophe
ABSTRACT The rising expenses associated with car ownership have driven individuals to seek more affordable alternatives, such as car rentals. However, conventional car rental services often come with high costs due to leasing companies' overhead expenses. Consequently, car sharing has emerged as a popular and cost‐effective solution that reduces expenses and promotes eco‐friendliness by reducing the number of vehicles on the roads. Nonetheless, centralization and reliability remain persistent challenges in car‐sharing implementation. To address these issues, we propose a decentralized crowd car sharing and renting platform called CROWDCARLINK, leveraging blockchain technology's power. This innovative platform enables individuals and leasing companies to rent vehicles while securely recording each car's maintenance and lease history on the blockchain. Within CROWDCARLINK, garages are pivotal contributors, adding vehicle information in a reliable and immutable manner. By utilizing blockchain technology, our platform ensures transparency and fosters trust, effectively overcoming the limitations imposed by centralization. Our architectural design incorporates smart contracts, which help streamline processes and facilitate seamless transactions within the platform. To demonstrate the feasibility of our approach, we have developed a prototype utilizing a private Ethereum blockchain with Proof of Authority (PoA) consensus. We believe that the architectural design and the practical solution presented here will play an integral role in shaping the future of smart transportation. Our platform aims to benefit individuals and the environment by offering a cost‐effective and efficient solution, paving the way for a more sustainable and advanced transportation ecosystem.
Blockchain technology has the potential to revolutionize global trade by streamlining cross-border transactions and enhancing transparency, security, and efficiency. Traditional methods of international trade often involve complex, multi-party processes that rely on intermediaries, leading to delays, increased costs, and a higher risk of fraud. Blockchain, with its decentralized and immutable ledger, offers a solution by creating a single source of truth that all parties in a transaction can access in real-time. This eliminates the need for intermediaries, reduces the risk of errors, and accelerates the settlement of cross-border payments and trade agreements. Blockchain’s ability to provide secure, transparent, and tamper-proof records makes it an ideal platform for international trade documentation, such as bills of lading, contracts, and certificates of origin. By digitizing and automating these processes through blockchain-based smart contracts, businesses can reduce administrative burdens, minimize fraud, and ensure compliance with international regulations. Blockchain-backed smart contracts can automate processes, ensuring transparency, accountability, and efficiency in trade finance. Furthermore, blockchain’s integration with digital currencies and other fintech innovations can streamline payment processes, lowering transaction fees and exchange rate risks associated with traditional cross-border payments. This review explores how blockchain can streamline global trade by enhancing the efficiency and security of cross-border transactions. It also examines the implications of blockchain for trade finance, supply chain management, and the role of global regulatory frameworks in facilitating its widespread adoption. The review concludes by highlighting the transformative potential of blockchain in reducing costs, increasing transaction speed, and improving trust between global trade partners, making it a key enabler for the future of international commerce.
Jungwon Seo, Juhui Lee, Yunjae Joo, K.-H. Lee · 6 authors
Blockchain-based E-participation systems significantly enhance transparency, data integrity, and security compared to traditional E-participation methods. However, existing systems often face challenges, such as inefficient attribute sampling in Zero-Knowledge Proof (ZKP)-based systems and the absence of effective differential reward mechanisms to distinguish between sincere and insincere participants. This paper introduces a blockchain-based E-participation framework designed to address these challenges. The proposed approach improves attribute sampling in ZKP-based systems by incorporating attribute keys, enabling efficient and secure sampling of participants without compromising privacy. This ensures that only eligible participants are selected while maintaining the integrity of the sampling process. Furthermore, the framework uses Shapley Values to implement a robust differential reward system that fairly compensates participants based on their sincerity, encouraging genuine contributions while penalizing insincere behavior. The security of the proposed framework is rigorously validated through a comprehensive security analysis, and its performance is thoroughly evaluated to demonstrate its effectiveness. Additionally, the feasibility of this approach is demonstrated through a prototype with real-world participants, highlighting its practicality and potential for deployment in E-participation systems.
Over the last decades, globalization in manufacturing and in international trade has led to unprecedented complexity in customs procedures. A basic requirement for Customs Authorities is to determine the origin of products and materials/ inputs in order to perform the appropriate customs procedures. This paper investigates the potential of Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLT) to address the challenges of determining correctly the origin of products in order to safeguard the public revenues, accelerate clearance procedures and promote the international trade. The paper analyzes the requirements of the clearance procedures of imports under preferential trade agreements, discusses the unique attributes of DLT and presents DLT implementations in customs procedures and in international trade. Then it provides a requirements analysis and an architecture for the development of DLT-based system for the handling of the origin of products in customs procedures.
