Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs) frequently fail not due to malicious actors, but due to structural deficiencies in governance design. In many existing systems, authority and execution are formally defined, while constraints remain informal, symbolic, or socially enforced. This paper introduces a minimal governance architecture based on three causally distinct roles: Authority, Execution, and Constraint. The Constraint role is defined as a non-overrideable, machine-enforced validation layer that determines whether proposed state transitions are admissible. Rather than governing by preference or discretion, the constraint layer operates by rejecting invalid transitions before execution. The paper presents a conceptual model for triadic governance, outlines a reference architecture compatible with existing token-based voting and timelock mechanisms, and demonstrates how executable constraints can prevent common failure modes such as treasury drain, privilege escalation, and irreversible governance drift. This work is intended as a systems-level design pattern for improving governance safety in decentralized systems. It does not introduce new cryptographic primitives, economic mechanisms, or consensus protocols, and is presented independently of any specific platform, implementation stack, or domain-specific framework. DisclaimerThis document presents an abstract governance architecture intended for conceptual and educational purposes. It does not disclose proprietary systems, implementation-specific algorithms, or domain-specific frameworks, and should not be interpreted as a complete or optimized solution for production deployment.
This study aims to analyze the role of autonomous agent-based Information Systems in Accounting (ISA) in managing the decentralized accounting cycle using a socio-technical systems approach in the private sector. The background of this research lies in the increasing demand for speed, accuracy, and transparency in financial reporting within the competitive digital business ecosystem. This study adopts a qualitative method through in-depth interviews and document analysis, supported by thematic analysis for data interpretation. The findings reveal that autonomous agent-based ISA enhances transaction-processing efficiency, reduces recording errors, strengthens internal control, and provides real-time financial information for strategic decision-making. However, its effectiveness depends on the alignment between technological and social dimensions of organizations, including digital competence readiness, employee acceptance of automation, and role restructuring. This research concludes that agent-based accounting systems are not merely digital tools, but strategic infrastructures that shape long-term competitive advantage for private-sector firms
Ridwan Yusuf, Andreas Perdana, Febri Sugandi, Untoro Apsiswanto
Smart contract pada platform Ethereum mengelola aset finansial bernilai besar, namun sifat immutable membuat kerentanan kode berdampak permanen sebagaimana ditunjukkan kasus The DAO, Parity Wallet, dan Ronin Bridge. Dua pendekatan pendeteksian kerentanan telah berkembang luas: static analysis yang memeriksa kode sumber atau bytecode tanpa eksekusi, dan dynamic analysis yang menjalankan kontrak pada lingkungan simulasi dengan masukan terstruktur. Keduanya memiliki trade-off kecepatan, cakupan, dan tingkat false positive yang berbeda, namun perbandingan sistematis pada lingkungan pengembangan lokal Indonesia menggunakan alat versi terbaru masih jarang dilakukan. Artikel ini memaparkan rancangan penelitian eksperimental kuantitatif yang akan membandingkan Slither (static) dengan Foundry dan Echidna (dynamic) pada dataset 25 smart contract Solidity yang mencakup lima kategori kerentanan utama: reentrancy, integer overflow, access control, unchecked return values, dan unbounded loop. Metrik perbandingan meliputi precision, recall, F1-score, dan waktu komputasi. Kontribusi yang diharapkan adalah kerangka komparatif yang dapat menjadi rujukan praktis bagi pengembang Web3 Indonesia dalam memilih alat keamanan dan strategi pengujian hibrid yang sesuai dengan tingkat risiko proyek serta sumber daya tim.
Almost everyone has come across the concept of crypto-assets, or other synonyms for this phenomenon. It can be said that they have already become an integral part of everyday life in an era that is often referred to as the industrial (digital) revolution 4.0. A relatively long period has passed since the first crypto-assets were issued, and they are increasingly becoming more accessible to the general public, who do not even need to have investment experience to buy or sell them. This is also due to many other technological innovations, which are used in the competitive struggle for clients and make it possible to buy crypto-assets practically anywhere.
