Abstract—The paradigm of digital identity is rapidly shifting from centralized monopolistic control toward decentralized user- centric frameworks to meet the demands of Web3, immer- sive computing and trustless interactions. Traditional identity systems expose users to privacy breaches, vendor lock-in and cross-platform incompatibilities, creating barriers for seamless adoption. To overcome these challenges DIGICRED introduces a decentralized identity and credential system built on Self- Sovereign Identity (SSI) principles leveraging Decentralized Iden- tifiers (DIDs) and blockchain-based cryptographic proofs as the foundation for trust. A verifiable credential layer enables selective disclosure of tamper-proof claims ranging from aca- demic certifications to government-issued IDs preserving privacy while ensuring interoperability. Complementing this a multi- dimensional reputation system fosters trust in anonymous en- vironments, mitigates Sybil attacks and incentivizes meaningful participation across decentralized applications. By integrating privacy-preserving technologies, compliance-aware architectures and scalable trust mechanisms DIGICRED redefines identity management for Web3. This shift marks the emergence of secure portable and user-controlled digital identities laying the groundwork for the future of decentralized applications and cross-platform digital ecosystems. Index Terms—Self-Sovereign Identity (SSI), Decentralized Identifiers (DIDs), Verifiable Credentials (VCs), Blockchain, Web3, Digital Identity, Privacy Preservation, Reputation Systems, Trust Management, Cross-Platform Interoperability. .
The rise of centralised social networks has consolidated power among a few major technology companies, raising critical concerns about privacy, censorship, and transparency. In response, decentralised alternatives, including Web3 platforms like Decentralised Social (DeSo) and Fediverse platforms such as Mastodon, have gained increasing attention. While prior research has explored individual aspects of decentralised networks, comparisons between Fediverse and Web3 platforms remain limited, and the unique dynamics of Web3 networks like DeSo are not well understood. This study provides the first in-depth study of DeSo, characterising user behaviour, discourse, and economic activities, and compares these with Mastodon and memo.cash . We collected over 3.1M posts from 13K users on DeSo and Mastodon, along with 11M DeSo on-chain transactions via public APIs. Our analysis reveals that while DeSo and Mastodon share similarities in passive content engagement, they differ in their use of URLs, hashtags, and community focus. DeSo is primarily oriented around Decentralised Finance (DeFi) topics, whereas Mastodon hosts diverse discussions with an emphasis on news and politics. Despite DeSo’s decentralised social graph, its transaction graph remains centralised, underscoring the need for further decentralisation in Web3 platforms. Additionally, while wealth inequality exists on DeSo, low transaction fees promote user participation irrespective of financial status. These findings provide new insights into the evolving landscape of decentralised social networks and highlight critical areas for future research and platform development.
Blockchain technologies have profoundly transformed information systems by providing decentralized infrastructures that enhance transparency, security, and traceability. Ethereum, in particular, supports smart contracts and facilitates the development of decentralized finance (DeFi), non-fungible tokens (NFTs), and Web3 applications. However, its openness also enables illicit activities, including fraud and money laundering, through anonymous wallets. Identifying wallets involved in large transfers or abnormal transactional patterns is therefore critical to ecosystem security. This study proposes an AI-based framework employing XGBoost, LightGBM, and CatBoost to detect suspicious Ethereum wallets, achieving test accuracies between 95.83% and 96.46%. The system provides near real-time predictions for individual or recent wallet addresses using a pre-trained XGBoost model. To improve interpretability, SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) visualizations are integrated, highlighting the contribution of each feature. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of AI-driven methods in monitoring and securing Ethereum transactions against fraudulent activities.
Chung, Siu Kei, Francisco Carpio, Andrei Navoichyk, Siarhei Valasovich · 11 authors
The internet faces a sovereignty crisis due to power concentration and data growth among a few hyperscalers, leading to centralization and loss of user control. This consolidation risks censorship and creates single points of failure. While Web3 offers decentralized solutions, they often sacrifice either scalability, decentralization, or security, which are key elements in the blockchain trilemma. These solutions also struggle with limited access to enterprise-grade hardware and frequently rely on centralized infrastructure. The Impossible Cloud Network (ICN) addresses these issues by creating a multi-tiered, decentralized infrastructure layer. ICN offers a composable service layer, an enterprise-grade hardware resource layer, and a transparent, permissionless HyperNode network for performance enforcement. By strategically decoupling and decentralizing each layer, ICN aims to provide an open, extensively scalable infrastructure that ensures digital sovereignty, eliminates single points of trust, enables service programmability, and offers a decoupled architecture for limitless possibilities in the future internet.