Universitat Politècnica de València, Hannia Gonzalez-Urango, Monica Garcia Melon, Universitat Politècnica de València · 9 authors
Highlights Fiscal incentives and market mechanisms drive RET adoption in Colombia. Lack of financing and high CAPEX are key barriers to RET deployment.
Peng Guan, Lincoln C. Wood, Jason X. Wang, Linh Duong
The global port industry, known for its historical resistance to technological advancements, now faces a pivotal moment in the age of blockchain innovation. This systematic literature review provides an in-depth investigation into the adoption of blockchain technology within the port industry, aiming to assess the current state of knowledge, identify areas lacking research attention, and emphasize emerging research avenues by analyzing a corpus of 316 articles. Our review employs a robust framework centered around four key themes: barriers to adoption, the port’s role in global value chains, sustainability considerations, and practical implementations of blockchain technology in ports. By analyzing these themes, we can gain valuable insights into the distinctive nature of the port industry and its potential transformation through blockchain technology. Theoretical contributions from this review emphasize adopting a Practice-Based View (PBV) perspective to examine the intricate interplay between barriers and practices in blockchain adoption. Furthermore, our innovative synthesis of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and the Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE) framework sheds light on internal and external obstacles shaping the adoption landscape. A noteworthy aspect of this review is the recognition of the critical need to align theoretical frameworks with the unique characteristics of the port industry, emphasizing the importance of contextual relevance in research pursuits. It also highlights the scarcity and fragmentation of research in the domain of the port industry, encouraging future scholars to investigate the identified research gaps and theoretical perspectives. This article reveals that utilizing blockchain technology within ports can enhance the sustainability performance of the port industry.
Linchao Zhang, Lei Hang, Keke Zu, Yi Wang · 5 authors
As smart cities rapidly evolve, the Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) network faces significant challenges in data security and communication efficiency. This paper introduces an innovative algorithm based on a reputation mechanism, named the Dynamic Vehicle Reputation Consensus (DVRC), which focuses on improving the data security and communication efficiency of vehicular networks using blockchain technology. The DVRC algorithm comprehensively assesses vehicle behaviors and the consensus contribution within the blockchain network, utilizing a reputation scoring system to evaluate the reliability within the network. Furthermore, this study delves into multimodal communication strategies in vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) scenarios. Notably, when vehicles leave the range of basic infrastructure, those with high reputation scores (as determined by the DVRC's reputation values) relay the communication service. Additionally, the introduction of a reputation incentive mechanism and dynamic consensus threshold adjustments aim to improve consensus efficiency and encourage honest behavior. Experimental results demonstrate that the DVRC algorithm significantly improves communication efficiency in blockchain-based vehicular networks, such as increased throughput, reduced latency, and improved network scalability. These advances have substantial theoretical and practical significance for the development of vehicular networks in smart cities.
This research proposes the development of a next generation airline reservation system that incorporates the Cloud microservices, distributed artificial intelligence modules and the blockchain technology to improve on the efficiency, safety and customer satisfaction. The traditional reservation systems encounter issues related to the expansion of the systems, the integrity of the data provided and the level of service offered to the customers, which is the main focus of this architecture through the modular and data centric design approaches. This will allow different operations such as reservations, payments, and customer data management among others to be performed separately thereby facilitating high availability of the system by 30% and enhancing performance of the system by 40% on its scalability. Such systems contain AI driven modules that utilize the past booking patterns along with the profile of the customer to estimate the demand and make recommendations, which increases to 25 % of customer engagement. Moreover, blockchain is effective in engaging an incorruptible ledger system for the all transactions therefore mitigating fraud incidences and increasing the clarity by 20%. The system was subjected to analysis using a simulator and using machine learning evaluations that rated it against other conventional systems. The results show that there were clear enhancements in the speed of transactions where the rates of secure data processing rose by 35%, and the system response time by 15 %. The system can also be used for other high transaction industries like logistics and hospitality. This structural design is indicative of how the use of advanced technologies will revolutionize the airline reservation sector. The implications are growing effectiveness, improvement in security and greater customer contentment.
