ABSTRAK Penelitian mengenai Analisis Verifikasi Proof of Stake (PoS) NFT dengan Teknologi Smart Contract, yang dilakukan melalui metode eksperimental, menghasilkan pencapaian yang sesuai dengan tujuan penelitian. Peneliti berhasil mengembangkan dan menjalankan sistem sesuai dengan tujuan yang diinginkan. Beberapa pencapaian utama mencakup implementasi berhasil dari proses verifikasi PoS, serta proses Stake, Unstake, dan Claim yang menggunakan integrasi Web3 dan dompet Metamask. Rekam transaksi dengan akurat mencatat waktu pengirim dan penerima bersama dengan prosedur verifikasi pemilik. Lebih lanjut, penelitian ini menyajikan analisis perbandingan antara Proof of Work (PoW) dan Proof of Stake (PoS). Temuan penelitian menunjukkan keunggulan Proof of Stake (PoS) dalam efisiensi waktu transaksi, biaya transaksi yang lebih rendah, peningkatan keamanan melalui pemilihan validator yang cermat, dan ketahanan terhadap berbagai jenis serangan. Secara keseluruhan, penelitian ini mengukuhkan keefektifan dan keunggulan implementasi Proof of Stake (PoS) dalam konteks Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) menggunakan Smart Contract. ABSTRACT The research on the Analysis Verification of Proof of Stake (PoS) NFT Smart Contract Technology, conducted through experimental methods, has yielded successful outcomes aligning with the research objectives. The researcher has successfully developed and executed the system, achieving the intended goals. Key accomplishments include the successful implementation of the PoS verification process, as well as the Stake, Unstake, and Claim processes, utilizing Web3 and Metamask wallet integration. Transaction records accurately capture the timing of sender and receiver actions, alongside owner verification procedures. Furthermore, the research presents a comparative analysis between Proof of Work (PoW) and Proof of Stake (PoS). The findings underscore the superiority of Proof of Stake (PoS) in terms of transaction time efficiency, lower transaction costs, enhanced security through meticulous validator selection, and resilience against various types of attacks. Overall, the research substantiates the efficacy and advantages of implementing Proof of Stake (PoS) in the context of Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) using Smart Contracts.
In the era of technology 4.0, Indonesia is pursuing progress through the adoption of smart contracts on the blockchain. The government responded to this by establishing technology regulations to address emerging challenges. Legal principles demonstrate their adaptability in the digital era by utilizing information technology to build a modern legal and administrative framework, in line with the vision of industrial development 4.0. This normative juridical legal research evaluates the application of legal norms in a concrete context, using statutory and conceptual approaches. Data collection was carried out through literature study using primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials. Data analysis uses qualitative descriptive methods. Smart contracts are increasingly widely used, especially in electronic transactions such as stock trading, crypto and hotel reservations. As a form of electronic agreement, smart contracts facilitate the automation of contract processes. However, its use must comply with the law and technology neutral principles in the ITE Law. Even though it is automatic, this technology is recognized as an Electronic Agent in accordance with Article 1 Number 8 of the ITE Law. The validity of these automated contracts is only questioned if it is proven that the automated system is problematic. Smart contracts in Indonesia are recognized in the context of contract law based on freedom of contract and the legal basis of the Civil Code. This recognition occurs because the Civil Code is open and complementary. However, the use of smart contracts must comply with statutory regulations, principles of decency and public order. Regulations governing smart contracts include the ITE Law, PP PTSE, and PP PMSE. These three regulations stipulate the procedures for using electronic contracts, providing a clear legal basis for the implementation of smart contracts.
This article aims to analyze the use of cryptocurrency as a substitute for conventional currency in Indonesia. The article is written using normative legal research methods with conceptual and legislative approaches. The results of this research indicate that cryptocurrency can be considered as a solution for a different level of payment system; however, the demand for this type of cryptocurrency is not proportionate to its supply. As a result, cryptocurrency is unlikely to become an everyday payment tool but may serve as a more specific means of payment or exchange at a certain level. Currently, cryptocurrency can only function as an investment tool that is bought and sold, making it challenging when directly compared to traditional currency for daily payment purposes. The opportunity for cryptocurrency to replace conventional currency in Indonesia is very small. This is due to the unstable (highly fluctuating) value of cryptocurrency and the absence of an authority determining its value.
