Blockchain Papers

Nicky Aprillio, Yossinomita Yossinomita, Ayu Feranika

. This study aims to explore the transformation of human resource management in the Web3 era through a bibliometric analysis of global research trends. The research investigates how decentralized technologies, such as blockchain, smart contracts, tokenization, and Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAO) reshape human resource management practices toward transparency, autonomy, and efficiency. Using a descriptive qualitative approach combined with bibliometric analysis, data were collected from the Scopus database (2020–2025) and analyzed using VOSviewer to map keyword networks, identify clusters, and determine research evolution. The findings reveal four major research clusters focusing on blockchain applications, human resource analytics, organizational transformation, and smart contract implementation. Results indicate a paradigm shift in human resource management from administrative functions to strategic, technology-driven roles emphasizing digital competence and data transparency. Moreover, the study highlights challenges in privacy, data regulation, and digital literacy as critical barriers to Web3 adoption in human resource systems. The research provides conceptual insights and a framework for understanding human resource management digital evolution, offering implications for policymakers and organizations to design adaptive, decentralized, and human-centered human resource management strategies.

Alessia Pedrazzoli, Paola Bongini, Monica Rossolini, Silvio Vismara

Abstract The rise of Decentralized Finance (DeFi) has introduced new fundraising mechanisms for startups. This study examines the interplay between Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs) and traditional entrepreneurial finance investors. Our findings document that while ICO funding amounts do not predict future funding success, prior business angel investment significantly increases the likelihood of securing follow-on funding. Co-investment by crypto funds during the ICO enhances follow-on funding opportunities, particularly for firms backed by hedge-style crypto investors. This research contributes to the entrepreneurial finance literature by examining how blockchain-based financing mechanisms integrate into the broader venture funding ecosystem.

Hafiz Saif Ur Rehman, Ling Liu, Kaleem Ullah Qasim

Financial time series forecasting is fundamentally an information fusion challenge, yet most existing models rely on static architectures that struggle to integrate heterogeneous knowledge sources or adjust to rapid regime shifts. Conventional approaches, relying exclusively on historical price sequences, often neglect the semantic drivers of volatility such as policy uncertainty and market narratives. To address these limitations, we propose the ASTIF (Adaptive Semantic-Temporal Integration for Cryptocurrency Price Forecasting), a hybrid intelligent system that adapts its forecasting strategy in real time through confidence-based meta-learning. The framework integrates three complementary components. A dual-channel Small Language Model using MirrorPrompt extracts semantic market cues alongside numerical trends. A hybrid LSTM Random Forest model captures sequential temporal dependencies. A confidence-aware meta-learner functions as an adaptive inference layer, modulating each predictor's contribution based on its real-time uncertainty. Experimental evaluation on a diverse dataset of AI-focused cryptocurrencies and major technology stocks from 2020 to 2024 shows that ASTIF outperforms leading deep learning and Transformer baselines (e.g., Informer, TFT). The ablation studies further confirm the critical role of the adaptive meta-learning mechanism, which successfully mitigates risk by shifting reliance between semantic and temporal channels during market turbulence. The research contributes a scalable, knowledge-based solution for fusing quantitative and qualitative data in non-stationary environments.

Kenji Saito

Sensor data in IoT (Internet of Things) systems is vulnerable to tampering or falsification when transmitted through untrusted services. This is critical because such data increasingly underpins real-world decisions in domains such as logistics, healthcare, and other critical infrastructure. We propose a general method for secure sensor-data logging in which tamper-evident devices periodically sign readouts, link data using redundant hash chains, and submit cryptographic evidence to a blockchain-based service via Merkle trees to ensure verifiability even under data loss. Our approach enables reliable and cost-effective validation of sensor data across diverse IoT systems, including disaster response and other humanitarian applications, without relying on the integrity of intermediate systems.