Blockchain sharding has emerged as a promising solution to the scalability challenges in traditional blockchain systems by partitioning the network into smaller, manageable subsets called shards. Despite its potential, existing sharding solutions face significant limitations in handling dynamic workloads, ensuring secure cross-shard transactions, and maintaining system integrity. To address these gaps, we propose DynaShard, a dynamic and secure cross-shard transaction processing mechanism designed to enhance blockchain sharding efficiency and security. DynaShard combines adaptive shard management, a hybrid consensus approach, plus an efficient state synchronization and dispute resolution protocol. Our performance evaluation, conducted using a robust experimental setup with real-world network conditions and transaction workloads, demonstrates DynaShard's superior throughput, reduced latency, and improved shard utilization compared to the fast transaction scheduling in blockchain sharding (FTSBS) method. Specifically, DynaShard achieves up to a 42.6% reduction in latency and a 78.77% improvement in shard utilization under high transaction volumes and varying cross-shard transaction ratios. These results highlight DynaShard's ability to outperform state-of-the-art sharding methods, ensuring scalable and resilient blockchain systems. We believe that DynaShard's innovative approach will significantly impact future developments in blockchain technology, paving the way for more efficient and secure distributed systems.
This study tended to present a model for examining the effective factors on adoption of blockchain-based intelligent transportation systems (ITS). The methodology employed was correlational descriptive approach using structural equation modeling. The research involved collecting data through a survey, which was completed by 368 individuals residing in prominent cities across Iran. The findings of the study suggest that perceived quality of digital services significantly impacts perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, and trust in a positive manner. Additionally, the positive influence of information technology infrastructure and social influence on perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness is evident. Moreover, perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness play pivotal roles in building trust and fostering adoption of blockchain-based ITS. The study also highlights the positive and significant impact of transparent governance on trust and adoption. Furthermore, policies and regulations are identified as key drivers of perceived usefulness and adoption of such systems. Lastly, perceived trust and security are found to positively influence adoption. These findings underscore the potential of the examined variables to serve as robust predictors for the adoption of blockchain-based ITS by citizens.
José Benzinho, João J. Ferreira, Joel Batista, Leandro Pereira · 8 authors
Blockchain technology has been used with great effect in farm-to-fork traceability projects. However, this technology has a steep learning curve when it comes to its user interface. To minimize this difficulty, we created a solution based on a Large Language Model (LLM) conversational agent. Our implementation, starting with an existing knowledge base that is prepared and processed with an embedding model to be stored in a vector database, follows a Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) approach. Other non-textual media like images and videos are aggregated with the embeddings to enrich the user experience. User queries are combined with a proximity search in the vector database and feed into an LLM that considers the conversation history with the user in its replies. Given the asynchronous nature of these models, we implemented a similarly asynchronous scheme using Server-Sent Events that deliver the models’ replies to a UI that supports multimodal media types such as images and videos by providing the visualization of these resources. The end solution allows users to interact with advanced technologies using a natural language interface; this in turn empowers food traceability projects to overcome their natural difficulty in engaging early adopters.
The transportation industry has been recognized as one of the industries that can benefit from investment in blockchain-based systems and services that enable distributed data management and improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the transportation sector. However, the literature needs a guiding framework for integrating blockchain in issuing and preserving public transportation transactions in a technical environment that is secure, efficient, and transparent. This study proposes a blockchain-based transportation wallet (BTW) framework that facilitates the main digital transactions across diverse public transportation services. BTW embodies leveraging blockchain technology, which provides a decentralized and immutable ledger that records and verifies transactions, ensuring trust and reducing the risk of fraud. The framework has been validated by developing a blockchain-based public transportation smart wallet named “RideChain”. This serves as a single decentralized point for making public transportation transactions and payments, as well as identity authorizations and management. RideChain enhances passengers’ and service providers’ experience through a secure and authentic platform for offering several reliable public transportation transactions efficiently. In this study, we implemented a smart contract to establish a protocol between passengers and journey services. The testing methodologies used in this study comprise unit testing, integration testing, performance testing, and user acceptance testing. The findings suggest that BTW has been successfully verified to demonstrate its capability for secure transactions, authenticity of monetary transactions, automated smart contracts, decentralized identity authentication, and effortless payments.