Game Tamadoge mengusung konsep Play to Earn dengan menggunakan teknologi NFT (Non-Fungible Token) di atas blockchain Ethereum dan pemilik platform menawarkan perjanjian pengguna akhir kepada pengguna, untuk itu diperlukan analisis hukum dan keamanan antar para pihak. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan (statute approach), dan pendekatan konseptual (conceptual approach). Hasil penelitian ini adalah perjanjian pengguna akhir yang yang ditawarkan pemilik platform dapat membantu pengguna dan pemain game untuk memahami hak dan kewajiban mereka, dari mulai kepemilikan Hak Kekayaan Intelektual atas karya Non-Fungible Token, pedoman permainan, ekonomi dalam game, dan strategi, serta perjanjian yang ditawarkan memberikan perlindungan hukum yang lebih baik dalam menggunakan platform game berbasis blockchain Ethereum.
This study examines the implementation of the NFT phenomenon and how legal protection and tax enforcement are for NFTs.Non-Fungible Tokens or NFTs are digital assets that can be traded with cryptocurrencies, NFT assets themselves consist of digital art, music, moving images (GIFs), videos and several other digital assets.This study uses a normative juridical research method with a statutory approach, which in this paper analyzes how legal protection is in laws and regulations for works of non-fungible tokens (NFT) and examines the taxation of NFTs.This study obtained the result that thereis no legal regulations regarding the existence of NFTs in Indonesia, which aims to create guarantees of protection and legal certainty.In addition, NFT does not yet have tax law provisions, therefore it is necessary to formulate these NFT tax law provisions.
ABSTRACTCryptocurrency has emerged as a significant phenomenon in the world of finance and technology. Along with its popularity, there have been debates and controversies regarding the use of cryptocurrency as a form of wealth and currency for zakat payment. Zakat in Islam os an obligation for every Muslim who financially capable, to give a portion of their wealth to those in need. However, the fluaction value of cryptocureency has sparked discussion on its feasibility for zakat payment. The objective of this paper is to explore the use of cryptocurrency as a means of zakat payment from the perspective of islamic law.Keywords : cryptocurrency, zakat, islamic law ABSTRAKCryptocurrency telah menjadi fenomena yang signifikan dalam dunia keuangan dan teknologi. Seiring dengan popularitasnya, muncul pro dan kontra terhadap penggunaan cryptocurrency sebagai harta dan mata uang yang dapat digunakan sebagai alat pembayaran zakat. Zakat dalam islam merupakan kewajiban bagi setiap muslim yang mampu memberikan sebagaian dari kekayaan kepada orang-orang yang membutuhkan. Namun, nilai cryptocurrrency yang fluaktif memicu perdebatan. Tujuan dalam makalah ini untuk mengetahui penggunaan cryptocurrency sebagai alat pembayaran dari sudut pandang hukum islam.Kata Kunci: cryptocurrency, zakat, hukum islam
Digital money was first developed in the 1960s when Western Union introduced electronic funds transfers (EFT). In Indonesia, digital money only became popular around 2007. Electronic money regulations are contained in Bank Indonesia Regulation Number 11/12/PBI/2009. Cryptocurrencies are made from a combination of blockchain technology and cryptography. Blockchain is a technology for recording interconnected transactions using unique and immutable codes. On the other hand, Cryptography is a branch of computer science that studies how to hide information. This research aims to obtain answers regarding cryptocurrencies as currency/method of exchange/assets/commodities in Indonesia. The theory applied is the theory of legal and vanity business transactions in Islam. This research is a literature study and is qualitative in nature. The data analysis technique used is analytical descriptive with a normative juridical Islamic law approach. From this research, the results show that cryptocurrencies are haram, referring to the MUI Fatwa, the decisions of the Laznah Bahtsul Masail East Java Nahdathul Ulama Regional Management (PWNU), the Tarjih Council and the Tajdin Central Executive of Muhammadiyah, the opinion of Islamic economics academics. The factors that make cryptocurrencies illegal because they are considered to contain speculation, maysir and are vulnerable to being used for illegal activities. The weaknesses of cryptocurrency are marked by the fall of crypto throughout 2022 and are predicted to continue in 2023. Crypto is illegal lighairihi or haram due to external factors, so it should be avoided.