Web3 incorporates blockchain technology, decentralisation, and token economies, requiring new service design approaches. Existing design principles, tools, methods, and processes were developed before Web3 and may not address its unique characteristics. This paper extracts four Web3 characteristics − Ownership, Transparency, Tokenisation, and Community Governance − through literature review and constructs three corresponding service design tools: a service concept sheet, community member journey map, and service ecosystem map. Semi-structured interviews with five Web3 and service design experts evaluated these tools through content analysis, identifying improvement areas and refinement proposals.
Svitlana Popereshnyak, Dmytro Chornobryvets, Oleh Bakaiev
The accelerated growth of freelance platforms has brought to light several systemic challenges, such as elevated transaction costs, increased susceptibility to fraud, limited transparency, and inefficiencies in the selection of service providers. This study presents the design and implementation of an AI-powered platform aimed at improving the management and monitoring of freelance services. The platform architecture incorporates a multi-criteria risk assessment framework, which evaluates users based on their ratings, transaction history, account longevity, and digital wallet balance. To address issues of contractor reliability and operational anomalies, the system integrates advanced algorithms for automated selection and anomaly detection. A smart contract mechanism, implemented in Solidity and deployed on the Ethereum blockchain via Web3.js, ensures secure and verifiable transactions. For data storage and retrieval, the platform leverages PostgreSQL and MongoDB, while ECDSA cryptographic techniques are employed to reinforce transaction integrity and user authentication. Empirical evaluation indicates that the platform substantially mitigates fraud risks and enhances the efficiency and transparency of interactions between clients and freelancers. The proposed solution demonstrates the potential to support secure and scalable freelance operations and may be extended for deployment within decentralized finance ecosystems and digital commerce environments.
The growth of freelancing exposed several drawbacks in the platforms that are now in use, including high service costs, fraud risks, and late payments [1]. A well-designed system architecture is necessary to develop a freelance platform to guarantee scalability, security, and effectiveness. A modular architecture was chosen to give the required flexibility, scalability, and ease of maintenance to overcome these issues. This paper presents the design of a microservices-based architecture for a crypto freelance exchange platform, which uses Domain-Driven Design principles [2]. The architecture is built to support decentralized transactions, smart contract integration, and secure user authentication. It also ensures high availability and fault tolerance. The system uses a multi-layered architecture incorporating PostgreSQL, MongoDB, Redis, and Web3.js. The main components are a web application, KrakenD API Gateway, auth microservice, files microservice, and main microservice for managing transactions, orders, and payments. They are designed to meet critical non-functional requirements such as scalability, security, and maintainability. Each service can be independently deployed, updated, and scaled according to transaction volumes. With an emphasis on security, the platform uses JWT token techniques and multi-factor authentication to authenticate users. Also, the integration of blockchain technology enhances transparency, enabling freelancers and clients to have a trusted record of all transactions and reducing the risk of fraud. The architecture is visualized through UML and C4 model diagrams showing component interactions and service orchestration. This paper also discusses the rationale behind the chosen technologies, security mechanisms, and the benefits of using a modular microservices approach for building a crypto freelance platform.