Vadim Tsyvian

Digital systems face not a security failure but an ontological one. Authority on the internet is implemented as code, and code is inherently simulable, reproducible, and scalable. As artificial intelligence exposes this flaw at scale, efforts to secure digital authority through identity, credentials, and probabilistic verification prove structurally insufficient. This paper argues that authority cannot ontologically originate from code, and that all code-based authority systems are therefore structurally vulnerable, regardless of implementation quality. We outline the historical origins of the error, explain why vulnerability is unavoidable in code-based authority systems, and propose a return to presence as the only non-simulable foundation for digital authority—implemented through local cryptographic proof generation that preserves privacy by architectural design. The core claim is simple: code cannot be authority. Authority must arise from being. This is not a technological decision, but an ontological one—and ontological mistakes cannot be patched. Keywords: ontological cryptography, HISPU, digital trust, code-based authority, human presence verification, cryptographic attestation, privacy-preserving architecture, cybersecurity, authentication, biometric entropy, local processing, zero-knowledge presence, environmental embedding, physical unclonability, quantum-resistant, AI safety, digital sovereignty, proof of being, presence-based authority

Retno Endah Kusuma Wardani

This study examines the implementation of blockchain-based smart contracts in Islamic finance, focusing on the opportunities and challenges arising from their integration into contemporary financial systems. The scope of the research includes the technological characteristics of smart contracts, their compatibility with Sharia principles, and their potential applications across Islamic financial products such as sukuk, mudarabah, and murabahah. The main objective of this study is to analyze how smart contracts can enhance transparency, trust, and efficiency while identifying the legal, technical, and regulatory barriers that may hinder their adoption. Using a qualitative descriptive method supported by literature analysis from recent academic studies, regulatory reports, and case examples, this research evaluates both the transformative potential and practical constraints of blockchain technology in Islamic finance. The findings reveal that smart contracts offer significant benefits such as reduced transaction costs, improved compliance monitoring, and enhanced security. However, issues related to Sharia oversight, technological readiness, and regulatory frameworks remain substantial challenges. The study concludes that while blockchain-based smart contracts align with several objectives of Sharia, particularly transparency and justice, their widespread implementation requires collaborative efforts between technologists, Sharia scholars, and regulators to ensure both technological reliability and Sharia compliance.

Daniel Rubio

ABSTRACT In his Reply to Gaunilo , Anselm presented two additional arguments for the existence of God beyond those that appear in the Proslogion . In “The Logical Structure of Anselm's Argument,” Robert M. Adams isolates each. One, he develops into a modal ontological argument along the lines of other 20th century ontological arguments (e.g., those of Malcolm, Hartshorne, and Plantinga). The other he sets aside with the following remark: “[this argument] turns on the philosophy of time, not the philosophy of logic.” Now the argument's time has come. In this paper, I show the following: (i) this argument is valid in system K, and so requires fewer logical resources than other modal ontological arguments; (ii) its axiological premise is plausible, requiring only the judgment that a perfect being cannot begin to exist, and can be defended; (iii) its metaphysical premise follows from David Lewis's recombination approach to modal plenitude; (iv) unlike other modal ontological arguments, it requires as a premise only that a perfect being is possible, not that one is necessarily possible; and (v) while it avoids parodies and the charge of begging the question, it does face a symmetry counterargument, although one that is more complicated than standard symmetry objections.

Людмила Василівна Ковальчук, Микола Юрійович Кузнєцов, Алла Антонівна Шумська

Розглядається модель функціонування блокчейну, що ґрунтується на протоколі консенсусу Proof-of-Stake, а саме — протоколі Ouroboros Praos. Кожен створений блок стає видимим усім стейкхолдерам з певною затримкою, або часом синхронізації, що є випадковою величиною з натуральними значеннями та заданим дискретним розподілом. Можливе розгалуження блокчейну внаслідок того, що слотлідер може не бачити останній створений блок. Тому в разі утворення нового блока формується посилання на раніше створений видимий блок. Ще однією причиною потенційного розгалуження є наявність декількох слотлідерів у одному й тому самому таймслоті, оскільки у разі застосування протоколу Ouroboros Praos така можливість є. Множина всіх блоків блокчейну, які були будь-коли створені (зважаючи й на ті, що не увійшли до історії блокчейну згідно з правилом «довшої гілки»), утворює дерево, гілками якого є ланцюги блоків, пов’язаних між собою посиланнями. Запропоновано застосовувати алгоритм методу Монте-Карло для оцінки таких характеристик дерева: середня довжина найдовшої гілки, середня ефективність процедури генерації блоків, середня довжина найдовшого розгалуження, а також розподіли відповідних випадкових величин. Числові приклади ілюструють високу точність отриманих оцінок за незначних витрат часу на обчислення.