Imam Taufikurahman, Ari Rahmad Hakim B.F, Diman Ade Mulada
Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui tanggung jawab pelaku usaha terhadap konsumen pemilik aset crypto. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu penelitian hukum normatif dengan menggunakan metode pendekatan perundang-undangan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa pihak pihak dalam transaksi aset crypto yaitu Bursa Berjangka dan Anggota Bursa Berjangka. Untuk Anggota Bursa Berjangka sendiri terdiri dari Pedagang Fisik Aset Kripto, Pelanggan Aset Kripto, Lembaga Kliring Berjangka, serta Lembaga Tempat Penyimpanan Aset Kripto. Pedagang disini berperan sebagai pihak yang memfasilitasi transaksi aset kripto antara nasabah satu dengan nasabah lainnya dan hubungan hukum yang timbul dari para pihak dalam jual beli aset crypto tersebut adalah hubungan antara penjual (buyer) dengan pembeli (seller) yang melakukan sejumlah transaksi aset crypto, serta tanggung jawab pelaku usaha cryptocurrency terhadap konsumen pemilik aset crypto berdasarkan kontrak yang dibuat oleh para pihak dalam aktivitas cryptocurrency
The discussion of fiqh and fatwa studies on cryptocurrency is still widely discussed both in Indonesia and abroad. Differences of opinion regarding cryptocurrencies are also often found so it is interesting to discuss. This research aims to find out the legal istinbãth method used by fatwa institutions in determining the cryptocurrency issue. This research is a qualitative study with library data collection techniques. The Malaysian state requires a report on every transaction, and State Bank of Malaysia is also not fully responsible for the use outside the crypto wallet service provider. Middle Eastern fatwa institutions such as in Egypt, Turkey, and Palestine prohibit cryptocurrencies because they are illegal, there is no direct supervision from the government or authorities so that money laundering can occur, and cryptocurrencies can also cause gharar. Fatwa institutions in Indonesia differ in determining the law of cryptocurrency. MUI's fatwa prohibits cryptocurrency according to government regulations and the sad al-dzariah legal istinbãth method, as well as the Muhammadiyah Tarjih Council which also prohibits cryptocurrency. The East Java PWNU Bahtsul Masail Institute prohibits cryptocurrency, while the Yogyakarta Special Region PWNU Bahtsul Masail Institute allows it, both institutions use the ilhãqi method because they refer to classical and contemporary books.
The decision of the Ijtima Ulama of the VIIth Indonesian Fatwa Commission of the Indonesian Ulema Council (Majelis Ulama Indonesia) in 2021 considers cryptocurrency as a digital currency and also as a commodity or tradable asset. However, there are differences in the law of cryptocurrency as a currency and as a commodity. This research will elaborate on the analysis of legal sources and legal ‘illat used in the fatwa and the reasons why there are legal details in the fatwa. This research includes qualitative research in the form of library research. The data analysis technique used in this research is descriptive-analytical with a normative juridical approach to Islamic law. The legal differentiation that occurs in the status of cryptocurrency as a currency and as a commodity is also inseparable from the provisions of an object that can be used as currency (naqd) and commodity (sil’ah). If cryptocurrency is considered a currency, then the law is absolutely haram, while as a commodity, the law is permissible when it meets the conditions that have been mentioned.