The rapid co-evolution of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and blockchain technology has exposed a persistent gap between intelligence-the ability to extract insight from data-and trust-the assurance that data, models, and decisions are transparent, verifiable, and tamper-proof.This study introduces the Unified Trust-Intelligence Framework (UTIF), an end-to-end architecture that natively fuses AI and distributed-ledger technologies to deliver auditable, privacy-preserving, and energy-aware intelligent services.A systematic review compliant with PRISMA guidelines (167 peer--reviewed sources, 2018-2024) reveals four critical deficiencies in the current literature: (i) the lack of formal on-chain model certification, (ii) opaque immutability of operational logs, (iii) limited cross-chain and cross-domain interoperability, and (iv) sub--optimal energy footprints.UTIF addresses these gaps through: On-chain algorithmic certification that fingerprints model weights and training metadata via cryptographic hashing.Federated data governance that combines privacy-preserving federated learning with zero-knowledge proofs (ZK-SNARKs) for regulatory compliance (GDPR, EU AI Act).An AI-assisted hybrid PoS-BFT consensus that dynamically tunes fault-tolerance parameters under varying network conditions.A self-verifiable MLOps pipeline deployed on Hyperledger Fabric with Layer-2 rollups, providing continuous integration, delivery, and audit trails.Experimental validation uses two open-access benchmarks-MIMIC-IV (clinical) and ECB-SDW (financial)-executed on a 20-node heterogeneous testbed.UTIF reduces transaction latency by 38 % and operational energy consumption by 27 % compared with Fabric 2.x and PoA baselines, while enhancing adversarial ro-bustness (F1 + 12 %) through on-chain model attestation.A perception survey of 46 domain experts reports a statistically significant boost in trustability (+1.27 0.31 on a 5-point Likert scale, p < 0.01).Stress tests show 98 % valid throughput under Sybil scenarios with 1,000 malicious nodes, maintaining a carbon footprint below 0.25 kg CO e per 1,000 transactions.The findings demonstrate that deep, native convergence of AI and blockchain can simultaneously achieve measurable trust guarantees, competitive performance, and sustainability.The article concludes with regulatory implications, identified limitations (network scale, oracle dependencies), and a research roadmap toward edge-to--cloud, 6G-ready, Web3-compliant intelligent infrastructures.
The unique International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) number is essential for identifying mobile devices and blacklisting stolen ones within networks. Current solutions are limited to local blacklists and lack a global mechanism for information exchange among operators. Efforts by the Global System for Mobile Communications Association (GSMA) to implement a common blacklist have been constrained by costs, resulting in fragmented and ineffective IMEI management systems. To address these challenges, we have developed a blockchain-based framework that uses the decentralized consensus and tamper-proof nature of distributed ledger technology to enable a unified and globally accessible IMEI blacklist. The framework is implemented on a permissioned blockchain deployed on the Sepolia testnet, utilizing the Proof of Authority (PoA) consensus mechanism to ensure fast and secure validation in a multi-stakeholder environment. Our solution includes a Decentralized Application (DApp) for user interaction, with smart contracts deployed using a Web3 wallet and connected via the Alchemy API to enable efficient communication between the front end and blockchain. Smart contracts automate device status verification, theft reporting, and transaction recording, enhancing transparency, accountability, and security in mobile device management. To validate IMEI numbers, the system uses the Luhn algorithm, a widely accepted checksum method. The framework also collaborates with law enforcement and insurance companies to improve theft verification and claims processing. Experimental results demonstrate the framework's scalability, achieving low latency of under 1 second at transaction rates up to 1,000 TPS and reducing transaction processing time by 30% compared to a traditional centralized database-based system. Performance outcomes were validated through 30 independent test runs to account for variability, underscoring the framework's robustness and potential for widespread adoption. These results set a new standard for global mobile device security through industry-wide collaboration.
В статье рассматриваются аспекты применения технологии блокчейн в сфере образования. Описаны основные принципы работы блокчейна, его механизмы безопасности и преимущества децентрализации. Особое внимание уделено смарт-контрактам и их использованию для автоматизации образовательных процессов. Также рассмотрены примеры применения технологии для хранения дипломов, сертификации, учета академических достижений и управления стипендиями. Обсуждаются преимущества и вызовы внедрения блокчейна, а также перспективы его развития в образовательной среде на основе мирового опыта. Практическая значимость данного исследования заключается в применении технологии блокчейн для упрощения проверки подлинности документов, автоматизации образовательного процесса и обеспечения безопасности данных. В данной статье рассмотрены теоретические основы и конкретные примеры применения технологии блокчейн в сфере образования, разработан элективный курс по информатике «Технологии Web3».