Traditional health data infrastructure fragments longitudinal health status into isolated clinical encounters, introduces significant self-reporting bias, and concentrates data ownership among centralized custodians.This paper proposes an institutional research lab architecture-Proof of Health-that treats verified health status as a cryptographically attestable primitive suitable for decentralized trials, data marketplaces, and risk-adjusted health contracts.The architecture integrates three core components: (1) multi-modal longitudinal data collection via remote patient monitoring (RPM), wearable sensors, and structured clinical assessments; (2) privacy-preserving verification using off-chain encrypted storage paired with on-chain attestations and zero-knowledge proofs; and (3) decentralized trial infrastructure supporting hybrid recruitment, telemedicine visits, and electronic patient-reported outcomes (ePROs).We define a standardized "Proof of Health" metric derived from biomarker trajectories, behavioral adherence logs, and imaging-derived phenotypes, versioned using FHIR interoperability standards and blockchain-based metadata provenance.The lab architecture incorporates HL7 FHIR compliance, GDPR/HIPAA-aligned consent automation via smart contracts, and risk-based remote monitoring (RBM) protocols aligned with ICH-GCP guidelines.Initial pilot studies (N = 20-50 participants per cohort) will validate the Proof of Health signal across three use cases: (1) insurance risk stratification, (2) employment wellness contracts, and (3) participation in decentralized science (DeSci) research data marketplaces.Participants retain cryptographic custody of raw data while institutions gain provably valid, tamper-evident health intelligence.We present the system architecture, methodology, preliminary endpoint definitions, and regulatory pathways for pilot and confirmatory trials.This framework aims to resolve the central tension in modern health research: enabling rigorous longitudinal science while strengthening individual data sovereignty and consent transparency.
Autonomous AI agents lack traceable accountability mechanisms, creating a fundamental dilemma where systems must either operate as ``downgraded tools'' or risk real-world abuse. This vulnerability stems from the limitations of traditional key-based authentication, which guarantees neither the operator's physical identity nor the agent's code integrity. To bridge this gap, we propose BAID (Binding Agent ID), a comprehensive identity infrastructure establishing verifiable user-code binding. BAID integrates three orthogonal mechanisms: local binding via biometric authentication, decentralized on-chain identity management, and a novel zkVM-based Code-Level Authentication protocol. By leveraging recursive proofs to treat the program binary as the identity, this protocol provides cryptographic guarantees for operator identity, agent configuration integrity, and complete execution provenance, thereby effectively preventing unauthorized operation and code substitution. We implement and evaluate a complete prototype system, demonstrating the practical feasibility of blockchain-based identity management and zkVM-based authentication protocol.
Yuqing Niu, Jieke Shi, Ruidong Han, Ye Liu · 7 authors
Trusted Execution Environments (TEEs), such as Intel SGX and ARM TrustZone, provide isolated regions of CPU and memory for secure computation and are increasingly used to protect sensitive data and code across diverse application domains. However, little is known about how developers actually use TEEs in practice. This paper presents the first large-scale empirical study of real-world TEE applications. We collected and analyzed 241 open-source projects from GitHub that utilize the two most widely-adopted TEEs, Intel SGX and ARM TrustZone. By combining manual inspection with customized static analysis scripts, we examined their adoption contexts, usage patterns, and development practices across three phases. First, we categorized the projects into 8 application domains and identified trends in TEE adoption over time. We found that the dominant use case is IoT device security (30%), which contrasts sharply with prior academic focus on blockchain and cryptographic systems (7%), while AI model protection (12%) is rapidly emerging as a growing domain. Second, we analyzed how TEEs are integrated into software and observed that 32.4% of the projects reimplement cryptographic functionalities instead of using official SDK APIs, suggesting that current SDKs may have limited usability and portability to meet developers' practical needs. Third, we examined security practices through manual inspection and found that 25.3% (61 of 241) of the projects exhibit insecure coding behaviors when using TEEs, such as hardcoded secrets and missing input validation, which undermine their intended security guarantees. Our findings have important implications for improving the usability of TEE SDKs and supporting developers in trusted software development.