Muhammad Wildan Habibi, Luthfiah Nurul Izza, Rahma Thalita
Uang sebagai alat tukar didalam kegiatan ekonomi telah mengalami banyak perubahan. Keberadaan uang yang semula terbuat dari hal-hal sederhana telah sampai kepada saat ini dimana uang hanya berupa kode digital didalam dunia virtual. Bitcoin sebagai cryptocurrency merupakan jenis uang revolusioner yang mempunyai nilai tukar yang tinggi. Keberadaan cryptocurrency sampai saat ini masih diperdebatkan penggunaannya di dunia baik dari segi kebijakan ekonomi keuangan ataupun segi syariat Islam. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode studi kepustakaan (Library Research), dengan menggunakan pendekatan hukum normatif dengan mengkaji dokumen-dokumen yang ada dengan cara deskriptif kualitatif. Data dikelola menggunakan teknik pengumpulan data bahan sekunder dan bahan tersier. Hasil dari penelitian ini menjelaskan bahwa cryptocurrency adalah mata uang digital yang terlepas dari otoritas pemerintah pusat. Fungsi cryptocurrency dapat berjalan dengan ditopang oleh sistem ledger Blockchain yang berbasis peer to peer oleh para miners yang mampu menyelesaikan masalah besar dalam keuangan digital yaitu double spending problem dan byzantine general problem. cryptocurrency yang memiliki proteksi serta privasi yang tinggi, mengakibatkannya banyak disalahgunakan untuk kegiatan ilegal. Indonesia demi menjaga kedaulatan Pancasila melarang penggunaan cryptocurrency sebagai alat tukar, tetapi mengakuinya sebagai aset kripto yang dapat diperjualbelikan sebagai komoditi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan hukum transaksi pembayaran cryptocurrency dalam prespektif Majelis Ulama Indonesia dan Nahdlatul Ulama, menjelaskan Dasar Hukum Transaksi Pembayaran Melalui Cryptocurrency, cara transaksi pembayaran melalui cryptocurrency, cryptocurrency dalam perspektif hukum islam, menjelaskan jual beli mata uang kriptografi sebagai komoditi aset digital dan perbedaannya dengan jual beli komoditi syariah di Indonesia, menjelaskan pandangan fiqh mengenai jual beli mata uang kriptografi sebagai komoditi aset digital. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan kerangka berpikir bahwa sebagai bentuk pengamalan teori seorang muslim, harus melaksanakan hukum Islam sebagai konsekuensi logis dari pengakuannya. Pemahaman yang jelas tentang kehalalan penggunaan cryptocurrency baik sebagai mata uang, maupun sebagai komoditi sangat dibutuhkan sebagai penunjuk arah bagi seorang muslim. Aset kripto ditemukan mempunyai karakteristik layaknya komoditi nyata pada umumnya sehingga boleh diperjualbelikan untuk investasi selama menjauhi kegiatan spekulatif tidak mengandung gharar, dharar dan tidak bertentangan dengan Undang-Undang nomor 7 tahun 2011 dan Peraturan Bank Indonesia nomor 17 tahun 2015. serta memenuhi kaidah-kaidah syara yang dalam hal ini ditentukan oleh Majelis Ulama Indonesia dan Nahdlatul Ulama.
 Kata kunci: Cryptocurrency, Majelis Ulama Indonesia, Nahdhatul Ulama, pembayaran.
Land is an important legal object that can be utilized by the community if it has the right to ownership of the land to be used. However, currently there are many land administration problems in various regions in Indonesia, one of which also occurs in the implementation of land administration in DKI Jakarta Province. From the existence of these problems, it can harm landowners in the DKI Jakarta Region. Researchers use qualitative research methods so that the research conducted can be more in-depth and accurate. The discussion found from this writing is that there are several problems that occur in land administration in DKI Jakarta, including the existence of people who do not use the land ownership publication system because there are still people who believe in the use of customary law, the emergence of land mafia actors who always falsify certificates for one's land ownership, and also problems in the form of KKN behavior carried out by several irresponsible land officials. On the basis of this, the author offers an NFT technology strategy, namely by digitizing land certificates by providing secret codes that will not be the same between one certificate and another. From the results of the research conducted by the author, the author concludes that there is potential for the implementation of NFT technology in the land administration of DKI Jakarta.
In recent years, there has been a shift in giving dowries from dowries in the form of money, gold and other goods whose physical form is shifted to digital dowries such as cryptocurrency dowries, a digital currency using blockchain technology. The research focus and objectives of this research are to find out 1) What is the phenomenon of using cryptocurrency as a wedding dowry in Indonesian society. This type of research is normative legal research. The approach in this research uses the Statute Approach and the Case Approach and the Statute Approach. The technique for collecting legal materials is carried out using documentation methods. The results of this research show that the phenomenon of using cryptocurrency as a dowry among Indonesian people, especially Indonesian Muslims, has varied views and not a single perspective.
Rahmad Satria Efendi Efendi, Ahda Bina, Luciana Anggraeni
The purpose of this research is to enhance knowledge about the rights related to cryptocurrency law for readers and to provide an understanding of Ustadz Adi Hidayat's views on the MUI fatwa regarding the use of cryptocurrency. This research is used to analyze the comparison between the Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI) fatwa and Ustadz Adi Hidayat's perspective. The research is conducted using a library research method, which involves using literature as a data source. The data collected come from various library materials, scholarly works, books, YouTube, online media, and others related to the discussion of using bitcoin in transactions. The approach used is a normative approach, studying the position of bitcoin as electronic currency.The results of this research are as follows: First, from Ustadz Adi Hidayat's perspective, cryptocurrency is considered haram (prohibited) because it contains elements of harm (dharar) and uncertainty (gharar). Second, the Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI) fatwa states that cryptocurrency is haram due to the presence of harm (dharar), uncertainty (gharar), and gambling (qimar). However, it is deemed legally valid as a medium of exchange if the asset meets the conditions of being a lawful commodity (sil'ah) and has clear underlying assets and benefits.