1. Introduction and ObjectiveInformation asymmetry has long been recognized as a critical challenge within financial markets, where unequal access to information between contracting parties can lead to inefficient outcomes. In the context of Islamic finance, this issue manifests most prominently through adverse selection and moral hazard, both of which are substantially intensified in profit-and-loss sharing arrangements. Participatory contracts such as Mushārakah and Muḍārabah rely on mutual trust, transparency, and aligned incentives. However, empirical evidence from Islamic banking practice—particularly in Iran—shows that actual utilization of these contracts remains limited. Banks frequently avoid participatory financing and shift toward fixed-return modes (such as Murābaḥah), mainly due to the heightened risk of borrower default arising from information asymmetry, insufficient visibility into business operations, and difficulties in monitoring managerial behavior. Within this environment, adverse selection emerges before contract formation when the bank cannot accurately distinguish between high-quality and low-quality project proposals or entrepreneurs. This may result in the unintended approval of risky proposals, thereby elevating the likelihood of non-performing financing. The problem is further accentuated by limitations in credit assessment processes, inadequate transparency in project data, and disparity in profit expectations and execution approaches between banks and entrepreneurs. Recent advances in decentralized technologies—particularly Web3 architectures incorporating blockchain, decentralized identity frameworks, distributed ledgers, and programmable smart contracts—provide new opportunities to address these long-standing informational and contractual challenges. Web3 offers a structural shift from centralized information control to transparent and verifiable records shared within a network of stakeholders. Such transparency can diminish information asymmetry, reduce opportunities for misrepresentation, automate contract enforcement, and improve the reliability of credit histories. The primary objective of this research is to assess the feasibility of reducing default risk caused by adverse selection in Islamic participatory contracts through the application of Web3 technology. The study aims to: (1) Identify the core factors that generate adverse selection in participatory financing, (2) Evaluate the strength and direction of their influence on default risk, and (3) Analyze how Web3 mechanisms can mitigate these factors and enhance the practical viability of participatory contracts in Islamic banking systems.2. Methods and MaterialsThis research adopts a mixed-methods exploratory–confirmatory design. Owing to the complexity and conceptual novelty of integrating Web3 systems with Islamic financial contracts, the study began with a qualitative phase followed by quantitative model testing. Qualitative Phase: Delphi MethodThe qualitative stage employed a three-round Delphi process to identify and validate the principal determinants of adverse selection in participatory financing. The expert panel comprised university scholars in Islamic economics, senior managers of credit and risk departments in Iranian banks, and professional consultants in Islamic financial technology. The first round used open-ended questionnaires to collect diverse expert insights, resulting in an initial list of thirteen candidate factors. In the second round, a structured Likert-scale survey assessed the significance of the proposed factors. Consensus criteria were set at mean ≥ 3.5 and standard deviation ≤ 1, consistent with established Delphi methodology. In the final round, experts confirmed the final factor set, which consolidated into three primary constructs: (1) Lack of transparency in customer information, (2) Insufficient evaluation of the entrepreneur’s technical competence, and (3) Misalignment of objectives between financing partners. These validated constructs provided the basis for the structural model.Quantitative Phase: PLS-SEM AnalysisIn the second phase, a structured questionnaire was administered to 289 participants representing the same expert categories. Data were analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) via SmartPLS software. PLS-SEM was chosen due to:- The predictive and exploratory nature of the research,- The inclusion of higher-order and formative construct, and- Potential non-normality in expert response distributions. Model evaluation followed established metrics, including reliability (Cronbach’s alpha and composite reliability), convergent validity (AVE), discriminant validity, and structural path significance (t-statistics and p-values). Multi-collinearity was assessed using VIF values, all of which were below the acceptable threshold. Confidence levels were set at 95% with corresponding significance thresholds of p < 0.05.3. Research FindingsThe results of the structural model confirm that adverse selection exerts a direct and significant positive effect on default risk in participatory contracts (β = 0.299, p < 0.01). The components of adverse selection are strongly driven by:- Lack of transparency in customer information (β = 0.932, p < 0.001),- Misalignment of objectives between partners (β = 0.887, p < 0.001), and- Insufficient assessment of entrepreneurial competence (β = 0.885, p < 0.001). This highlights that default risk in participatory financing is not merely a result of financial capacity