Magda Pineda, Daladier Jabba, Wilson Nieto, Alfredo J. Pérez
In recent years, consensus algorithms have gained significant importance in the context of blockchain networks. These algorithms play a crucial role in allowing network participants to reach agreements on the state of the Blockchain without needing a central authority. The present study focuses on carrying out a systematic mapping of these consensus algorithms to explore in detail their use, benefits, and challenges in the context of blockchain networks. Understanding consensus algorithms is essential to appreciating how blockchain networks achieve the reliability and integrity of their distributed ledgers. These algorithms allow network nodes to reach agreement on the validity of transactions and the creation of new blocks on the Blockchain. In this sense, consensus algorithms are the engine that drives trust in these decentralized networks. Numerous authors have contributed to the development and understanding of consensus algorithms in the context of blockchain networks. For example, Satoshi Nakamoto's (2008) original paper on Bitcoin introduced proof-of-work (PoW) as a method of achieving consensus on the network. This revolutionary concept paved the way for numerous cryptocurrencies and blockchain systems. Despite advances in this field, significant challenges remain: centralization, fair token distribution, scalability, and sustainability. The energy consumption of blockchain networks, particularly those using algorithms such as Proof of Work, Proof of Stake, Delegated Proof of Stake, Proof of Authority, and hybrid algorithms (Proof of Work/Proof of Stake), has raised concerns about their environmental impact, motivating the scientific and technological community to investigate more sustainable alternatives that promise to reduce energy consumption and contribute to climate change mitigation. Furthermore, interoperability between different blockchains and security in specific environments, such as IoT, are areas that still require significant research attention. This systematic mapping not only seeks to shed light on the current state of consensus algorithms in blockchain, but also their impact on sustainability, identifying those algorithms that, in addition to guaranteeing integrity and security, minimize the environmental footprint, promoting a more efficient use of energy resources, being a relevant approach in a context in which the adoption of sustainable technologies has become a global priority. Understanding and improving these algorithms are critical to unlocking the full potential of blockchain technology in a variety of applications and industry sectors.
Security is an important consideration when delivering information-aware messages to vehicles that are far away from the current location of the information-sending vehicle. This information helps the receiver to save fuel and time by making wise decisions to avoid damaged or blocked roads. To ensure the safety and security of this type of information using blockchain technology, we propose a new cognitive vehicular communication scheme to transfer messages from source to destination. Due to spectrum scarcity in vehicular networks, there needs to be a wireless medium available for every communication link since vehicles require it to communicate. The primary user (PU) makes a public announcement about a free channel to all secondary users nearby and only gives it to authentic vehicles. The authenticity of vehicles is guaranteed by a roadside unit (RSU) that offers secure keys to any vehicle that joins this blockchain network. Those who participate in this network must pay a certain amount and receive rewards for their honesty that exceed the amount spent. To test the performance of various parameters, the proposed scheme utilizes the Ethereum smart contract and compares them to blockchain and non-blockchain methods. Our results show a minimum delivery time of 0.16 s and a minimum overhead of 350 bytes in such a dynamic vehicle environment.
The imbalance between parking availability and demand has led to a rise in traffic challenges in many cities. The adoption of technologies like the Internet of Things and deep learning algorithms has been extensively explored to build automated smart parking systems in urban environments. Non-human-mediated, scalable smart parking systems that are built on decentralized blockchain systems will further enhance transparency and trust in this domain. The presented work, PARKTag, is an integration of a blockchain-based system and computer vision models to detect on-field free parking slots, efficiently navigate vehicles to those slots, and automate the computation of parking fees. This innovative approach aims to enhance the efficiency, scalability, and convenience of parking management by leveraging and integrating advanced technologies for real-time slot detection, navigation, and secure, transparent fee calculation with blockchain smart contracts. PARKTag was evaluated through implementation and emulation in selected areas of the MIT Art Design Technology University campus, with a customized built-in dataset of over 2000 images collected on-field in different conditions. The fine-tuned parking slot detection model leverages pre-trained algorithms and achieves significant performance metrics with a validation accuracy of 92.9% in free slot detection. With the Solidity smart contract deployed on the Ethereum test network, PARKTag achieved a significant throughput of 10 user requests per second in peak traffic hours. PARKTag is implemented as a mobile application and deployed in the mobile application store. Its beta version has undergone user validation for feedback and acceptance, marking a significant step toward the development of the final product.