I. K. Duah, C. K. K. Sekyere, F. Kemausuor, K. A. Amaning

This review offers a dual-staged evaluation of micro-hydropower (MHP), integrating a technical synthesis of over 150 of the most relevant papers with a bibliometric analysis of 918 peer-reviewed studies from 2014 to 2024. It provides a map of publishing trends, keyword development, and leading universities that describe global research patterns and identify research gaps in the field. Key advancements in turbine design, including impulse, reaction, low-head, and pump-as-turbine configurations, as well as the use of GIS-driven site-selection methodologies, have been synthesised. Thirteen real-world MHP initiatives are analyzed to contextualize the outcomes by examining the influence of design choices, financing strategies, and community engagement on results. Africa possesses around 25 GW of hydro energy potential, although it exhibits notably poor research output according to the findings. Context-sensitive engineering, robust governance, and adaptable implementation strategies also facilitate long-term success, extending beyond the mere adoption of technology. Overall, this study offers pragmatic recommendations for researchers, practitioners, and legislators aiming to expand MHP for sustainable rural electricity by integrating macro-level bibliometrics with micro-level design insights.

I. N. Rozenberg, Ia. M. Dalinger

Possibilities to use distributed ledger technology are shown referring to storing data in information systems of airports and aviation systems of various levels. The features of the operation of a distributed ledger are noted regarding information systems. Various options for generating messages for storage using distributed ledger technology are studied along with the parameters of message flows. The features of using blockchain technology when creating distributed ledger are highlighted in case of the need to correct the stored information. Apossibility to use network technologies is shown for forming distributed ledger, the nodes of which are located at significant distances from each other (registries of several airports). The provided data can be used to create reliable distributed information storage facilities, both within a separate airport and for a group of airports.

Next Move Strategy Consulting

The global Non-Fungible Token (NFT) Market was valued at USD 3.10 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 18.55 billion by 2030, growing at a CAGR of 29.6%. NFTs are unique digital assets recorded on a blockchain, enabling ownership, trading, and monetization of digital files such as art, music, videos, and collectibles. Market growth is driven by increasing digitalization of assets, blockchain advancements, and the integration of NFTs into gaming, virtual worlds, and the metaverse. Key regions include North America and Asia-Pacific, with major players like OpenSea, Rarible, Axie Infinity, and Decentraland leading the market.

Babangida Bappah, Lauren G Bristol, Lamine Noureddine, Sideeq Bello · 6 authors

Userland memory forensics has become a critical component of smartphone investigations and incident response, enabling the recovery of volatile evidence such as deleted messages from end-to-end encrypted apps and cryptocurrency transactions. However, these forensics tools, particularly on Android, face significant challenges in adapting to different versions and maintaining reliability over time due to the constant evolution of low-level structures critical for evidence recovery and reconstruction. Structural changes, ranging from simple offset modifications to complete architectural redesigns, pose substantial maintenance and adaptability issues for forensic tools that rely on precise structure interpretation. Thus, this paper presents the first systematic study of Android Runtime (ART) structural evolution and its implications for memory forensics. We conduct an empirical analysis of critical Android runtime structures, examining their evolution across six versions for four different architectures. Our findings reveal that over 73.2% of structure members underwent positional changes, significantly affecting the adaptability and reliability of memory forensic tools. Further analysis of core components such as Runtime, Thread, and Heap structures highlights distinct evolution patterns and their impact on critical forensic operations, including thread state enumeration, memory mapping, and object reconstruction. These results demonstrate that traditional approaches relying on static structure definitions and symbol-based methods, while historically reliable, are increasingly unsustainable on their own. We recommend that memory forensic tools in general and Android in particular evolve toward hybrid approaches that retain the validation strength of symbolic methods while integrating automated structure inference, version-aware parsing, and redundant analysis strategies.

Lantian Li, Yue Pan, Dan Wang, Jingwen Wu · 5 authors

The correctness of the Solidity compiler is crucial for ensuring the security of smart contracts. However, the implementation complexity of its type system often introduces elusive defects. This paper presents the first systematic empirical study on typing-related bugs in the Solidity compiler. To systematically analyze these bugs, we collected 146 officially confirmed and fixed typing-related bugs from the official GitHub repository of Solidity compiler. For each bug, we conducted an in-depth analysis and classification from four dimensions: symptoms, root causes, exposure conditions, and fix strategies. Through this study, we reveal unique distribution patterns and key characteristics of such bugs, and summarize 12 core findings. We additionally give the implications of our findings, and these implications not only deepen the understanding of inherent weaknesses in the Solidity compiler but also provide new insights for detecting and fixing typing-related bugs in the Solidity compiler.