constraints, but is deeply rooted in information imbalances and strategic behavior at the contract initiation stage. The model further demonstrates that Web3 technologies have a significant mitigating influence. The path coefficient for Web3’s direct effect on reducing default risk is negative and statistically meaningful (β = −0.214, p < 0.01). Additionally, Web3 reduces the negative effects of adverse selection and information asymmetry, as shown by reversed and weakened path effects in the Web3-enhanced environment. Key Web3 mechanisms enabling this outcome include:- Real-time transparency and immutable information records,- Smart contracts that automate profit-sharing and enforce commitments,- Decentralized digital identity (DID) systems that support reliable, tamper-proof credit histories,- Tokenization of collateral and tangible/ intangible assets, enabling verifiable and liquid security guarantees,- Reduced monitoring and enforcement costs due to auditability of on-chain transactions. 4. Discussion and ConclusionThe findings of this research indicate that the primary barrier to effective participatory financing in Islamic banking is not merely structural or regulatory, but fundamentally informational. Adverse selection emerges where transparency, competence assessment, and goal alignment are weak. Conventional mechanisms—such as collateralization and post-contract supervisory audits—provide only partial and reactive mitigation. In contrast, Web3 offers a proactive and systemic solution by embedding transparency, verifiability, and automated compliance directly into the contract infrastructure. By shifting the reliance from personal trust to systemic trust, Web3 supports the original normative philosophy of Islamic finance: equitable profit-and-loss sharing, partnership-based financing, and ethical allocation of capital. From a policy perspective, adopting Web3 frameworks may substantially increase the feasibility and attractiveness of participatory financing modes for Islamic banks that currently avoid them due to high default exposure. This study contributes to the academic discourse on risk management in Islamic finance by demonstrating a structural linkage between information theory, contract design, and emerging decentralized technological capabilities. Practically, the research proposes a hybrid risk-management strategy, integrating traditional credit evaluation frameworks with Web3-based transparency, identity assurance, and automated enforcement. Future work should examine regulatory, Shariah governance, cybersecurity considerations, and interoperability standards needed to implement Web3-based participatory financing systems at scale. Nonetheless, the present results indicate that intelligent and compliant adoption of Web3 can significantly reduce default risk and enable the revival of participatory financing models in Islamic banking.
Web3 is a fundamental change from a centralized, platform-centric internet to a decentralized, user-owned ecosystem powered by an open-source technology called Blockchain. This shift is not just a technological evolution, but also changes significantly how value is created, delivered, and captured. It enables new products, innovations, and business models. These products are often powered by tokens, whose value is described by their underlying tokenomics. They are designed to engage the community and incentivize the people who interact with the project. The users of Web3 often come together in decentralized autonomous organizations and democratically decide on the next steps and essential developments of the organization. The business models that are now possible because of the capabilities of a decentralized web have different success factors and reasons why they fail. This thesis conducts a systematic literature review and qualitative expert interviews to identify the success factors of Web3 business models. It first lists and categorizes the prevalent Web3 business models, their structures, and revenue models, and then highlights the success factors for Web3 business models. The findings reveal the difference between Web2 and Web3 business models, highlighting the importance of community, decentralization, governance, and robust token economics.
Abstract: The transition from centralized digital ecosystems to decentralized, trust - driven architectures represents a defining paradigm shift in Customer Experience (CX). This paper presents a strategic blueprint for leveraging block chain technologies to build secure, transparent, and interoperable customer - centric environments between 2025 and 2030. Through a comprehensive review of market forecasts, enterprise case studies, and emerging regulatory frameworks, the study demonstrates how decentralized identity (DID), verifiable credentials, and tokenized loyalty systems fundamentally reshape customer engagement, ownership of personal data, and trust models. Findings indicate that block chain adoption empowers customers with self - sovereign identity control, enhances privacy compliance, and delivers measurable efficiency gains in verification, loyalty management, and supply - chain transparency. Case evidence from leading enterprises — including JPMorgan, AXA, Santander, and Accenture — highlights significant improvements in transaction speed, operational costs, and customer engagement. Despite challenges such as legacy system integration and GDPR - related constraints, hybrid architectures, Layer - Two scalability, and permissioned block chain environments provide viable adoption pathways. This paper concludes that block chain is not a supplementary technology for CX, but a foundational enabler of decentralized trust, competitive differentiation, and customer - driven digital ecosystems. Keywords: Block chain; Customer Experience (CX), Decentralized Identity (DID), Verifiable Credentials, Tokenized Loyalty Programs, Digital Trust, Self - Sovereign Identity, Smart Contracts, Hybrid Data Architecture, GDPR Compliance, Enterprise Digital Transformation, Web3 Customer Strategy