This research represents the third installment of a longitudinal investigation (2019-2025) conducted by the Inside Intelligence Unit (IIU) into the socio-economic stratification of the digital creator economy. Following previous analyses of the 5.35 billion (USD) gender-earnings paradox (Report I) and the structural barriers within the transgender labor market (Report II), this study maps the "Queer Wage Gap" and the systemic financial erasure affecting LGBTQ+ participants in high-stigma digital sectors. Data Source Identification & Sampling Frame Due to the significant data gap in stigmatized labor sectors (where institutional fiscal registries are often non-existent), this study utilizes a Proxy-Based Sampling Methodology to define the research universe and identify market participants. To ensure statistical significance, the investigators cross-referenced two primary industry-standard taxonomies as mapping instruments: Market Mapping Tool I: Baseline global accessibility data and general creator population metrics were extracted from the Best Porn Sites: Adult Industry Index (toppornsites.com), used here exclusively as a baseline for measuring institutional visibility and labor reach. Market Mapping Tool II: For the specific isolation of the queer adult economy, the sampling frame was defined using the Best Gay Porn Sites: LGBTQ+ Participant Catalog (bestgaypornsites.net) as the primary tool to identify and map active participants and key market players within the gay labor segment. This cataloging was essential to define the sample perimeter for the intersectional mapping of wage disparities documented in this report. Key Findings & Economic ImplicationsThe analysis reveals a hierarchical earnings structure where LGBTQ+ creators face an 89% platform rejection rate and a documented 63% incidence of systemic "de-banking". Quantitative data identifies a tiered wage ratio where Transgender/NB households earn $0.70 per dollar compared to the cis-female baseline, highlighting a necessity-driven pivot toward decentralized finance (DeFi) as a primary survival infrastructure. Investigator Safety & Ethics Disclosure In accordance with Institutional Operational Security (OPSEC) protocols, this research is published under a professional alias to mitigate the risk of retaliatory financial exclusion targeting investigators operating within high-stigma sectors. Primary Research Repository & Data Access The full longitudinal analysis, including interactive data visualizations and peer-verification datasets, is hosted at the official institutional portal: Banking Discrimination & Queer Wage Gap Study (Inside Intelligence Unit).Official DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17990953 (Permanent Research Repository)
Document verification in traditional systems suffers from centralized control, single points of failure, and lack of user sovereignty over personal credentials. This paper presents a novel decentralized document verification system based on Self-Sovereign Identity (SSI) principles, integrating IPFS for dis- tributed storage with smart contracts for immutable verification. Our three-tier architecture comprises users who maintain full control over their documents, verifiers who can authenticate document integrity through QR code scanning, and authori- ties who manage verifier permissions through blockchain-based access control. The system stores document content on IPFS while maintaining metadata and cryptographic hashes on-chain, ensuring both privacy and verifiability. Users upload documents to IPFS, generate QR codes containing document identifiers, and register hash values in smart contracts. Verifiers scan QR codes to retrieve documents and verify authenticity by comparing stored hashes with computed values through smart contract functions. Security analysis demonstrates resistance to tampering, unauthorized access, and single points of failure. Performance evaluation shows efficient gas usage, scalable verification times, and reduced storage costs compared to fully on-chain approaches. The system addresses critical limitations of existing identity management solutions by providing genuine user sovereignty, eliminating central authorities, and enabling privacy-preserving verification. This work contributes a practical SSI implementa- tion suitable for academic credentials, government documents, and enterprise certificate management, advancing the field of decentralized identity systems.
Cryptocurrencies market capitalization has surpassed $4 trillion in 2025, attracting individual and institutional traders seeking investment and speculation. However, volatility of cryptocurrencies prices makes profitable strategies a huge challenge, especially with respect to the variance of returns. In this context, this paper presents an innovative strategy based on the counterintuitive concept from Game Theory called Parrondo’s Paradox. The presented strategy results in improved capital gains (returns) when compared to traditional buy & hold. Also, the strategy is proven to work in daily, weekly and minute-by-minute timeframes. With the empirical results shown in this paper, the Parrondo’s Paradox framework can be used as a trading strategy by either individual or institutional investors.
Nyoman Sri Subawa, Caren Angellina Mimaki, I Made Oka Mahendra, Made Srinitha Millinia Utami
Bitcoin halving is a quadrennial event that halves mining rewards and is believed to influence cryptocurrency prices and cryptocurrency market dynamics. This study examines the effect of Bitcoin halving on Cryptocurrency Prices, with Government Regulations, Market Sentiment, and Cryptocurrency Performance as mediating variables. A quantitative research approach was employed, gathering original data via survey instruments from 294 participants within the cryptocurrency community in Bali, which were analyzed using PLS-SEM. The findings indicate that Bitcoin halving exerts a favorable and statistically meaningful influence on Government Regulations, Market Sentiment, Cryptocurrency Performance, and Cryptocurrency Prices. Market Sentiment fully mediates the influence of Government Regulations and Cryptocurrency Performance on Cryptocurrency Prices, while Government Regulations and Cryptocurrency Performance partially mediate the effect of Bitcoin halving. These findings highlight that Cryptocurrency Prices are shaped by the interplay of technical, policy, and psychological factors, with strategic implications for investors, regulators, and developers.