Abstract The future of transportation could be dramatically reshaped by the advent of blockchain‐powered solutions, with a particular emphasis on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). Despite potential roadblocks such as security, privacy, and interoperability issues, blockchain technology stands out as a potent tool for overcoming these challenges while simultaneously boosting the efficiency and safety of ITS. This systematic literature review (SLR) analyzes 60 articles to explore potential applications and perceived benefits of integrating blockchain in ITS. Addressing two key research questions, the study identifies diverse applications of blockchain, ranging from enhancing security to building trust in transportation systems. The review sheds light on how blockchain can transform ITS by fostering trust and exploring the prospects of its applications. This exploration highlights blockchain's potential to redefine the transportation landscape within smart cities.
Location-Based Services (LBS) have greatly improved efficiency and functionality in various domains, but privacy and security concerns remain due to the centralized nature of many existing systems. To address these issues, this paper introduces the V-Track system, a decentralized architecture using blockchain technology for reliable vehicle location verification. By integrating GPS devices (SparkFun GPS NEO-M9), IoT-enabled sensors, and a Cosmos blockchain-based ledger (network of interconnected blockchains), V-Track aims to solve centralized LBS problems. Through rigorous simulation experiments, this paper evaluates the performance and security of the V-Track system and demonstrates its potential to provide reliable location verification while preserving user privacy. This paper makes significant contributions by presenting V-Track as a decentralized solution to centralized LBS privacy and security problems, enhancing reliability and trustworthiness through blockchain integration, improving tracking mechanisms with GPS devices and IoT sensors for improved accuracy, and providing a privacy-preserving alternative to centralized LBS through its decentralized design and use of blockchain technology. These advancements hold promise for applications across multiple sectors, including logistics, supply chain management, urban planning, and emerging fields such as autonomous vehicles and augmented reality.
Edgar Roberto Dulce Villarreal, J. Garcia-Alonso, Julio Ariel Hurtado Alegría
Purpose The use of technology applied to the care of ageing adults is a key strategy to increase the effectiveness of health care delivery, thus contributing to a higher quality of life for ageing people.However, a general and important concern is data security and privacy.Given the security provided by Blockchain (BC), the interest in this technology is growing at an accelerated pace in different contexts, and support for aging is no exception.Security in this type of technologies rests, among other things, on Smart Contracts (SC), immutable decentralized programs for BC platforms that enforce, monitor and execute agreements, without the intervention of a trusted third party.Due to the variety of technologies and their particularities, the development of SCs is a complex process, since the architectural constraints of each platform must be considered.This paper presents a Model Driven Engineering (MDE) tool that automatically generates SCs using the Solidity programming language, in the context of a senior care process, for deployment on the Ethereum platform.This tool complements and serves as a starting point for the framework presented in (E.R. D. Villarreal, et al. 2023).For this purpose, an Ethereum SEPM Platform Specific Metamodel and a Model to Text Transformation to generate the SCs (SEP2Solidity) are presented (See the additional material in a public repository 1 ).As a proof of concept, a metamodel, a model and a deployed SC was generated and implemented, using the functionality assessment on the Elderly Nursing Core Set (ENCS) (M, Lopes.2013).The ENCS assesses quality of life in terms of functioning among ageing adults (based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF)).Method Our aim to contribute to the care of ageing people began with the identification of a problem (Dulce, E., Hurtado, J. 2021).We have analyzed the contributions that BC can have in the care of ageing people and identified shortcomings of BC technology, directly in the development of SC.In the literature review, we have analyzed the significant contributions that MDE technology can have to perform the specification and transformation of SC between different BC platforms.Based on MDE, we have created a 4-level architecture, where we have defined the real-world elements (M0), the models (M1) and the meta-models (M2) required for the whole MDE ecosystem (Figure 1).For the construction of the metamodel, we followed the interactive and iterative approach proposed in (N.Sanchez, 2022) this, allows the specification of model fragments by domain experts.These fragments can be annotated with descriptions about the intent or requirements of certain elements.A metamodel is automatically induced, which can be interactively refactored and then compiled into an implementation metamodel for different platforms and purposes.In our case for the Ethereum BC platform.The Eclipse Modelling Framework development environment was used (eCore as metamodel, Acceleo for m2t transformation) and also, Remix IDE was used for SC deployment.Results and Discussion With the metamodel created, the model of an SC for the ENCS administration was created, then, with the m2t transformation, the source code of the SC was generated.Remix was then used to implement and deploy the SC (deploy.docxfile in the supplementary material).The data obtained in Remix shows the successful deployment of the SC.Furthermore, the results indicate that our metamodel is able to generate: constructors, users, assets, global and local variables, primitive data types, functions, mappings, structures, events, among others, required in SCs for Ethereum BC platforms, preserving the syntax of the solidity.Likewise, our tool can contribute in the maturation and specification of SCs that support ageing care, directly in secure and privacy data management, e.g., ENCS, since ultimately the management of their data depends on well-structured SCs.Also, moving forward in our work, we will create this same scenario for other BC platforms and programming languages.This will enhance SC transformation between different BC platforms, contributing to the interoperability and security of this entire ecosystem.