Purpose-This study explores the critical business implications of Web3 technologies within Türkiye's unique legal landscape, a nation experiencing significant crypto adoption and evolving regulations. By analyzing the architectural shifts from Web1.0 to Web3, we aim to understand how traditional legal frameworks create significant challenges for all stakeholders affected by decentralized environments, not just those operating within them.Design/methodology/approach-This study adopts a multidisciplinary and comparative research design, integrating both technological and legal perspectives to investigate the evolution from Web1.0 to Web3 and the associated legal implications. Given the complexity and scope of the subject matter, a mixed methods approach is employed, combining qualitative content analysis, document analysis, and comparative case study methodologies.Findings-The findings suggest that existing legislation is inadequate and outdated and poses a risk of future legislative actions causing irreversible or difficult-to-remedy harm if current legal gaps remain unaddressed. Discussion-Drawing from real-world case scenarios, the study highlights the urgent need for adaptive legal strategies that align with the decentralized, borderless, and immutable nature of blockchain infrastructures. The findings aim to support business leaders, legal practitioners, and policymakers seeking to innovate responsibly within the emerging Web3 economy.
This dissertation investigates how tokenised claims and algorithmic governance reshape interactions in Web3, with a particular focus on business-to-business (B2B) settings. Building on the insight that digital platforms and infrastructures are mutually entangled—platforms acquiring infrastructural roles and infrastructures accumulating platform logics—the study examines how this entanglement reappears in blockchain-based systems and what it means for value creation, value distribution, and institutional control. Rather than assuming decentralization as an outcome, the dissertation asks how governance is actually assembled across code, organizations, and markets, and how these assemblies channel rights, risks, and rents over time. In this sense, the thesis extends platform/infrastructure scholarship into the Web3 domain, showing how infrastructuring and platformization remain co-constitutive under new technical conditions (e.g., programmable settlement, public ledgers, composability). The research is guided by the following question: How does algorithmic governance of tokenised claims affect dynamics of value creation and distribution in Web3? The thesis addresses a gap in extant work by analysing the combined economic and governance consequences of tokenisation in commercial contexts, rather than treating governance as either purely technical (smart contracts) or purely institutional (foundations, standards, regulators). Methodologically, this research adopts a qualitative, interpretive design centred on semi-structured interviews with founders and leads of Web3 projects oriented toward commercialization and enterprise use. Interview evidence is triangulated with document analysis (white papers, governance docs, upgrade logs) to trace how decision rights are allocated, which boundary resources act as chokepoints, and how incentives and accountability are engineered. The sample focuses on projects that tokenise rights and obligations to orchestrate inter-firm exchanges (e.g., guarantees, attribution, royalties), enabling a consistent comparison of governance choices and their distributional signatures. Theoretically, the thesis contributes a layered view of Web3 governance that differentiates transaction governance (smart-contract rules that execute exchanges) from platform governance (meta-rules that structure participation, evolution, and control)—layers that are interdependent yet analytically distinct. Across cases, transaction governance supplies deterministic settlement (escrows, splits, auctions), while platform governance defines constitutional levers (eligibility schemas, listings, parameter updates, treasury policy, emergency powers). This distinction clarifies why “more on-chain” does not automatically imply “more decentralised”: instruments can be automated while decision rights remain concentrated. The framing resonates with and extends platform governance scholarship that locates governance in the ongoing division of decision rights, control mechanisms, and incentives among interdependent actors. Empirically, the thesis identifies three governance models—monocentric, moderately polycentric (P2), and highly polycentric (P1)—and analyses how each allocates rights and rents. Monocentric configurations recentre constitutional authority in a focal hub (firm, foundation, tightly bonded coalition), delivering speed, legal legibility, and coherent risk management, while concentrating surplus upstream via control of boundary resources (standards, registries, upgrade