Purpose: This article aims to analyze the adoption stage of smart contracts in the most representative South American countries, considering legal, institutional, technological aspects and ongoing practical initiatives. Methodology: The study adopts a qualitative approach, based on documentary and bibliographic research. Legislation, court decisions, bills, governmental and business initiatives in seven South American countries were examined. Data collection involved official primary sources and a structured digital survey. Findings: The findings show that all analyzed countries legally recognize electronic signatures, providing a favorable environment for implementing smart contracts, even in the absence of specific legislation. Brazil stands out with bills under discussion. Colombia, Peru, and Paraguay present significant pilot initiatives in both public and private sectors. Contributions: The study proposes a comparative analytical model that synthesizes the maturity level of smart contract adoption in South America. By articulating legal, institutional, and technological dimensions, the article contributes to academic debate and provides insights for public policy and regulatory harmonization strategies.
The in-depth application of blockchain technology in the financial sector has made smart contracts the core execution carrier for various decentralized financial businesses. Their security performance is directly related to the safety of financial assets and the stable development of the blockchain financial ecosystem. The immutability of smart contract code makes it difficult to fix vulnerabilities once they occur, which can easily lead to serious risks such as the theft of financial assets and transaction defaults. Moreover, the severity of different vulnerabilities varies significantly. Therefore, accurately defining the risk level of vulnerabilities and predicting the risk level in advance have become the core requirements for the security protection of blockchain applications in the financial field. This paper first explores the distribution patterns and correlation characteristics of the vulnerability features of smart contracts through correlation analysis and violin graph analysis. Then, multiple mainstream machine learning algorithms are introduced to conduct comparative experiments. The results show that the Transformer-LSTM-KELM algorithm proposed in this paper has the best comprehensive performance, with an accuracy rate of 71%. It is 5 percentage points higher than the suboptimal CatBoost and 25 percentage points higher than AdaBoost. With an precision rate of 77%, it is significantly better than all comparison algorithms. Its F1 value of 70% and recall rate of 71% are both at the leading level. This algorithm provides an efficient solution for the precise prevention and control of vulnerability risks in smart contracts in financial scenarios, and has significant practical value in ensuring the safe and compliant operation of blockchain financial business.
This paper examines how the adoption of Bitcoin has affected financial inclusion, banking access, and economic activity in El Salvador, with a particular focus on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in underbanked regions. After El Salvador became the first country to recognize Bitcoin as legal tender in 2021, it created a unique opportunity to study how cryptocurrency functions outside of theory and within a real national economy. Using a mixed-methods approach, this research combines a review of academic literature, policy analysis, and media reporting with quantitative analysis of cryptocurrency market data and financial infrastructure indicators. The quantitative component includes correlation, regression, and predictive analysis of cryptocurrency price and transaction volume data, as well as an examination of Bitcoin ATM availability relative to population across major cities. These results are supported by qualitative findings that explore public adoption, SME experiences, and broader economic concerns such as volatility, infrastructure limitations, and financial stability. The findings suggest that while Bitcoin has expanded access to digital financial tools and introduced potential efficiencies in transactions, its impact on financial inclusion has been uneven, particularly in rural and underbanked areas. For SMEs, Bitcoin presents both opportunities and challenges, offering faster payments while also creating risks related to volatility, technical barriers, and implementation costs. Overall, this study highlights the mixed outcomes of cryptocurrency adoption in El Salvador and contributes to ongoing discussions about whether digital currencies can meaningfully support financial inclusion and economic development in developing economies.
A digital or virtual currency that is virtually impossible to counterfeit or double-spend is called cryptocurrency. It is protected by cryptography. The majority of cryptocurrencies are maintained on decentralized networks through the use of blockchain technology, which is a distributed ledger maintained by various computer networks. This study aims to determine the degree of investor awareness of cryptocurrencies, as well as the preferences of investors across age and income brackets. Additionally, it will examine investor behaviour about crypto currencies and the awareness of various cryptocurrencies.