T.V. SHRAM, T.A. PINCHUK, I.O. SOLOVEІ

Topicality. The current stage of economic development is characterized by rapid changes occurring under the influence of digitalization. One of the most characteristic phenomena of the digital economy is the proliferation of cryptocurrencies. This trend opens up new opportunities for financial transactions, but at the same time creates significant challenges for legal regulation, accounting standards and tax policy. Aim and tasks. The purpose of this study is a comprehensive analysis of the theoretical foundations, the regulatory framework, and the existing practical approaches to accounting and taxation of cryptocurrency in conditions of legislative uncertainty in Ukraine. Materials and methods. The study is based on existing works by authors that cover the issues of accounting and taxation of cryptocurrency, which allows us to study the development of this problem in the economic sphere. The methods of the system approach, general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, comparison, classification, induction and deduction were used. Research results. The theoretical and methodological foundations of accounting and taxation of cryptocurrency were studied, in particular, an analysis of approaches to defining the concept of «cryptocurrency» was conducted, global trends in the regulation of transactions with crypto assets were studied, and the views of domestic scientists on this issue were summarized. The application of international accounting standards is justified and relevant recommendations for accounting for cryptocurrency are developed, which depend on the purpose of its holding. Conclusion. The urgent need for a comprehensive modernization of the national regulatory framework is substantiated. This includes legislative regulation of the legal status of cryptocurrency, the introduction of relevant provisions on accounting for digital assets into the NAS (National Accounting Standards), the formation of a clear mechanism for taxation of transactions with virtual assets, and harmonization of national approaches to financial reporting with IFRS (International Financial Reporting Standards).

Gangappa B Demmannavar, Ramyashree C, Swathi M, Yamini R

Abstract This project presents a smart industrial monitoring system that integrates IoT, blockchain, and intelligent networking to ensure secure, reliable, and efficient environmental monitoring. An ESP32-based sensor network is deployed to continuously measure critical industrial parameters such as temperature, humidity, gas concentration, and dust density.The collected data is uploaded to the ThingSpeak cloud platform in real-time, enabling remote monitoring, analytics, and early detection of anomalies or hazardous conditions. To enhance security and integrity, blockchain technology is implemented to create a tamperproof distributed ledger of sensor readings, ensuring that the data cannot be altered by unauthorized users. The sensor nodes are structured into clusters, and communication is optimized using shortest path algorithms, reducing network latency and improving energy efficiency. By combining secure data handling with intelligent routing, the proposed system offers a scalable and robust solution for modern industrial automation, predictive maintenance, and safety management. Keywords- IOT-based Industrial monitoring, Blockchain security, Tamper-proof Data storage, Smart Industrial Automation, Anomoly Detection Adaptive blockchain model, Environment parameter monitering.

Sarit Chakraborty, Soumyadip Paul, Pranab Roy

Railway Cargo Systems (RCS) are often associated with issues such as data security, lack of transparency, and inefficiencies in terms of storage requirements and overall operability.This work proposes a novel technique combining blockchain technology with cloud computing to create a secure and streamlined railway cargo system.By leveraging the power of blockchain's distributed ledger and immutability, the system guarantees data integrity and fosters trust among all participants.Cloud computing, on the other hand, injects scalability, real-time data processing, and accessibility for every stakeholder involved in the network.The proposed integration promises significant improvements across various aspects of railway cargo operations.Firstly, enhanced security is achieved by storing transactions and cargo information permanently on the blockchain, significantly reducing the risk of fraud and unauthorized data alterations.Secondly, increased transparency is realized through a shared ledger accessible to all participants, enabling real-time tracking and clear visibility of cargo movement throughout the journey.Thirdly, streamlined processes through automated document handling and by implementing smart contracts on the blockchain lead to improved efficiency.Elimination of paper-based documentation and various intermediary parties achieves the desired cost savings.Finally, the potential benefits and challenges associated with the implementation of our proposed system in the railway cargo industry are assessed, which include the scalability limitations and seamless interoperability between different blockchain platforms.