cadence, listings). Moderately polycentric arrangements disperse constitutional authority across overlapping venues (token voters, stewards, committees, standards groups), pairing automated execution at the edge with contestable meta-rules and auditable, replaceable discretion. Highly polycentric designs thin the platform layer and push coordination into markets and minimal, auditable rules (fee markets, open listings, plural oracles), improving neutrality and exit but requiring continuous work to diffuse emergent chokepoints (indices, bridges, relays). The patterns observed align with infrastructure/platform research on how control points shape innovation and value capture and with blockchain governance work emphasizing the allocation of decision and control rights. For B2B contexts, the analysis suggests a pragmatic equilibrium. Applications that demand auditability, finality, and accountable remediation (e.g., elections, trade guarantees) gravitate toward monocentric settlements; applications with heterogeneous actors and rapid iteration (e.g., creator and talent markets) benefit from moderately polycentric designs that preserve micro-level determinism with macro-level contestability. Across models, tokenisation expands what can be coordinated, but distributional outcomes hinge on who controls admission, measurement, and upgrade pathways. Accordingly, the thesis proposes design heuristics: separate transaction and platform governance, publish change logs and revocation paths, pluralise attestors at measurement junctions, time-box mandates, and keep credible exit technically and institutionally real. In sum, the dissertation advances an integrated account of Web3 as a political economy of programmable claims and layered governance. It shows how infrastructuring and platformization fold into one another under blockchain conditions, how distinct governance models redistribute rights and rents, and how B2B value propositions depend as much on constitutional design as on code. The framework equips scholars and practitioners to evaluate Web3 systems not by decentralisation rhetoric, but by the concrete allocation of decision rights, boundary resources, and incentives across layers and venues.
The evolution of technology has sparked significant interest in transforming traditional voting into efficient, secure online systems.This study introduces a novel approach that enhances voter privacy and data security by utilizing a UniqueBlend ID algorithm to generate unique identifiers for voters, obscuring Aadhar numbers and preventing identity disclosure.Blockchain technology is integrated to enhance transparency, eliminate fraud, and create an immutable voting record.However, integrating decentralized applications (dApps) with legacy web2 systems presents challenges in data storage and retrieval.To address these issues, this research presents Optima, an interface that simplifies data segregation between web2 and web3 storage systems using a JSON-based structure.Optima optimizes storage efficiency, minimizes gas fees, and reduces development overhead, allowing developers to focus on application logic.This streamlined data segregation approach significantly improves the efficiency and security of online voting, ensuring voter anonymity and maintaining the integrity of the voting process.
У статті проаналізовано ключові недоліки централізованих афілійованих платформ, зокрема брак прозорості, складність виплат і надмірні витрати на інтеграцію. Запропоновано інтеграцію Web3-технологій (блокчейну, смарт- контрактів) як ефективну альтернативу для підвищення довіри та оптимізації процесів, що підтверджується попередніми дослідженнями. Робота наголошує на відсутності детальних методів та моделей інтеграції Web3-технологій в системи афілійованого маркетингу і формулює низку дослідницьких питань, які охоплюють криптографію, розробку смарт-контрактів, графовий аналіз взаємодій та OO-моделювання децентра- лізованих застосунків. Представлено методологічний підхід, що складається з аналізу існуючих моделей, огляду літератури, розробки Web3-базованої системи та формаль- ного тестування прототипів. Бібл. 8, іл. 2, табл. 1
The rise of Web3 and Decentralized Finance (DeFi) has enabled borderless access to financial services empowered by smart contracts and blockchain technology. However, the ecosystem's trustless, permissionless, and borderless nature presents substantial regulatory challenges. The absence of centralized oversight and the technical complexity create fertile ground for financial crimes. Among these, money laundering is particularly concerning, as in the event of successful scams, code exploits, and market manipulations, it facilitates covert movement of illicit gains. Beyond this, there is a growing concern that cryptocurrencies can be leveraged to launder proceeds from drug trafficking, or to transfer funds linked to terrorism financing. This survey aims to outline a taxonomy of high-level strategies and underlying mechanisms exploited to facilitate money laundering in Web3. We examine how criminals leverage the pseudonymous nature of Web3, alongside weak regulatory frameworks, to obscure illicit financial activities. Our study seeks to bridge existing knowledge gaps on laundering schemes, identify open challenges in the detection and prevention of such activities, and propose future research directions to foster a more transparent Web3 financial ecosystem -- offering valuable insights for researchers, policymakers, and industry practitioners.