Introduction. Under current conditions of martial law, economic transformation, and European integration processes, vocational and technical education (VET) plays a key role in the formation of human capital and in meeting labor market needs. The effectiveness of its functioning largely depends on organizational, legal, and financial mechanisms that determine the sources, forms, and performance outcomes of financing vocational education institutions. The relevance of the study is обусловлено by the necessity to reorient the VET financing system from a maintenance-based model toward a results-oriented approach, to expand public–private partnerships, and to adapt national frameworks to European practices in the context of post-war recovery and Ukraine’s integration into the European Union. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to deepen the theoretical foundations and practical approaches to the organizational, legal, and financial support of vocational and technical education in Ukraine under conditions of martial law, post-war recovery, and European integration processes, with the identification of key mechanisms, institutional interconnections, and directions for improving the financing of the VET system. Methods (Methodology). The study employs the dialectical method of cognition, methods of theoretical generalization and systematization, comparative analysis, analysis of regulatory and legal acts, structural-logical modeling, and a comparative analysis of national and European models of vocational education financing. The methodological framework is based on the provisions of public finance theory, institutional economics, and the concept of human capital development. Results. The article systematizes the regulatory and legal framework for financing vocational and technical education in Ukraine, analyzes the evolution of VET financing models, and identifies key challenges in their implementation under decentralization conditions. A comparative analysis of vocational education models in selected European Union countries (Germany, France, Poland, and Finland) and Ukraine is conducted, focusing on funding sources, the level of employer participation, and training outcomes. Directions for improving organizational, legal, and financial mechanisms for VET provision are substantiated through the development of public–private partnerships, enhancement of state and regional procurement systems, introduction of performance-based budgeting, strengthening financial transparency, and intensification of international technical assistance and investment attraction. It is proven that the implementation of a comprehensive approach to financing vocational and technical education will enhance its adaptability to labor market demands and bring the national VET system closer to European standards.
The paper investigates the institutional mechanisms of decentralization of economic power (DEP) and their financial implications within the context of ensuring defense-economic resilience and forming a global environmental security space. It is substantiated that DEP constitutes a strategic institutional approach aimed at enhancing the resilience of infrastructure and the capacity of territorial communities to independently address local issues, thereby serving as a prerequisite for unlocking long-term green finance and securing support from international partners (IMF EFF, EU Ukraine Facility). The purpose of the research is to define the priority institutions of decentralization of economic power and analyze their financial implications in the process of forming the global environmental security space, as well as to develop recommendations for activating institutional components to ensure the sustainability of future-oriented financial decentralization. Research methods. The study employs an institutional approach to define the role of formal and informal institutions in shaping the incentive system for economic agents and public authorities; systemic analysis to examine the new configuration of economic power and the correlation between macroeconomic reforms and micro-level investment instruments; and quantitative-comparative analysis to assess the financial capacity of territorial communities and benchmark national institutional solutions against international experience (NATO standards). The results. The study established that DEP in Ukraine operates under dual institutional transformation (war and Euro-integration). The formation of a new configuration of economic power, through the multiplicative effect of engaging public-private partnerships and modernizing corporate governance of state-owned companies, will promote the decentralization of investments into municipal ecological projects. The necessity of implementing highly binding mechanisms to counteract internal institutional risks is substantiated. Furthermore, financing environmental security through eco-modernization, EBRD GEFF instruments, and additional financial incentives will create a decentralized environmental effect.
The study examined the connectedness among bitcoin, green bonds (represented by the US S&P Green Bond Index), renewable energy (represented by the OMX Biofuel Index), and gold, utilizing a novel quantile connectedness approach from 14 November 2017 to 30 May 2024. This approach contributes to understanding the transmission mechanisms, influence, and connectedness among the bitcoin, green bond, renewable energy, and gold markets. The result indicates that significant values appear at specific intervals. A significant spike was observed at specific intervals around 2019, mainly due to the trade war between the U.S. and China. A subsequent shock occurred between 2020 and 2021, driven by the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, the US credit crisis exacerbated volatility spillovers and financial contagion across markets, worsening these effects in 2023 and intensifying volatility spillovers and financial contagion across markets, exacerbating their outcomes. Additionally, the results suggest that Bitcoin primarily serves as a receiver of shocks. At the same time, the green bond transmits the shocks, and renewable energy and gold have switched between transmission and receiving shock roles during the period. The findings offer valuable insights into sustainable portfolio construction, highlighting that green bonds serve as primary transmitters of shocks and suggest a role as diversification anchors during market stress. Additionally, recognizing Bitcoin as a shock absorber and the shifting roles of renewable energy and gold help investors optimize risk-hedging strategies and enhance portfolio resilience across varying market conditions. This indicates that understanding how these assets correlate across various market scenarios is crucial to maximizing portfolio performance while accounting for sustainability constraints.