This study aims to evaluate the impact of cryptocurrency regulations on human rights, with a particular focus on digital rights, privacy, and security. Cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin and Ethereum, have rapidly evolved as a new form of decentralized digital finance. However, this growth has raised questions about how cryptocurrencies affect individuals' rights, especially in terms of privacy and the security of personal data. This study employs a normative legal approach and conceptual analysis to explore existing regulations and trends related to cryptocurrency in various jurisdictions. Additionally, the research incorporates a theoretical perspective on human rights to identify potential implications of cryptocurrency regulation on privacy and digital security. The study's findings should shed light on how human rights are affected by the way cryptocurrencies are currently regulated and set the stage for any future legislative adjustments that would be required to strike a balance between personal safety and technological innovation. This research can also assist policymakers and regulators in tightening legal work practices, which will enable advancements in cryptocurrency while upholding individual rights. With the continuous growth in cryptocurrency usage and the growing concerns about privacy and security, this study is relevant in supporting ongoing discussions on how the law can accommodate this innovative technology without compromising human rights.
AbstractSo far, NFTs have been defined as digital tokens that are shaped like ownership certificates for virtual and physical assets. These NFTs are usually traded online and are often paid for using cryptocurrencies, especially Ethereum. However, the problem is that in 2021 the MUI issued a fatwa that cryptocurrency is illegal. This is because it there are elements of qimar, dharar, and gharar. For this reason, it is necessary to study the methodology of Islamic law regarding Non-Fungible Tokens (NFT) through istihsan (juristic preference). This study uses a qualitative approach. The data were collected from library study, documentation and observation. In analyzing the data used descriptive-analytic analysis with the approach used is ushuliyah. This study revealed that from istihsan point of view, transactions using Non-Fungible Tokens are permitted. This is because, from Qiyas Khafi perspective, NFT is known as the underlying assets of the transaction. Up to the operational level, if qiyas khafi is of greater benefit, then qiyas jali may be abandoned. What is used is qiyas khafi to maintain the principles of maqasid shari'a. Therefore, within the istihsan framework, Non-Fungible Token transactions are allowed through qiyas khafi due to an element of greater benefit.Keywords: Non-Fungible Token Transaction; Istihsan; Maqasid Shari’a, AbstrakSelama ini NFT didefinisikan sebagai token digital yang berbentuk seperti sertifikat kepemilikan untuk aset virtual dan fisik. NFT ini adalah biasanya diperdagangkan secara online dan sering dibayar untuk menggunakan cryptocurrency, khususnya Ethereum. Namun yang menjadi persoalan ialah pada tahun 2021 MUI pernah memfatwakan haram penggunaan cryptocurrency karena mengandung unsur gharar, dharar, dan qimar. Untuk itu, diperlukan kajian metodologi hukum Islam tentang Non-Fungible Token (NFT) melalui istihsan. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Sementara metode pengumpulan data yang dipakai dalam penelitian ini adalah metode literatur, dokumentasi dan observasi. Dalam menganalisis data yang telah dikumpulkan, peneliti menggunakan analisis deskriptif-analitis dengan pendekatan ushuliyah. Hasil penelitian ini menyatakan bahwa dalam tinjauan istihsan, transaksi dengan menggunakan Non-Fungible Token diperbolehkan. Hal ini dikarenakan dalam tinjauan qiyas khafi, NFT dikenal asset yang mendasari transaksi tersebut (underlying assets). Hingga dalam tataran operasionalnya, bila qiyas khafy lebih besar manfaatnya, maka qiyas jaly itu boleh ditinggalkan dan yang dipakai adalah qiyas khafy demi terpeliharanya prinsip-prinsip maqasid syari’ah. Oleh karena itu, dalam kerangka istihsan, transaksi Non-Fungible Token diperbolehkan melalui qiyas khafi dikarenakan adanya unsur maslahat yang lebih besar.Keywords: Non-Fungible Token; Istihsan; Maqashid Syari’ah.