Sudriyanti Putri

Taxes are the main source of state revenue where state activities such as national development financed by taxes are difficult to carry out if there is no revenue from the tax sector. In the framework of the effectiveness of equitable development, decentralization from the central government to oversee and directly regulate affairs in the regions is urgently needed, so that policies, planning, implementation and financing are given to regional governments. The purpose of this study is to determine the influence of regulations and service quality on tax compliance for motor vehicle taxpayers. The method used in this research is explanatory research. Accidental sampling was used in this study by distributing questionnaires to 100 motorized vehicle taxpayers who were registered at Kantor Bersama Samsat of Bengkulu Province. The data analysis technique used is descriptive statisticalanalysis and multiple linear regression analysis. The results of this study indicate that the variables of knowledge and understanding of taxpayers about tax regulations and service quality have no significant effect on taxpayer compliance with motor vehicles registered at Kantor Bersama Samsat of Bengkulu Province.

Giovana Milenka Ciprián Herrera

This deliverable describes the technical foundations and integration approach of the EU‑DREAM Data Management Platform, developed under Task 3.4 between M4 and M18. The platform acts as the central layer enabling secure, consistent, and reliable data exchange across the EU‑DREAM ecosystem, connecting components such as the Data Platform, Digital Twins, Distributed Ledger Technology, NLP‑based intermediator, and other energy applications. It defines the overall architecture in line with industry best practices, European recommendations, and earlier system designs, while detailing the operation of key components including identity and access management, API gateways, and DevOps‑based deployment environments. The deliverable also introduces a reference infrastructure to support integration with external systems such as sensors, energy management systems, IoT devices, external databases, and Living Labs. Designed to be modular, scalable, and replicable, the platform allows components to evolve independently while enabling consistent deployment across multiple locations and use cases.

C Komalavalli, Rinki Bhati, Akhilesh Kumar Khan, Arun Kumar Tripathi · 7 authors

The swift AI-generated art development has further fueled the discussion on both authorship and ownership, as well as on whether digital rights can be enforced. The existing intellectual property paradigms lack the ability to recognise works produced by autonomous systems fully or in part, which presents proxies in the maintenance of copyright, derivatives and cross-jurisdictional identification of AI-related rights. With more and more creative outputs based on algorithmic processes, there is an urgent requirement to have transparent, tamper-resistant processes that would be able to define, assign and protect right at scale. One of the promising infrastructures to facilitate legal and economic aspects of AI-generated art is the use of smart contracts, which are the self-executable agreements that run on blockchain networks. This paper discusses how authorship claims can be encoded in smart contracts, how royalty payments can be automated, and how programmable access controls can be offered, at the same time, offering verifiable provenance by tokenizing the provenance. We analyze technical specifications of creating powerful metadata standards to cover creation parameters, level of contributions, and model lineage. Moreover, we discuss interoperability issues in the heterogeneous blockchains and digital marketplaces, which are limited to the immutability, upgradability, and long-term security. In addition to the technical design, the paper evaluates the ethical impact, such as the fairness to human designers, responsible design of AI innovators, and risks to society in general of bias, exploitation, and its unequal distribution of rights-management systems.

Min Zhang, Jing Wang

Decentralized bio-hydrogen systems, integrating localized biomass gasification, hydrogen cogeneration, and HVAC absorption cooling, offer a viable pathway for decarbonizing commercial real estate. However, existing control strategies fail to co-optimize second-law thermodynamic exergy efficiency with dynamic grid carbon intensity and fluctuating carbon-tax pricing, a gap consistent with the broader finding that carbon-pricing frameworks only translate into emission reductions when paired with dispatchable technology able to respond to the price signal. This paper formulates a nonlinear thermo-economic optimization model for building-integrated bio-hydrogen systems operating under regional emission-trading schemes, together with an explicit capital-recovery-factor-based definition of the Levelized Cost of Building Energy (LCOBE) tying the dispatch objective to the building's actual 20-year capital and financing profile. Evaluated across three distinct climate zones (Cold, Mixed, Tropical), the proposed Carbon-Exergy Co-Optimization (CECO) algorithm increases annual exergy efficiency by an average of 21% relative to conventional heat-led operation, and reduces LCOBE by up to 21.4% under a strict $130/ton carbon-tax framework.