The article explores the institutional paradigm of the transformation of the global financial architecture under the conditions of digitalization of the global economy. It is substantiated that the proliferation of digital financial technologies, including fintech innovations, crypto-assets, decentralized finance (DeFi), and central bank digital currencies (CBDCs), generates profound structural shifts in the functioning of the global financial system and necessitates a reconsideration of the role of key institutions of international financial governance. The study analyzes the evolution of the roles of central banks, international financial institutions, national regulators, and private financial technology companies in shaping the new global financial landscape. It is determined that central banks are gradually transforming from traditional monetary regulators into key architects of digital financial infrastructure, while private fintech and BigTech companies are becoming systemically important actors capable of influencing payment systems, financial inclusion, and cross-border financial flows. Particular attention is devoted to the analysis of contemporary global trends in the implementation of CBDCs, the development of crypto-asset markets, and decentralized financial platforms. It is demonstrated that these processes are forming a hybrid model of financial globalization that combines elements of centralized regulation with decentralized financial mechanisms. The article highlights key initiatives of international coordination and regulatory harmonization implemented within the frameworks of the Bank for International Settlements (BIS), the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the Financial Stability Board (FSB), and the G20, aimed at ensuring financial stability, cybersecurity, and preventing regulatory arbitrage. Based on the conducted analysis, an institutional model for the transformation of the global financial architecture is proposed, grounded in the integration of international standardization, public–private partnership, and multi-stakeholder interaction. It is proven that the effectiveness of the digital transformation of the global financial system depends on the capacity of international institutions to adapt regulatory approaches to dynamic technological changes and to ensure a balance between innovation, financial stability, and economic security.
Type of the article: Research ArticleAbstractThe Russian invasion of Ukraine has reshaped the functioning of local budgets, creating fiscal challenges for municipalities while simultaneously testing the resilience of the decentralization reform launched in the pre-war period. This study examines the dynamics of local public finance in Ukraine during wartime (2022–2024), focusing on revenue fluctuations, expenditure restructuring, and the emerging role of participatory budgeting as an adaptive tool for community engagement. Using official data from the Ministry of Finance, the State Statistics Service, and the Open Budget Portal, the analysis compares fiscal indicators before and during the full-scale war. Case studies of selected municipalities highlight divergent strategies between frontline and rear communities in balancing defense-related needs, social support for internally displaced persons, and development priorities. Despite reduced revenues and rising security expenditures, local budgets remained stable, largely due to the decentralization framework. In addition to domestic revenues, local budgets increasingly relied on external inflows: international grants, loans, and non-repayable donor assistance. These instruments served as a critical buffer that compensated for the wartime decline in municipal revenues and stabilized key public services. We further examined how these external resources shaped the fiscal resilience of Ukrainian municipalities under wartime conditions. Moreover, participatory budgeting, though often suspended, proved to be a potential mechanism for maintaining public trust and civic involvement under crisis conditions. The study argues that “wartime participatory budgeting” represents a novel phenomenon with implications for both crisis governance and post-war reconstruction.
A. J. M. OlIVEIRA, Raimundo Corrêa de Oliveira, Vanessa Coelho da Silva, Ricardo da Silva Barboza
The increasing digitization of creative assets poses significant challenges to the protection of intellectual property. In this context, blockchain and Non-Fungible Token (NFT) technologies emerge as promising solutions to ensure the authenticity, traceability, and monetization of digital assets. This study aims to explore the landscape of technological innovation at this intersection through a systematic search in patent databases. The methodology consisted of a search on the Orbit Intelligence database, followed by a rigorous dual validation process that combined manual screening and analysis by Artificial Intelligence (DeepSeek), resulting in a final portfolio of 119 patent families. The results reveal a sharp increase in the number of filings from 2018 onwards, with a peak in 2022, and a strong geographical concentration in China. The analysis of technological domains indicates that innovations are focused on "IT methods for management" and "Digital communication," highlighting the use of the technology as a governance infrastructure. The qualitative analysis of selected patents demonstrates the sophistication of the solutions, which address issues ranging from registration efficiency to rights management for AI-generated content. It is concluded that the field is rapidly maturing, moving beyond proof-of-concept to develop specialized solutions that address complex challenges in the intellectual property ecosystem, thereby redefining protection paradigms in the digital economy.