Nur Aisa Hilda, Millenia Jihan Febriana, Amaliah Aisyah N. Kamaru
Hubungan perkawinan di antara pasangan suami istri dapat ditopang dengan sebuah perjanjian, yakni perjanjian perkawinan yang mana isinya ditentukan oleh pembuat yang bersangkutan selama tidak menyalahi peraturan yang berlaku. Perkembangan zaman berpengaruh terhadap alat pembayaran. Alat pembayaran yang sah di Indonesia adalah uang, yakni rupiah. Dewasa ini, eksis alat pembayaran berbentuk digital yang disebut dengan virtual currency di antaranya bitcoin, bitcoin, namecoin, dash, dogecoin, blackcoin, ripple, dan nxt. Sejalan dengan perkembangan tersebut, berdampak pula terhadap pemberian mahar perkawinan. Notaris sebagai pihak yang berwenang dalam membuat perjanjian perkawinan wajib memperhatikan apa yang akan dituangkan oleh para penghadap dalam perjanjian perkawinan yang akan dibuatnya. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan penelitian hukum, yakni dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan konseptual. penelitian hukum dilakukan guna menemukan kebenaran koherensi. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa bitcoin tidak dapat dijadikan sebagai mahar perkawinan serta notaris tidak berwenang membuat perjanjian perkawinan perihal mahar bitcoin.
Ethereum is a decentralized digital currency andplatform blockchain which has gained popularity in Indonesia. Crypto assets have inherent risks, such as price volatility and the potential for fraud or hacking which is of course very detrimental to their users. Based on this, it is necessary to explore the accountability of parties using crypto assetsEthereum as an object of trade. The type of research used is normative juridical with an approach taken to statutory regulations. The results of the research show that liability can occur for default, unlawful acts, and unlawful acts. The form of liability that can be taken is in the form of cancellation of the agreement to claims for compensation by the aggrieved party. The government, in this case, needs to buy educational outreach to the public on the wise use of crypto assets.
Artikel ini membahas peran dan potensi Non-Fungible Tokens (NFT) dalam konteks jaminan fidusia serta dampak peraturan terhadap penggunaan NFT sebagai objek jaminan. Masalah utama yang diangkat adalah kekurangan regulasi yang memadai dalam mengatur NFT sebagai objek jaminan dan kepastian hukum terkait pajak penghasilan dari transaksi NFT. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana regulasi yang ada saat ini memberi peluang kepada NFT sebagai objek jaminan suatu hutang. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah pendekatan hukum dan konseptual dengan mengacu pada peraturan perundang-undangan terkait, termasuk Undang-Undang Nomor 42 Tahun 1999 tentang Jaminan Fidusia dan Undang-Undang Nomor 36 Tahun 2008 tentang Pajak Penghasilan. Analisis dilakukan terhadap definisi benda sebagai objek jaminan fidusia, peran Kementerian Hukum dan HAM dalam pendaftaran jaminan fidusia, serta implikasi pajak penghasilan pada transaksi NFT. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa NFT secara umum memenuhi syarat untuk dijadikan objek jaminan fidusia, namun masih kurangnya regulasi khusus yang mengatur NFT sebagai objek jaminan. Meskipun Kementerian Hukum dan HAM telah mengeluarkan peraturan terkait pendaftaran jaminan fidusia, belum ada regulasi khusus untuk NFT. Pengenaan pajak terhadap transaksi NFT juga menghadapi tantangan dalam definisi dan penilaian aset virtual. Meskipun demikian, langkah-langkah seperti pengembangan Rancangan Undang Undang Jaminan Benda Bergerak (RUUJBB) menunjukkan upaya pemerintah untuk mengatasi masalah regulasi terkait NFT. Kesimpulannya, artikel ini menunjukkan bahwa NFT memiliki potensi sebagai objek jaminan fidusia, namun perlu regulasi yang lebih jelas dan mendalam serta kerja sama antara berbagai lembaga terkait, seperti OJK dan Kementerian Keuangan, untuk memastikan kepastian hukum dan pengenaan pajak yang tepat terhadap NFT.