In traditional, one-vote-per-person voting systems, privacy equates with ballot secrecy: voting tallies are published, but individual voters' choices are concealed. Voting systems that weight votes in proportion to token holdings, though, are now prevalent in cryptocurrency and web3 systems. We show that these weighted-voting systems overturn existing notions of voter privacy. Our experiments demonstrate that even with secret ballots, publishing raw tallies often reveals voters' choices. Weighted voting thus requires a new framework for privacy. We introduce a notion called B-privacy whose basis is bribery, a key problem in voting systems today. B-privacy captures the economic cost to an adversary of bribing voters based on revealed voting tallies. We propose a mechanism to boost B-privacy by noising voting tallies. We prove bounds on its tradeoff between B-privacy and transparency, meaning reported-tally accuracy. Analyzing 3,582 proposals across 30 Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs), we find that the prevalence of large voters ("whales") limits the effectiveness of any B-Privacy-enhancing technique. However, our mechanism proves to be effective in cases without extreme voting weight concentration: among proposals requiring coalitions of $\geq5$ voters to flip outcomes, our mechanism raises B-privacy by a geometric mean factor of $4.1\times$. Our work offers the first principled guidance on transparency-privacy tradeoffs in weighted-voting systems, complementing existing approaches that focus on ballot secrecy and revealing fundamental constraints that voting weight concentration imposes on privacy mechanisms.
Blockchain oracle networks serve as critical bridges between on-chain smart contracts and off-chain data sources, enabling decentralized applications to access real-world information. However, existing oracle systems suffer from significant vulnerabilities including data manipulation attacks, lack of quality assurance mechanisms, and absence of robust validation frameworks. This research proposes a novel reputation-based data quality assurance system for blockchain oracle networks that combines machine learning-based reputation scoring with stake-weighted validation mechanisms. We employ a multi-tier validation process to check data sources for historical accuracy, metric consistency and behavioural patterns. Through extensive simulated and experimental studies with 1,000 oracle nodes under different data categories, we show a reduction of 82.3% in false data injection attack exposure as well as an improvement by 76.8% in our overall data quality metrics compared to conventional oracle systems. The proposed system achieves an accuracy of 94.7% on data without sacrificing decentralization and resistant to collusion attacks in the network. Our results contribute to the design of reliable blockchain oracle infrastructure that decentralized finance (DeFi) and Web3 applications will rely on.
As Web3 matures, decentralized naming and storage systems, such as ENS, Unstoppable Domains, and IPFS, offer new paradigms for publishing and accessing web content without relying on centralized infrastructure.However, the process of retrieving content in such an environment remains fragmented, often dependent on vulnerable public gateways or centralized APIs.This paper investigates the resilience of content retrieval in decentralized systems, using Web3Compass as a case study.The system integrates real-time registry monitoring, onchain name resolution, and direct access to decentralized storage via self-hosted IPFS nodes.By avoiding reliance on third-party resolution services and fallback gateways except when necessary, Web3Compass provides a robust method for discovering and rendering Web3 websites.We detail the system's architecture, including resolver logic, node infrastructure, and content validation policies, and evaluate its robustness against gateway failure, incomplete pinning, and resolution inconsistencies.Our findings indicate that proactive pinning, resolver-specific logic, and local node infrastructure significantly improve access reliability, even under constrained network conditions.
The rapid growth of decentralized web technologies, such as IPFS, ENS, and Arweave, has enabled the creation and hosting of censorship-resistant, open-access websites.However, these systems suffer from a fundamental usability problem: decentralized websites are effectively invisible to the average user due to the absence of an indexing and discovery infrastructure.This paper introduces Web3 Compass, a search engine purpose-built for the decentralized internet.Unlike traditional search engines that rely on centralized servers and behavioral tracking, Web3 Compass discovers and indexes content from decentralized domains through real-time blockchain monitoring, resolver contract interactions, and a custom IPFS infrastructure.It outlines the visibility problem, examines failed or insufficient past solutions, and presents the architectural design of a hybrid, privacy-preserving search tool optimized for the decentralized web.The contribution aims to address the core bottleneck in Web3 usability by making decentralized content discoverable and accessible.