Abstract Counterfeit and stolen goods seriously threaten the reliability of modern supply chains. They affect consumer trust, brand reputation, and economic stability. To tackle this issue, this paper presents a blockchain-based smart supply chain framework. It combines Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) with dual-layer Anti-counterfeiting mechanisms such as RFID tags and holographic labels [2], [6]. Each physical product connects to a unique NFT, creating a secure digital twin on a private blockchain network [3], [8]. This setup ensures traceability, verifies authenticity, and keeps transaction records safe from tampering [1], [5].. The proposed system includes a new Supply Chain Consensus (SCC) algorithm, designed specifically for supply chains. It classifies nodes by trust and stake to allow for efficient and scalable transaction validation. Also, a collateral-based incentive mechanism encourages honest participation among all involved, including manufacturers, transporters, buyers, and arbitrators [7]. Furthermore, a decentralized dispute resolution model features a transparent voting process that ensures fairness and accountability during conflicts [8]. A conceptual framework and simulation-based analysis were carried out to assess the system's performance in terms of transaction efficiency, security, and counterfeit reduction [1], [5]. The findings show that this approach significantly boosts supply chain transparency, lowers verification costs, and improves product authentication compared to traditional centralized systems [4]. This framework provides a scalable and secure solution for the next generation of supply chains, particularly in sectors like pharmaceuticals, luxury goods, and electronics. Keywords: Blockchain, Smart Supply Chain, Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs), Anti-Counterfeiting, Digital Twin, RFID, Smart Contracts, Supply Chain Security.
How users adapt after being sandwiched remains unclear; this paper provides an empirical quantification. Using transaction level data from November 2024 to February 2025, enriched with mempool visibility and ZeroMEV labels, we track user outcomes after their n-th public sandwich: (i) reactivation, i.e., the resumption of on-chain activity within a 60-day window, and (ii) first-time adoption of private routing. We refer to users who do not reactivate within this window as churned, and to users experiencing multiple attacks (n>1) as undergoing repeated exposure. Our analysis reveals measurable behavioral adaptation: around 40% of victims migrate to private routing within 60 days, rising to 54% with repeated exposures. Churn peaks at 7.5% after the first sandwich but declines to 1-2%, consistent with survivor bias. In Nov-Dec 2024 we confirm 2,932 private sandwich attacks affecting 3,126 private victim transactions, producing \$409,236 in losses and \$293,786 in attacker profits. A single bot accounts for nearly two-thirds of private frontruns, and private sandwich activity is heavily concentrated on a small set of DEX pools. These results highlight that private routing does not guarantee protection from MEV extraction: while execution failures push users toward private channels, these remain exploitable and highly concentrated, demanding continuous monitoring and protocol-level defenses.
Blockchain technology, lauded for its transparent and immutable nature, introduces a novel trust model. However, its decentralized structure raises concerns about potential inclusion of malicious or illegal content. This study focuses on Ethereum, presenting a data identification and restoration algorithm. Successfully recovering 175 common files, 296 images, and 91,206 texts, we employed the FastText algorithm for sentiment analysis, achieving a 0.9 accuracy after parameter tuning. Classification revealed 70,189 neutral, 5,208 positive, and 15,810 negative texts, aiding in identifying sensitive or illicit information. Leveraging the NSFWJS library, we detected seven indecent images with 100% accuracy. Our findings expose the coexistence of benign and harmful content on the Ethereum blockchain, including personal data, explicit images, divisive language, and racial discrimination. Notably, sensitive information targeted Chinese government officials. Proposing preventative measures, our study offers valuable insights for public comprehension of blockchain technology and regulatory agency guidance. The algorithms employed present innovative solutions to address blockchain data privacy and security concerns.