This research aims to examine the views of contemporary Islamic law regarding bitcoin digital assets as objects of inheritance. In this research, a normative juridical method is used which involves library legal research by examining library materials or secondary data with data collection techniques using a conceptual approach. The results show that bitcoin meets the criteria to be used as inherited property because the nature of bitcoin assets is in accordance with the nature of property, but contemporary Islamic scholars differ in opinion regarding the law of using bitcoin, the Indonesian Ulema Council itself forbids bitcoin as a currency and commodity without underlying, and legalizes bitcoin as a commodity with underlying, so that the law of inheritance also depends on the opinion or fatwa that is trusted, because fatwa is not binding.
Arzam Arzam, Muhammad Fauzi, Mursal Mursal, Abdul Muid
This study aims to review and comprehensively explain the legality of Cryptocurrency based on a number of institutional and personal fatawa. To answer the research objectives, it was carried out using descriptive research with a qualitative approach. The research data comes from secondary data in the form of institutional and personal fatawa that have been published online, and are accompanied by supporting writings explaining these fatawa. The collected research data were analyzed by following the steps including material collection, discussion, and descriptive analysis. This research shows that a number of institutional and personal fatawa are divided into three decisions on the legality of Cryptocurrency, namely the first is Halal Cryptocurrency; on the grounds that it can be treated as a form of Maal (property), because it is based on social approval and general use so it is permissible to own;, trade;, transact;, etc. there is a clear decision), on the grounds of excessive gharar (speculation); security risk; can easily be used in illegal activities;. Third, Cryptocurrencies are illegal, for various reasons, they are not currency and are not legal means of payment; decentralized validation; excessive gharar (speculation); can easily be used for maysir (gambling);, and used to fund terrorists;. This research needs to be continued considering the limitations it has, such as seeing arguments against Cryptocurrency due to its properties (characteristics) so it is very good and it takes hard work to see it from various perspectives.
Smart Contract merupakan konsep yang dicetus oleh Nick Szabo (Szabo, 1997) yang merupakan kontrak berbentuk elektronik. Dengan berkembangnya blockchain konsep tersebut dikonkritkan dengan bentuk code yang terpasang di jaringan blockchain yang disebut smart contract juga. Penelitian ini menggunakan definisi smart contract yang dicetus oleh Nick Szabo yang merupakan alternatif kontrak konvensional. Dalam membuat Smart Contract terdapat kesulitan karena menggabungkan dua domain pengetahuan yaitu kontrak dan informatika. Sebuah bahasa pemodelan dapat dikembangkan untuk memudahkan proses pengembangan Smart Contract. Bahasa pemodelan dapat dijadikan sebagai alat spesifikasi kontrak bahkan sampai generasi implementasi source code. Penelitian ini bertujuan membuat bahasa pemodelan yang mampu menyebutkan spesifikasi smart contract sekaligus cukup mudah digunakan oleh pengguna non-IT. Bahasa pemodelan yang dibuat juga mampu menghasilkan skeleton implementasi untuk source code smart contract.
<em>cryptocurrencies still often clash with applicable law, not least with sharia economic law because Indonesia has a majority Muslim population, so sharia review in the use of cryptocurrencies is essential, so in this case, the Indonesian Ulema Council issued an unlawful fatwa regarding the use of cryptocurrencies both as currency. or as a digital asset. This study aims to analyze and explain cryptocurrencies based on the provisions of Islamic economic law in their use in money or as digital assets, using normative juridical research methods. The results of this study found that the use of cryptocurrencies has two functions, namely as currency and digital investments, but the use of cryptocurrencies clashes with the concept of Islamic economics because cryptocurrency has elements of dharar, ghrara, and qimar, also the idea of money in cryptocurrency clashes with the concept of money in Islam.</em>
AbstractStudi ini berfokus pada pentingnya memahami implikasi filosofis desentralisasi Bitcoin dalam konteks kebebasan individu. Desentralisasi Bitcoin dipandang sebagai upaya untuk mendapatkan kebebasan finansial dan mengurangi ketergantungan pada institusi pusat. Namun, penelitian ini juga menunjukkan bagaimana kekuatan modal yang merupakan bagian dari sistem kapitalis global dapat memanipulasi dan mengendalikan Bitcoin. Sistem kapitalis global, sering disebut "kerajaan", adalah sebuah realitas di mana kekuasaan didistribusikan di banyak tempat. Desentralisasi Bitcoin menciptakan paradoks, karena kebebasan yang dijanjikan dikompromikan oleh ketidakseimbangan kekuatan yang diciptakan oleh kekaisaran. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini menggarisbawahi pentingnya kritik filosofis terhadap desentralisasi Bitcoin.