Karlson Hargroves, Peter Newman, Ganesh Raj Joshi, Benjamin James
A dominance of private vehicles in cities around the world has led to unsustainable levels of congestion, pollution, and human harm, which stand to be exacerbated by future growth. This paper briefly outlines the implications of rapid urbanization based on private vehicles and then provides an overview of the benefits associated with Integrated Shared Transit (IST) services. IST can provide a number of benefits such as improved public health outcomes, reduced congestion, and reduced land use from car parking, along with economic development and job creation Opportunities. A recent study suggested this approach presents strong local economic multipliers with every US$1 invested in shared transit creating as much as US$4 in economic returns. The paper then provides a review of four important areas, namely: the shift to electro-mobility, the creation of transit activated corridors (TACs), advanced freight telematics exchange, and the use of disruptive technologies including artificial intelligence and distributed ledgers. The paper then concludes with the recommendation to shift focus from a model of private vehicle dominance to a system of integrated shared transit that is supported by private modes.
In the networked enlarged electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructures, the security and authenticity of the stakeholders involved in the EV energy market pool are prime important. This paper proposes an EV network hub (EVNH) comprising electric vehicles, electric vehicle aggregators (EVAs), and charging nodes in the networked EV energy market pool. The various EVAs implement different heterogeneous blockchains. The EV network hub facilitates blockchain-based secure and resilient energy trading under the grid to vehicle and vehicle to grid. The paper emphasizes interoperability challenges involving different blockchains to communicate and transfer assets or data between them. We suggest secure and trustworthy energy trading across various EVAs using multiple EV tokens for EV energy trading through cross-chain communications. The EVAs consider a Nash equilibrium-seeking strategy to find the Nash equilibrium in the non-cooperative game of EVAs. The effectiveness of the proposed EV network hub is tested using MATLAB, Solidity, and Python software.
Shuchen Zhou, Lei Yu, Yinling Wang, Sami Dhahbi · 6 authors
In this paper, we utilise blockchain technology (BT) and circular q -rung orthopair fuzzy sets ( C q -ROFS) to address practical issues related to urban transportation and supply chain management (SCM). Recognising the weaknesses of earlier approaches such as circular intuitionistic fuzzy sets (C-IFS), we work C q -ROFS to better accommodate imprecise input. Novel approaches that use into metaverse settings are being investigated as a means of addressing the complex problems associated with urban mobility. This study use the SWARA-AROMAN approach to evaluate potential blockchain integration possibilities for metaverse urban mobility. Sensitivity analysis and comprehensive evaluation yield powerful insights into the robustness and adaptability of solutions. With these findings at their disposal, policymakers will be more equipped to take on unpredictability and take advantage of opportunities for sustainable urban mobility. To enhance urban transportation solutions in the dynamic metaverse, future strategies should concentrate on improving processes and exploring novel technology. Ultimately, this research emphasises how critical it is to foster interdisciplinary collaboration and ongoing innovation if we hope to influence the patterns of urban mobility in the metaverse.
Christos N Kontos, Theodor Panagiotakopoulos, Achilles Kameas
Transportation plays an important role in urban development. Population growth and environmental burden have turned the efforts of cities globally towards smarter and greener mobility. Cooperative and Connected Automated Mobility (CCAM) serves as a concept with the power and potential to help achieve these goals building upon technological fields like Internet of Things, computer vision and distributed computing. However, its implementation is hindered by various challenges covering technical parameters such as performance and reliability in tandem with other issues, such as safety, accountability and trust. To overcome these issues, new distributed and decentralized approaches like blockchain and smart contracts are needed. This paper aims at identifying a comprehensive inventory of CCAM challenges and use it as a framework to describe methodologies using blockchain and smart contracts to address them. It provides a comparative analysis of the findings to draw useful conclusions and discuss future directions in CCAM and relevant blockchain applications. The paper contributes to intelligent transportation systems’ research by offering an integrated view of the difficulties in substantiating CCAM and providing insights on the most prominent blockchain and smart contract technologies that tackle them.