Tomer Ashur, Amit Singh Bhati

No abstract is available for this record.

O. S. SERDIUK, I. P. PETROVA

Topicality. The digitalization of the economy in the context of the Fourth Industrial Revolution fundamentally changes the logic of the functioning of economic systems. Industry 4.0 encompasses a range of breakthrough technologies, such as artificial intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), blockchain, cloud computing, 3D printing, big data, and robotics, which not only modernize production but also transform value creation processes, labor organization, consumption, and governance. This creates a need for scientific reflection on these processes, taking into account economic, social, and institutional aspects. Existing theoretical models do not fully explain the new patterns of economic development under conditions of digital transformation, which necessitates research into the mechanisms of structural change. Aim and tasks. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the mechanisms and forms of structural transformation of the economic system under the influence of the core technologies of Industry 4.0. In particular, the study examines how digital and autonomous solutions change the nature of production, distribution, consumption, and management. Materials and methods. The methodological basis of the study is a set of scientific approaches. The systems approach made it possible to consider digital technologies as a unified architectonics of a transformation model. Structural and logical analysis was used to identify the key directions of change: what is produced, how it is produced, and for whom. Comparative analysis was applied to contrast the classical “push economy” model with the modern “pull economy,” as well as human-centered and automated management solutions. Research results. The study established that the widespread implementation of Industry 4.0 technologies leads to systemic changes in the key parameters of the functioning of the economic system, namely the transformation of the coordinates “what to produce,” “how to produce,” and “for whom to produce.” It is proven that the integration of artificial intelligence, additive technologies (3D printing), and big data forms a model of customized, autonomous, and localized production, which is accompanied by a shortening of value chains and an increase in the flexibility of production processes. It is substantiated that blockchain technologically ensures a reduction in transaction costs and the decentralization of coordination mechanisms, while robotics drives productivity growth, and cloud computing and the Internet of Things ensure the rapid synchronization of production with real demand and enhance the adaptability of economic systems. Conclusion. The generalization of the obtained results allows us to assert that Industry 4.0 technologies form a qualitatively new architecture of the economic system, manifested in the transition from an extensive to an intensive model of economic growth, from a “push” to a “pull” logic of economic functioning, from mass to customized production, and from centralized to decentralized data management models. The identified shifts indicate the transformation not only of individual production or management processes but of the holistic structure of the economic system under the influence of digital technologies.

Joao Vitor Barros Da Silva, Arsh Gupta, Madhusudan Singh Irish Singh

Secure interoperability across heterogeneous blockchains remains one of the most pressing challenges in Web3 with existing bridge protocols vulnerable to both classical exploits and emerging quantum threats. This paper introduces QLink a quantum-safe Layer 3 interoperability protocol that integrates postquantum cryptography (PQC) quantum key distribution (QKD) and hardware security modules (HSMs) into a unified validator architecture. To our knowledge, QLink is the first interoperability framework to combine these mechanisms to secure validator communication proof aggregation and key management. Validators exchange encryption keys through QKD channels, achieving information-theoretic security against interception, while cross-chain proofs are generated and aggregated with NIST-standardized PQC algorithms. Private keys remain sealed inside HSM enclaves mitigating the risk of theft or leakage. Deployed as a dedicated Layer 3 protocol QLink operates independently of Layer 1 and Layer 2 chains providing a scalable decentralized foundation for secure cross-chain messaging and asset transfer. Experimental evaluation using network simulations demonstrates that validator communication overhead remains sub-second while security guarantees extend beyond current bridge architectures to resist both classical and quantum adversaries. By addressing today vulnerabilities and anticipating future quantum threats QLink establishes a practical and future-proof pathway for blockchain interoperability.

Next Move Strategy Consulting

The global Distributed Ledger Market was valued at USD 3.44 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 103.15 billion by 2030, growing at a CAGR of 62.55%. This report provides an in-depth analysis of market dynamics, technological advancements, industry adoption across sectors, regional growth trends, and competitive landscape, highlighting opportunities driven by blockchain expansion, smart contracts, and increasing demand for secure and transparent digital transaction systems. To access the full report, visit - https://www.nextmsc.com/report/distributed-ledger-market